SECURE QoS-BASED ROUTING USING HIERARCHICAL KEY RANKING MODEL IN MANET

MANETs (Mobile ad hoc networks) are overloaded with their heavy usage choking traffic. Recent studies have been attempting to find feasibility of routes in these networks. Most proposed schemes have failed to consider the network traffic or MANET requirements. MANET routing done by RPs (Routing Protocols) would perform better when they adhere to QoS (Quality of Service) or application requirements. As a result, RPs must satisfy numerous QoS metrics at a time where soft computing algorithm based RPs are a solution to QoS routing problems. Evolutionary algorithm based routing do not achieve enough energy efficiency which is a major drawback. To overcome this drawback, this work, proposes Red Deer algorithm (RDA) based energy efficient QoS routing for MANETs called (RDA-EQRP). The proposed RDA based routing algorithm discovers the shortest path from a source to a destination which can consumes less energy while supporting the metrics such of reliability, bandwidth, SRC (Static Resource Capacity), Quality and delay. Simulation results show that proposed rotting scheme RDA-EQRP consumes lesser energy in MANET routing.

Mobile ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are one of the most important technologies supporting Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing (UPC). As many UPC applications pose Quality of Service (QoS) constraints, their implementation in MANETs becomes dependent on the MANET algorithms for QoS routing. In this paper Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for QoS routing in MANETs are considered. GAs can solve the NP search of QoS routes with multiple constraints, and then address the UPC QoS requirements. The focus is on tree-based GAs, which represent the set of paths from source to destination as a tree and encode them through the crossed junctions. They encode single paths in the chromosome. We investigate on the effects of binary encoding schema on tree-based GAs. To this purpose we design a GA with binary encoding that maps classes of paths in single chromosomes. These classes are both collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive. The GA with binary encoding uses an adaptive mutation probability for deeper exploration of the search space, and local search on classes of paths. Simulation results compare the GA with binary encoding with two applications of GAMAN, the main existing tree-based GA. They show that the binary encoding allows the GA to converge faster although it introduces additional computational costs.

Frequent link breaks (due to node mobility) and quick exhaustion of energy (due to limited battery volume) are two major problems impacting on the flexibility in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Cooperative communication in MANETs has become an appealing topic, as it can improve system capacity and energy efficiency. In spite of such advantages of cooperative communication, some issues still remain, such as the lack of a systematically designed cooperative routing scheme (including route discovery, route reply, route enhancement, and cooperative data forwarding), facilitation of cooperative communication in mobility resistance, and route selection (jointly considering energy consumption, energy-harvesting ability, and link break probability). Driven by the above concerns, we propose a novel Constructive-Relay-based CooPerative Routing (CRCPR) protocol in this paper. Using topological information stored and maintained in a COoPerative Table and Relay Table, CRCPR enhances resilience to mitigate the mobility issue by self-managing to construct adequate relays for data forwarding. Furthermore, assuming nodes are mostly battery operated, CRCPR proposes a new route selection mechanism, which takes into account energy consumption, energy harvesting, and link break probability, to determine an appropriate route across a network. Simulation results show the robustness of CRCPR against node mobility, further with improvement for up to 60% network throughput and 40% prolonged network lifetime.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing is a very challenging task because of the dynamic nature of the network. The linking of provisional communication assures based on the infrastructure of MANET, however, there is no centralised monitoring process for making the routing in MANETs in terms of trust and security. Therefore, the stability routing is not considered, which may break easily in dynamic MANETs. Thus, this paper introduces a trust-based secure routing protocol using the proposed atom whale optimisation algorithm (AWOA), which is the trust-aware routing protocol. The developed atom whale optimisation is utilised to select the optimal route with respect to the trust factors, like average encounter rate (AER), and successful cooperation frequency (SCF), integrity factor, and the forwarding rate. Moreover, secure routing is performed between the nodes using the proposed AWOA. The AWOA is the integration of atom search optimisation (ASO), and whale optimisation algorithm (WOA) that inherits the faster global convergence. The fitness function is newly modelled considering mobility, and trust factors. The proposed AWOA outperformed other methods with a minimal end-to-end delay of 0.0083 sec, maximal packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 97.73%, and the maximal throughput of 85.05% respectively.

The need for supporting real time multimedia applications for users of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is becoming essential. The aim of this paper is to construct bandwidth-satisfied multicast tree for QoS routing in TDMA-based mobile ad hoc networks. The paper proposes an efficient path bandwidth calculation algorithm. An effective multicasting routing algorithm is presented to build a multicast tree among all the multicast members. Simulation results show that compared with MAODV, our proposed QoS routing algorithm can significantly improve the performance of QoS multicast routing in MANETs in terms of success ratio and average delay.

With the Development of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), Quality of Service (QoS) routing and power-aware routing become more and more important. In the past, QoS guarantee and power control issues were treated separately. In this paper, we propose a novel on-demand QoS routing protocol, PMQR (power-aware multi-path QoS routing) in TDMA-based MANETs. Our protocol combines QoS routing and power-aware routing, which can provide QoS guarantee and achieve energy conservation by taking into account both the transmission power and the remaining energy at the intermediate nodes between a source and a destination. PMQR also can establish multiple paths, even for a single call, when the route search cannot find a path that meets the QoS requirements. Simulation results show that PMQR has good network performance and balances the energy consumption of mobile hosts.

Now a day, Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) gained a lot of popularity in the research community. People realized that there is a commercial value in MANETs with the successful solutions of the most basic but important problems in network layer. Mostly all the applications that attracted interest in traditional wired networks (e.g. Audio/Video Transfer, Video Conferencing, Watching Online Movies/Sports, Camera-enabled Messenger, Online Gaming etc.) would attract interest for MANETs as well. Since real-time multimedia communications will be common in MANETs, there has been an increasing motivation on the introduction of QoS in such networks. But, many characteristics of MANETs make QoS provisioning a difficult problem. In MANETs, providing QoS guarantees is very difficult and challenging than in traditional wired networks, mainly due to multihop communications, contention for channel access, node mobility and a lack of central coordination. However, in the last few years, much research attention has focused on providing QoS guarantees in MANET routing protocols. QoS routing protocol/mechanism is key issue in provision of QoS in MANETs. There are number of QoS routing approaches have been proposed in literature, focusing on different QoS metrics but no particular protocol/mechanism provides overall solution. There are some major open research issues in this area such as QoS metric selection and cost function design, Multi-class traffic, Scheduling mechanism at source, Packet prioritization for control messages, QoS routing that allows preemption, and QoS in Heterogeneous networks. There are still many open questions that must be solved to improve the performance of QoS-aware routing protocols such as bandwidth/delay estimation, route discovery, resource reservation, route maintenance, cross-layer design, energy consumption, multicast QoS routing etc.

Emergent Intelligence Based QoS Routing in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are seen as an essential technology to support future Pervasive Computing Scenarios and 4G networks. In a MANET, efficient support of multipoint communications is essential in order to provide services like group audio and video conferencing, dissemination of data to a set of receivers or collaboration of a group of users. However, most of these interactive services have very strong requirements regarding delay and bandwidth. Controlling the end-to-end delay and maintaining low packet loss rate is vital to support interactive multimedia applications in MANETs. In this paper, we present QAMNet, an approach to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) for multicast communication in MANETs. We extend existing mesh based multicast routing protocols by introducing traffic prioritization, distributed resource probing and admission control mechanisms and adaptive rate control of non-real-time traffic based on Medium Access Control (MAC) layer feedback to maintain low delay and required throughput for real-time multicast flows. Simulation results show that, by reusing control messages already used by those protocols, our approach does not significantly increase control overhead nor state stored at nodes compared while it manages to increase packet delivery ratio and reduce latency for real-time traffic.

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the efficient energy-efficient cluster head selection (EECHS) is a significant issue. When an appropriate cluster head (CH) is chosen, MANETs'''' energy efficiency improves. Clusters are built in MANETs to facilitate communication between nodes. The EECHS problem has been addressed using a variety of clustering strategies, including distributed clustering and cluster-based routing. However, these approaches require high overhead and complexity, leading to suboptimal performance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an algorithm that can select the best CH to facilitate efficient energy-efficient communication in MANETs. In this regard, the Firefly Algorithm (FA) has been proposed as an effective approach to solving the EECHS problem. FA is a type of swarm intelligence-based meta-heuristics algorithm inspired by the behavior of fireflies. FA is a simple and efficient optimization method that can be used to select the best CH in MANETs. The method has a number of benefits, including enhanced convergence rate and local search functionality. FA is also computationally effective and can adapt to shifting network conditions. This essay offers a thorough evaluation of the literature on the use of FA in MANETs to address the EECHS. Along with comparisons of their performances, a thorough examination of the suggested methodologies and algorithms is offered. Last but not least, various difficulties and potential research paths pertaining to the usage of the FA are explored.

In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET), the increasing demand for multimedia application is more challenging and the existing routing protocols are not adequate owing to the complex design requirements of Quality of Service (QoS) routing. This paper proposes a stateless position-based solution for QoS routing issues and offers an efficient end-to-end communication guarantee. The proposed Stateless QoS (SQoS) routing protocol is based on adaptive compass greedy routing to determine a qualified path which satisfies the QoS requirements and the void handling scheme overcomes the local maximum issue. In addition, the SQoS routing utilises the node overhearing capacity to obtain the link quality measurement to provide a guarantee for efficient end-to-end transmission through the identification of high-quality links for multimedia streams. The performance of the proposed SQoS routing protocol is compared with existing QoS-GPSR. Finally, the performance evaluation proves that the SQoS routing protocols outperform the existing protocols.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a matter of great concern and an emerging research field of ubiquitous computing. Nowadays, security issues regarding MANETs are gaining remarkable research interest. MANET is more vulnerable to the security attacks by resource constraints. An ID based cryptography allows an user to generate their public keys without exchanging any certificates. In above scheme, public/private key can be construct without exchanging any certificate. The idea of bilinear pairings make the system efficient and easy to providing basic security. In order to provide secure communication in MANET, many researchers used different schemes to provide authentication. However, existing techniques have drawbacks such as forgery on adaptive chosen plain text message and back secrecy in traditional authentication schemes. In this paper, we work on an ID based signature scheme for achieving reliability and secure authentication in MANET. We show that proposed id based signature scheme is secure against forgery attack in the random oracle model under the Inverse-Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem (Inv-CDHP) assumption. Proposed scheme is more efficient in term of computation than other traditional schemes.

Ad Hoc wireless networks are different from traditional cellular networks which have many striking features for effective communication that are much absent in ad hoc wireless networks. The basic objective of effective communication is to pass the information from source to destination with the view on energy consumption, reliability, security, cost factor and so on. Energy efficient routing plays a primary role to sustain the Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) that defined as the kind of wireless networks that make use of multi-hop wireless links with possessing the dynamic capability of functioning without the back of any fixed infrastructure and each node must act as a router and data packet forwarder. Moreover batteries used by MANETs have limited power and so restricted processing power, which in turn confines services and applications that can be supported by each node. So, Energy management is inevitable in MANET. Here; the ultimate focus is on the role of energy factor and in parallel on all other relevant factors are concentrated at integrated approach for offering valuable communication between every node in the MANET.

Applications of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have gained increasing popularity among different areas of human life and significantly attracted the attention of the researchers in this field. Routing in a MANET plays the vital role in its real-world application. Further, routing in MANET is associated with a set of issues that need to be addressed before its implementation. The issues include satisfaction of specified quality of service (QoS) requirements and security issues. In this paper, we have addressed security issues as our point of focus. Again, security issues can be addressed using various algorithms and out of all, evolutionary technique-based algorithms appear to be more effective for the purpose. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is one of the most popular evolutionary algorithms for optimization. We have carried out an extensive review of ant colony optimization (ACO)-based secure MANET routing protocols and the contents of this paper can help researchers in the field of MANET to devise secure routing protocols, especially using ACO algorithm for addressing the security issues in a MANET.

Routing in mobile Ad-Hoc networks is normally a difficult task, but even more challenging if the network is expected to provide support for audio and video streaming between human-carried devices. Besides normal movement and signal impairment difficulties, those multimedia applications may impose extra end-to-end requirements. The computation of optimized and/or constrained network paths using one or more metric restrictions is called QoS (Quality-of-Service) routing. This paper presents QMRS, a QoS routing protocol for Ad-Hoc networks which aims to support applications with QoS requirements including requirements for the end-to-end delay. This protocol proposes a on-demand multiple routes discovery mechanism that is able to find up to three node-disjoint paths that meet the QoS requirement. Additionally, and for the purpose of guarantee the stability of the routing process, it uses the signal strength of the links between neighbouring nodes to elect the most stable route. Such route will be used as the primary choice to forward traffic. The other discovered routes will be maintained as backup in order to eventually replace the primary route, in case of disruption or degradation of required QoS.