Scientific data audit—A key management tool

516 – Why (not) go east? comparison of FDA inspections from cee, we and us investigational site inspections

ABSTRACTOne of the main problems of existing approaches in anomaly detection in intrusion detection system (IDS) is that IDSs provide only binary detection result: intrusion (attack) or normal. If some attack data or normal data is belonged to boundary, they may be classified wrongly. That is a main cause of high false rates and inaccurate detection rates in IDS. We propose a new approach named Quantitative Intrusion Intensity Assessment (QIIA) that exploits proximity metrics computation so that it provides intrusion (or normal) quantitative intensity value. It is capable of representing how an instance of audit data is proximal to intrusion or normal in a numerical value. This can identify unknown intrusion and normal pattern more accurately. Prior to applying QIIA to audit data, we perform feature selection and parameter optimization of detection models to decrease the overheads to process audit data and to enhance detection rates. Random Forests is used to generate proximity metrics that represent the intrusion intensity (and normal instance intensity) in a numerical way. The numerical value is used to determine whether unknown audit data are intrusion or normal. We carry out several experiments on KDD 1999 dataset and the experimental results show the feasibility of our approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Regimes of research and development funding in higher education

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Results of CT-P10 and Reference Rituximab in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Advanced Stage Follicular Lymphoma: Phase III Updated Study Results with Median Follow-up of 40 Months

The VITAL Amyloidosis Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Global, Phase 3 Study of NEOD001 in Patients with AL Amyloidosis and Cardiac Dysfunction

Multivariate Efficacy Analysis of a Randomized, Phase 3 Study of CPX-351 Versus 7+3 in Older Adults with Treatment-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) or AML with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play a crucial role in a nation's development, making it essential for their growth to align with sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Considering their fundamental role in teaching students at several levels, HEIs should exemplify sustainability. This study seeks to integrate educational indicators into a sustainable assessment tool (SAT) to evaluate green HEIs in Malaysia, addressing the urgent demand for sustainable development and the existing deficiency of green HEIs in the country. Although Malaysia has developed various SATs, none are suitable for evaluating green HEIs due to the lack of education-related indicators. To accomplish the research aim, this study has two objectives: to analyze potential education indicators and to propose suitable education indicators. As far as the authors are aware, the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) in Malaysia has not introduced any specific guidelines for incorporating sustainable education criteria into HEIs. The study employs a qualitative and quantitative data collection method via a questionnaire survey in 9 selected public HEIs in Malaysia, targeting academicians from specific faculties to validate these education indicators. The questionnaire survey results were analyzed using descriptive analysis with the aid of SPSS software, and the results have identified 30 important education indicators that should be considered in measuring sustainable HEIs. The top five indicators were identified as: (1) funding for program development, (2) funding for research and innovation, (3) funding for training, (4) sustainable courses, and (5) sustainable research. The findings will initially support the MOHE, policymakers, and green associations in creating a dedicated evaluation tool for assessing the green campus and guide other Malaysian HEIs in their journey toward becoming green campuses.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) shall play a vital role in advocating sustainability due to their size and population. Given the pressing need for sustainable development and the current shortage of sustainable HEIs in Malaysia, this study aims to incorporate educational criteria into a sustainable assessment tool (SAT) for evaluating sustainable HEIs in Malaysia. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a systematic literature review with the selection of suitable indicators for measuring sustainable HEIs. 30 indicators, focusing on educational criteria, were identified. Subsequently, questionnaires were conducted in ten (10) public HEIs to validate these education indicators. Analysis using SPSS software revealed that all thirty indicators were deemed essential for inclusion in the educational criteria for measuring. The study revealed 30 education indicators from the selected SATs and by employing SPSS software, the top five most significant indicators, were identified as: (1) funding for program development, (2) funding for research and innovation, (3) funding for training, (4) sustainable course and (5) sustainable research. The research mainly contributes to developing a SAT for HEIs in Malaysia which is the main research gap. Initially, it will assist green organisations and the other HEIs in creating an evaluation tool for sustainable HEIs, as the methods already in use are mostly intended for use with residential, commercial, and infrastructure facilities. Second, it will boost the total number of sustainable HEIs. Thirdly, it will allow academics to serve as sustainability assessors.

Medical research is a prerequisite of clinical advances, while health service research supports improved delivery, access, and cost. Few previous analyses have compared the United States with other developed countries. To quantify total public and private investment and personnel (economic inputs) and to evaluate resulting patents, publications, drug and device approvals, and value created (economic outputs). Publicly available data from 1994 to 2012 were compiled showing trends in US and international research funding, productivity, and disease burden by source and industry type. Patents and publications (1981-2011) were evaluated using citation rates and impact factors. (1) Reduced science investment: Total US funding increased 6% per year (1994-2004), but rate of growth declined to 0.8% per year (2004-2012), reaching $117 billion (4.5%) of total health care expenditures. Private sources increased from 46% (1994) to 58% (2012). Industry reduced early-stage research, favoring medical devices, bioengineered drugs, and late-stage clinical trials, particularly for cancer and rare diseases. National Insitutes of Health allocations correlate imperfectly with disease burden, with cancer and HIV/AIDS receiving disproportionate support. (2) Underfunding of service innovation: Health services research receives $5.0 billion (0.3% of total health care expenditures) or only 1/20th of science funding. Private insurers ranked last (0.04% of revenue) and health systems 19th (0.1% of revenue) among 22 industries in their investment in innovation. An increment of $8 billion to $15 billion yearly would occur if service firms were to reach median research and development funding. (3) Globalization: US government research funding declined from 57% (2004) to 50% (2012) of the global total, as did that of US companies (50% to 41%), with the total US (public plus private) share of global research funding declining from 57% to 44%. Asia, particularly China, tripled investment from $2.6 billion (2004) to $9.7 billion (2012) preferentially for education and personnel. The US share of life science patents declined from 57% (1981) to 51% (2011), as did those considered most valuable, from 73% (1981) to 59% (2011). New investment is required if the clinical value of past scientific discoveries and opportunities to improve care are to be fully realized. Sources could include repatriation of foreign capital, new innovation bonds, administrative savings, patent pools, and public-private risk sharing collaborations. Given international trends, the United States will relinquish its historical international lead in the next decade unless such measures are undertaken.

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia during Pregnancy: A Single Centre Canadian Study

BackgroundWe considered the extent of the contribution of publicly funded research to the late-stage clinical development of pharmaceuticals and medicinal products, based on the European Commission (EC) FP7 research funding programme. Using two EC FP7-HEALTH case study examples—representing two types of outcomes—we then estimated wider public and charitable research funding contributions.MethodsUsing the publicly available database of FP7-HEALTH funded projects, we identified awards relating to late-stage clinical development according to the systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, classified them according to product type and clinical indication, and calculated total EC funding amounts. We then identified two case studies representing extreme outcomes: failure to proceed with the product (hepatitis C vaccine) and successful market authorisation (Orfadin® for alkaptonuria). Total public and philanthropic research funding contributions to these products were then estimated using publicly available information on funding.Results12.3% (120/977) of all EC FP7-HEALTH awards related to the funding of late-stage clinical research, totalling € 686,871,399. Pharmaceutical products and vaccines together accounted for 84% of these late-stage clinical development research awards and 70% of its funding. The hepatitis C vaccine received total European Community (FP7 and its predecessor, EC Framework VI) funding of €13,183,813; total public and charitable research funding for this product development was estimated at € 77,060,102. The industry sponsor does not consider further development of this product viable; this now represents public risk investment. FP7 funding for the late-stage development of Orfadin® for alkaptonuria was so important that the trials it funded formed the basis for market authorisation, but it is not clear whether the price of the treatment (over €20,000 per patient per year) adequately reflects the substantial public funding contribution.ConclusionsPublic and charitable research funding plays an essential role, not just in early stage basic research, but also in the late-stage clinical development of products prior to market authorisation. In addition, it provides risk capital for failed products. Within this context, we consider further discussions about a public return on investment and its reflection in pricing policies and decisions justified.

National Clinical Audit (NCA) data are collected from all National Health Service providers in the UK, to measure the quality of care and stimulate quality improvement initatives. As part of a larger study we explored how NHS providers currently collect NCA data and the resources involved. Study results highlight a dependence on manual data entry and use of professional resources, which could be improved by exploring how routine clinical data could be captured more effectively.

BackgroundThe electronic health record (EHR) is the major repository of clinical data in the NHS. It is a huge potential resource but remains severely under-utilised to the point that almost...

To gauge the current commitment to scientific research in the United States of America (US), we compared federal research funding (FRF) with the US gross domestic product (GDP) and industry research spending during the past six decades. In order to address the recent globalization of scientific research, we also focused on four key indicators of research activities: research and development (R&D) funding, total science and engineering doctoral degrees, patents, and scientific publications. We compared these indicators across three major population and economic regions: the US, the European Union (EU) and the People's Republic of China (China) over the past decade. We discovered a number of interesting trends with direct relevance for science policy. The level of US FRF has varied between 0.2% and 0.6% of the GDP during the last six decades. Since the 1960s, the US FRF contribution has fallen from twice that of industrial research funding to roughly equal. Also, in the last two decades, the portion of the US government R&D spending devoted to research has increased. Although well below the US and the EU in overall funding, the current growth rate for R&D funding in China greatly exceeds that of both. Finally, the EU currently produces more science and engineering doctoral graduates and scientific publications than the US in absolute terms, but not per capita. This study's aim is to facilitate a serious discussion of key questions by the research community and federal policy makers. In particular, our results raise two questions with respect to: a) the increasing globalization of science: “What role is the US playing now, and what role will it play in the future of international science?”; and b) the ability to produce beneficial innovations for society: “How will the US continue to foster its strengths?”