Secure Edge-Based IoT Integration in Mobile-Enabled Real-Time Payments

A blockchain-enabled Model integrates blockchain technology with Intrusion Detection Systems to enhance the security of Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It ensures data integrity, decentralization, and tamper-proof logging of intrusion detection. The approach improves trust, transparency, and real-time threat detection in distributed IoT environments. The existing blockchain-based IDS approaches, Blockchain Enabled (BCE-IoT), uniquely integrate blockchain consensus with federated-style local training, lightweight cryptography, and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)-based explainability, ensuring both security and interpretability in IoT environments. The proposed work combines Blockchain technology with explainable artificial intelligence solutions to create a new cybersecurity Model that strengthens intrusion detection within IoT networks. The proposed model enhances transparency in tracking cyberattacks by combining blockchain security storage capabilities with SHAP, an explainable AI. This research utilises machine learning and artificial intelligence to detect threats in real-time, countering Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Denial of Service (DoS), scanning, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), injection, password, and backdoor attacks. BCE-IoT delivers more precise security by combining blockchain’s permanent data features and AI anomaly detectors, thereby reducing security alert mistakes. The performance effectiveness of Blockchain-Enabled IoT surpasses that of the Content Integrity Detection System. It combines Blockchain and Software-Defined Networking to enhance security in network environments, utilising blockchain-based mutual confirmation for software-defined networking to detect and block cyber threats. The evaluation establishes BCE-IoT as an effective IoT network security solution that delivers strong cybersecurity features, is adaptable to modern connected environments, and offers interpretable security solutions. The performance evaluations demonstrate that BCE-IoT provides a robust, flexible, and interpretable cybersecurity solution suitable for modern IoT environments.

ABSTRACTThe rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized various sectors, fostering seamless intercommunication and real‐time monitoring. Central to this transformation is integrating blockchain technology, which ensures data integrity and security in IoT networks. This paper provides a meticulous exploration of data aggregation techniques within the context of blockchain‐based IoT systems. The study categorizes data aggregation algorithms into Privacy‐Preserving, Machine Learning‐Based, Hierarchical, Real‐Time, and Custom Aggregation Algorithms, each tailored to specific IoT requirements. Privacy‐Preserving Aggregation Algorithms focus on safeguarding sensitive data through encryption and secure protocols. Machine Learning‐Based Aggregation adapts dynamically to data patterns, offering predictive insights and real‐time adaptability. Hierarchical Aggregation organizes devices into a structured hierarchy, optimizing data processing. Real‐Time Aggregation processes data instantly, ensuring low latency for time‐sensitive applications. Custom Aggregation Algorithms are bespoke solutions tailored to unique application demands, emphasizing efficiency and security. Through a comparative analysis of these techniques, this paper explores their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability, addressing the challenges and suggesting future research directions. The integration of blockchain‐based data aggregation techniques not only enhances IoT network efficiency but also ensures the longevity and security of modern technological infrastructures. This study builds upon prior research in the field of IoT and blockchain technology by extending the exploration of data aggregation techniques and their implications for network efficiency and security. SLR method has been used to investigate each one in terms of influential properties such as the main idea, advantages, disadvantages, and strategies. The results indicate most of the articles were published in 2021 and 2022. Moreover, some important parameters such as privacy and security, latency, data processing, energy consumption, complexity, and reliability were involved in these investigations.

With the rapid growth of digital data and inter-connected devices, the integration of blockchain and Internet of Things technology offers a promising chance to revolutionize data management approaches. With today's global connectivity, the management and securing of ever-increasing amounts the amount of data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices is becoming an increasing concern. This study investigates a new solution to address such a concern by integrating blockchain technology into IoT systems. The aim is to develop a strong framework that takes advantage of the decentralized and secure character of blockchain and the wall-to-wall connectivity offered by the IoT. This integration is intended to address important needs such as data integrity, The integration aims to tackle crucial issues like data integrity, privacy, and unauthorized access. With the connectivity and sensing capabilities of the IoT, along with the blockchain technology of decentralized consensus and immutable ledgers, businesses are able to develop secure systems to retrieve, transfer, and store such data. In the experiments conducted on the Ethereum blockchain platform, it has been found that the blockchain and IoT technology solution not only secures data but also facilitates information management. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed solution is able to protect against tampering, increase the transparency of transactions, and to minimize the chances of unauthorized access. The framework is scalable and highly adaptable, and it is therefore a promising solution for various applications. This framework employs an innovative approach to ensure secure and efficient data management.

Recent emerging technologies are being utilized for the quench of connectivity in real time scenarios. A push is coming to make the information available to humans from the real-time environmental data collected through small sensing devices. Wireless ad-hoc network is a base architecture for Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) and drones etc. In this series, IoDTIoDT (Internet of Drone Things) came as the future of drones backend via the Internet of Things, smart vision, cloud computing, enhanced communication, big data, and advanced security approaches. Rapid growth in sensing devices connected to the Internet with intelligence and capabilities also opens the door for attackers because more devices are connected means more chances of security vulnerabilities. Since data authentication is handled only by the central station, which may lead to the chances of device spoofing and false authentication brings less reliability after all. Blockchain (BC) technology is introduced to address such security concerns by eliminating the role of central authority. Blockchain Technology gives decentralized and non-tamperable solutions for the most demanding security service i.e. Authentication. This paper starts with unique characteristics and security challenges in such IOT environment and further covers the authentication process by blockchain with its potential benefits. The multilayer ecosystem is illustrated to fulfill the requirement of the UAV IoT environment, where multiple devices are equally working in a cooperative manner to perform an authorized action. The paper presented a complete study about the integration of blockchain in IoT enabled UAV.

As global supply chains become increasingly complex, traditional systems face challenges in ensuring efficiency, transparency, and innovation. Block chain technology has emerged as a transformative force in addressing these issues, offering a decentralized and secure framework for supply chain management. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the impact of block chain on supply chains, focusing on its potential to enhance efficiency, transparency, and foster innovation. The efficiency gains facilitated by block chain in supply chain management are examined through the elimination of intermediaries, reduction of paperwork, and real-time visibility into the entire process. These improvements result in streamlined operations, reduced costs, and enhanced responsiveness to market dynamics. Moreover, block chain’s decentralized nature ensures data integrity, mitigating the risk of fraud and errors in the supply chain. Transparency is a critical aspect of modern supply chains, and block chain provides an immutable and transparent ledger that enables end-to-end visibility. The technology ensures traceability and accountability, allowing stakeholders to access real-time information about the origin, movement, and status of products. This transparency not only enhances trust among supply chain participants but also facilitates compliance with regulatory requirements. The role of block chain in fostering innovation within supply chains is explored, emphasizing its potential to enable new business models, collaborative ecosystems, and the integration of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper highlights case studies and pilot projects where block chain has been successfully applied to drive innovation in supply chain processes. Challenges and considerations related to the implementation of block chain in supply chain management are also discussed, including interoperability, scalability, and regulatory issues. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions and emphasizing the need for industry-wide collaboration to unlock the full potential of block chain in revolutionizing supply chain management. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of how block chain can serve as a catalyst for efficiency, transparency, and innovation in contemporary supply chains

Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected smart physical objects that collect and exchange information for enabling smart applications and services. IoT devices are often battery powered and lack computational resources and as a consequence, traditional measures of providing security is not feasible in IoT systems which leads to major security vulnerabilities. Blockchain technology has proven to be a secure medium of transaction in trustless public networks and has the potential to resolve the security vulnerabilities intrinsic to IoT systems. However, reaching consensus throughout a blockchain network is computationally demanding and requires large amount of energy. Moreover, typical transactions in blockchain based applications are slow, compounding the issues in adopting blockchain technology in IoT systems. In this work, a lightweight consensus algorithm called Proof-of-Authentication (PoAh), was implemented on resource-constrained IoT edge nodes and evaluated in terms of latency and energy consumption. The implemented consensus algorithm reduces latency in block validation to 29.35 ms and energy consumption to 44.31 mJ for each transaction, demonstrating promise and potential, to feasibly implement blockchain technology in IoT systems.

The swift expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has resulted in unparalleled prospects for connectivity and information sharing. However, the pervasive deployment of IoT devices also give rise to security risks with the potential for privacy breaches and data vulnerabilities over the few years, the incorporation of Blockchain technology with IoT has shown to be a viable solution for overcoming these security challenges. The aim of the paper is contribute to the ongoing discourse on securing IoT ecosystems through Blockchain technology. The paper presents a review of the security threats, challenges in blockchain and IoT integration, issues and opportunities. It examines the potential of Blockchain as a solution to mitigate these threats, offering a detailed analysis of Blockchain-based security mechanisms and their integration with IoT environments. An examination of different consensus protocols and existing security techniques employed in Blockchain-IoT integration is presented. Additionally, the paper outlines evaluation parameters for assessing the effectiveness of Blockchain-based solutions in securing IoT infrastructures.

The widespread proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices created significant security and privacy vulnerabilities due to their resource-constrained nature and the inadequacy of traditional cybersecurity frameworks. This study addressed the pressing need for a secure, intelligent, and real-time remote monitoring system tailored for IoT environments. The proposed solution integrated a lightweight anomaly detection module utilizing machine learning algorithms, which was designed for efficient deployment on edge nodes (e.g., Raspberry Pi, ESP32) to minimize latency and enhance scalability. An encryption mechanism, such as AES-128, ensured secure and authenticated data exchange, overcoming the limitations of conventional protocols. A comprehensive web-based dashboard, built with Python Flask and React.js, provided real-time threat visualization, alerts, and user control functionalities, enhancing administrative decision-making. Empirical evaluation demonstrated the system's efficacy, achieving a detection accuracy of 99.2% with Decision Trees, inference latency under 7 ms, encryption/decryption overhead of ~0.09 ms, and end-to-end alert latency of 21.04 ms, with CPU utilization at 85.12% on edge nodes. This research contributed a practical, scalable, and resilient cybersecurity framework that significantly improved the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of IoT networks, fostering greater trustworthiness in critical IoT applications.

Without secure commercial information exchange and safe electronic financial transactions over mobile networks, neither service providers nor potential customers will trust mobile commerce. Various mobile security procedures and payment methods have been proposed and applied to mobile commerce, and this chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of them. A secure mobile commerce system must have the following properties: (i) confidentiality, (ii) authentication, (iii) integrity, (iv) authorization, (v) availability, and (vi) non-repudiation. This chapter discusses the security issues related to the following three network paradigms: (i) wireless local area networks, (ii) wireless wide area networks, and (iii) WAP. Among the many themes of mobile commerce security, mobile payment methods are probably the most important. A typical mobile payment process includes: (i) registration, (ii) payment submission, (iii) authentication and authorization by a content provider, and (iv) confirmation. This chapter also describes a set of standards for mobile payments.

Internet of Things (IoT) adalah sejumlah perangkat yang dapat mengumpulkan dan mengirimkan data antar sensor tanpa perlu bantuan manusia. Namun, keamanan IoT dapat terancam karena sifatnya yang dapat diakses dari mana saja dan kapan saja. Celah keamanan memiliki kemungkinan sukar untuk dideteksi, karena memiliki pola yang beragam. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah model keamanan pengiriman data antar sensor yang aman. Blockchain adalah teknologi yang dapat menjawab tiga syarat keamanan yang diperlukan, yaitu ketersediaan, kerahasiaan, dan integritas. Dalam penelitian ini, kami mencoba membangun sebuah simulasi keamanan IoT dengan menggunakan teknologi blockchain, dimana sistem keamanannya menggunakan pola public blockchain. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model public blockchain yang memungkinkan para pengguna untuk mengendalikan aplikasi yang terhubung pada pin emulator melalui smart contract. Penelitian ini menggunakan jejaring Ethereum yang termasuk dalam jaringan pengujian yang dapat digunakan tanpa adanya biaya transaksi yang perlu dibayar. Dengan adanya penelitian ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi pada permasalahan keamanan dan tantangan yang dihadapi dalam jaringan IoT. Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of devices that can collect and transmit data between sensors without the need for human assistance. However, IoT security can be threatened due to its accessibility from anywhere and at any time. Security vulnerabilities may be difficult to detect due to their diverse patterns. Therefore, a secure data transmission security model between sensors is needed. Blockchain is a technology that can meet the three security requirements needed, namely availability, confidentiality, and integrity. In this study, we attempt to build a security simulation of IoT using blockchain technology, where the security system uses a public blockchain pattern. The method used in this study is a public blockchain model that allows users to control applications connected to the pin emulator via smart contracts. This research uses the Ethereum network, which is included in the testing network that can be used without transaction fees. With this research, it is hoped that solutions can be provided for the security issues and challenges faced in IoT networks.

The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to attract attention in the context of computational resource growth. Various disciplines and fields have begun to employ IoT integration technologies in order to enable smart applications. The main difficulty in supporting industrial development in this scenario involves potential risk or malicious activities occurring in the network. However, there are tensions that are difficult to overcome at this stage in the development of IoT technology. In this situation, the future of security architecture development will involve enabling automatic and smart protection systems. Due to the vulnerability of current IoT devices, it is insufficient to ensure system security by implementing only traditional security tools such as encryption and access control. Deep learning and blockchain technology has now become crucial, as it provides distinct and secure approaches to IoT network security. The aim of this survey paper is to elaborate on the application of deep learning and blockchain technology in the IoT to ensure secure utility. We first provide an introduction to the IoT, deep learning, and blockchain technology, as well as a discussion of their respective security features. We then outline the main obstacles and problems of trusted IoT and how blockchain and deep learning may be able to help. Next, we present the future challenges in integrating deep learning and blockchain technology into the IoT. Finally, as a demonstration of the value of blockchain in establishing trust, we provide a comparison between conventional trust management methods and those based on blockchain.

Mobile communication technology has facilitated the rapid spread of convenient mobile payments. Leading third-party payment platforms (TPPs) such as Alipay, Paypal, and Wexpay, have launched popular mobile payment services. However, TPPs-led centralized mobile payments increase the risk of single-point failure and the leakage of user privacy. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based decentralized privacy-preserving mobile payment scheme by utilizing threshold anonymous credentials. The integration of the blockchain and threshold cryptography technology enables mobile payment to possess fault tolerance for malicious attacks. Additionally, we leverage Pedersen commitments and zero-knowledge proofs to prevent users' sensitive transaction information from being leaked to curious entities on the transparent blockchain. Through performance analysis, we make clear that users in the proposed scheme have low computation overhead and storage costs in the payment process, and can adopt flexible payment strategies to execute micro-payments and large payments.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart environments has created unprecedented challenges in identity management and security. Traditional centralized identity management systems face scalability, privacy, and single-point-of-failure issues when applied to IoT ecosystems. This paper presents a novel blockchain-based framework for decentralized identity management in smart IoT environments. Our proposed framework leverages blockchain technology's immutable ledger, smart contracts, and cryptographic mechanisms to provide secure, scalable, and privacy-preserving identity management for IoT devices. The framework incorporates a multi-layered security architecture that includes device authentication, access control, and identity verification mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves 99.7% authentication accuracy with reduced latency compared to traditional centralized systems. The framework also provides enhanced privacy protection through zero-knowledge proofs and selective disclosure mechanisms. This research contributes to the advancement of secure IoT identity management and provides a foundation for future developments in decentralized IoT security

Today, IoT (Internet of Things) revolution and V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) paradigm are collaboratively making a deep impact on a wide range of industrial areas, especially on transportation and automotive industry. Efficient and value added business models are highly appreciated to revolutionize transportation services and environments over the world; and to establish autonomous transport systems without the need of minimum possible human intervention. On the other hand; currently transportation ecosystem stakeholders are facing some problems including data integrity, non-repudiation, and trust. Data manipulation, missing information, and inconsistencies are examples of serious problems in the context of automated mobility and heterogeneity. This study aims to explore the potential of Blockchain technology in smart transportation. In this context, a communication model is presented for smart transportation ecosystems that provides solutions to problems, and also ensures data integrity, non-repudiation and trust by utilizing Blockchain technology. The proposed smart contract based model allows trustless users to negotiate on immutable and transparent data without the need for a trusted third party which can provide further innovative services. The proposed model is evaluated in aspects of appropriateness of technology, technical features, and adoption and diffusion of technology. Taking all this into account, it is possible to point out that the proposed model, not only have the potential of supporting development of V2X and smart transportation ecosystems, but also is feasible to other various smart environments having high heterogeneity and mobility.

Security risks are increasingly concerning as the Internet of Things (IoT) expands. Authentication, access control, and authorization present significant challenges for resource-constrained IoT devices. Traditional authentication methods often require enhancements for these devices, but Blockchain technology presents a potential solution. Decentralized and distributed, Blockchain eliminates a single point of failure and relies on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for robust security. We have introduced a cutting-edge solution to fortify communication security within IoT devices across supply chain ecosystems. By harnessing the power of Blockchain technology, our framework incorporates smart contracts, adheres to ES256 encryption standards, and seamlessly integrates with Infura API. These components establish stringent access controls, ensure data integrity, and enhance transparency throughout supply chain processes. The framework’s robust architecture facilitates swift and secure transactions, bolsters traceability efforts, and effectively mitigates potential security risks. With its scalable design and reliable functionality, this framework emerges as a pivotal asset for optimizing IoT device communication within dynamic supply chain environments. The use of ProVerif in our analysis provides a formal guarantee of the correctness of our access control mechanisms.