Secured Wireless Sensor Network Protocol using Rabin-assisted Multifactor Authentication

Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are fundamental to security and surveillance applications such as military defense, disaster management, and intrusion monitoring. The performance of these networks depends largely on the efficiency of routing protocols. This paper examines the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in multi-hop WSN environments for target tracking, evaluating critical metrics including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay, Energy Consumption, and Network Lifetime. Simulation results illustrate the impact of node depletion due to transmission loss, affecting network stability and robustness in target detection. In-network detection in WSNs presents trade-offs between real-time data transmission, energy efficiency, and trajectory lifespan. Inefficient routing optimization may result in increased latency, packet loss, and premature node failure, ultimately reducing localization accuracy. While AODV’s reactive path-based approach offers manageable overhead, its performance degrades under increased energy consumption and route rediscovery delays. This study systematically evaluates AODV’s strengths and limitations in time-sensitive detection scenarios. Findings indicate that AODV ensures reliable data transmission in early network stages but suffers significant performance deterioration as node energy declines, impacting coverage and responsiveness. To enhance AODV’s target tracking capabilities, this paper proposes adaptive energy-saving techniques and hybrid routing schemes. These strategies contribute to ongoing research aimed at optimizing routing protocols to balance accuracy and node longevity for real-time WSN applications.

The rapid development of wireless communication technologies and portable mobile devices such as laptops, PDAs, smart phones and wireless sensors brings the best out of mobile computing particularly mobile ad-hoc and sensor networks. Nowadays, most of researchers working on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) focus on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MASNETs) due to their wide range of potential applications ranging from underwater monitoring to search and rescue mobile robotics applications. In this research work, through extensive simulation, we have evaluated the capability of Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol on how far it can react to different mobility duration of mobile nodes in MASNETs. The performance of AODV is investigated in terms of the average percentage of packet loss and energy consumption. The initial performance study demonstrates that the performance of AODV is signicantly decreased in mobile environment due to the frequent topology change in MASNETs. Therefore, in order to enhance the performance of AODV in MASNETs, the new routing algorithm based on the estimated distance is proposed to replace the hop count for the selection of next node during the packet transmission. The estimated distance is computed based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values that are collected during the communication between the sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed solution is also further evaluated and compared with the existing AODV routing protocol in term of their energy consumption and percentage of packet loss. Our study demonstrates that the proposed solution outperform the existing AODV in MASNETs.

Route recovery process of Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol has been extensively studied. However, the recovery process still requires long delays and overheads. In this paper, we proposed a link quality aware local recovery protocol for AODV based Ad hoc networks. In the proposed method, when a link is broken, a node detecting a link-break asks to neighbor nodes who can be a substitute for a node causing the link- break. If there is such a node, then the recovery is quickly and locally completed. The proposed method does not increase overhead to find the substitute link comparing to the conventional AODV protocol. The results show that proposed protocol performs better than source repair and local repair in term of throughput. The simulation is done through Network Simulator (NS-2).

The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is an on-demand protocol specialized for mobile ad hoc network. Because of node's mobility and limited transmission range, the routes created by original AODV become invalid frequently leading to larger control overhead. In this paper, we propose a new scheme to improve AODV protocol by the concept of reliable distance. The reliable distance, which is always smaller than transmission range, is depended on the node's velocity and direction information attained from Global Positioning System (GPS). By the new mechanism, the routes are more reliable. Performance comparison of optimized AODV with conventional AODV by NS-2 simulator in various conditions shows the performance improvement.

Energy efficiency is one of the major concerns in wireless sensor networks since it impacts the network lifetime. The trade-off between sensed information and the amount of energy expended in communication are considered in developing protocols as sensor networks are resource constrained. In this paper, the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol and threshold-sensitive energy efficient sensor network (TEEN) protocol are integrated to form a hybrid AODV routing protocol. The hybrid protocol is based on the characteristics of both protocols. The primary design objective of this research is to determine the active nodes and enhance the energy efficiency. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed protocol is efficient in transmission of packets, reduction in latency, energy consumption and throughput.

A scheme for WSNs (wireless sensor networks) security is given by dividing sensing tetrahedron into clusters and using the symmetric polynomials in this paper.The sensing tetrahedron is divided into a number of small grids.All those sensor nodes, both ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes are distributed in the sensing tetrahedron.In a grid, all ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.All the heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.At last, all sensor nodes establish their keys directly or indirectly in the whole sensing tetrahedron.Analysis and comparison demonstrate this scheme enhances the WSN security, has good network connectivity, saves node storage, reduces network computing load, and extends the network lifetime.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) normally consist of large number of sensing nodes that organize themselves into multi-hop wireless networks. It is desirable for communication protocols to minimize the communication overhead and hence the energy consumption while keeping the data delivery relatively reliable. In this paper, we present a new routing protocol, called cross-layer AODV (CAODV), based on a cross-layer design and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. The proposed protocol adopts two mechanisms, called delaying transmission (DT) and efficient broadcasting (EB), to address the broadcast storm problems in WSNs such as high probability of collisions and redundancy of broadcasting. Simulation results show that CAODV can improve the performance of the routing protocol in WSNs by reducing the routing overhead and the latency of route discovery without degrading the packet delivery ratio.

As more and more real Wireless Sensor Network's (WSN) applications have been tested and deployed over the last decade, the research community of WSN realizes that several issues need to be revisited from practical angles, such as reliability and availability. Furthermore, fault-tolerance is one of the main issues in WSNs since it becomes critical in real deployed environments where network stability and reduced inaccessibility times are important. Basically, wireless sensor networks suffer from resource limitations, high failure rates and faults caused by the defective nature of wireless communication and the wireless sensor itself. This can lead to situations, where nodes are often interrupted during data transmission and blind spots occur in the network by isolating some of the devices. In this paper, we address the reliability issue by designing an enhanced fault-tolerant mechanism for Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol applied in WSN called the ENhanced FAult-Tolerant AODV (ENFAT-AODV) routing protocol. We apply a backup route technique by creating a backup path for every node on a main path of data transmission. When a node gets failure to deliver a data packet through the main path, it immediately utilizes its backup route to become a new main path for the next coming data packet delivery to reduce a number of data packets dropped and to maintain the continuity of data packet transmission in presence of some faults (node or link failures). Furthermore, with increased failure rate, this proposed routing protocol improves the throughput, reduces the average jitter, provides low control overhead and decreases the number of data packets dropped in the network. As a result, the reliability, availability and maintainability of the network are achieved. The simulation results show that our proposed routing protocol is better than the original AODV routing.

This paper evaluates and compares mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN). It focuses and compares the performance analysis based on Quality of Service (QoS) factors on the throughput and delay between Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) protocols for mesh network with a single source. Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector is a reactive protocol and Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm is on-demand reactive protocol which is the hybrid protocol. Previous research did shown that AODV is better than TORA for a larger nodes that is more than 30 nodes an some says that TORA is better for smaller nodes environment. In wireless ad hoc network, the nodes must be able to interconnect each other to establish the link or connection from source to the destination. The results show that AODV outperformed TORA in the throughput but AODV had higher delay than TORA. After the analysis has been done, this paper shows that AODV outperforms TORA in the wireless sensor network only with a single source and destination which less than 30 nodes in a network.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), fair utilisation of the network resources is a challenging task. In this regard, one of the determining factors is the routing protocol that plays an important role to route the data traffic from the source to the destination, under limited network resources. Most of the routing protocols and their variants in WSNs replace the routing metric of the prevalent routing protocol with their proposed routing metric and keep the route discovery mechanism intact. However, replacing only the routing metric is insufficient to improve the performance of the entire network as it can generate high End-to-End (ETE) delay in finding the destination as per the routing criteria. In this paper, a novel single path loop-free Distributed On-demand Multi-Optional routing (DOMO) protocol is presented. The DOMO selects the best sensor node based on the routing metric(s) amonst various alternatives at each stage during forward route formation. A simulation has been performed in ns-2.35 and it has been observed that, using the same routing metric(s), DOMO performs better for long-term communication in WSNs as compared to Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV). The results have revealed that DOMO improves the average ETE delay by 17% and normalises the routing load by 47% as compared to AODV.

Routing is very important in data communication, especially in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). In WSN, every node acts as a router, forwarding data packets to other nodes. There are various kinds of routing protocol and they act different in different scenario by their specialty. Routing protocols performance can be vary with various parameters such as speed time, seed time, pause time, number of node and network topology. In this paper, we discuss several routing protocols such as Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV),Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV),Dynamic Source Routing (DSR),Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV)and different connection types such as TCP, Constant Bit Rate (CBR) for WSN. In this research, we analyzed performance of routing protocols by considering different scenarios and metrics. We compare protocols performance by using several metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Loss Packet Ratio (LPR) and Average End to End Delay (E2E) with varying pause time and speed time. We use network simulator NS2.35 for compare and analyze WSN protocol performance.

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) protocol requires proper settings to perform data transmission optimally. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to select the correct routing protocol and use the routing protocol’s default parameter values. This study examined the effect of route request parameters, such as RREQ_RETRIES and MAX_RREQ_TIMOUT, on the Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, which was then compared with the default AODV performance Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The performance metrics used for measuring performance were Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, packet loss, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The results show that the OLSR protocol has a smaller delay than the AODV protocol, while in other measurements, the AODV protocol is better than OLSR. By reducing the combination value of RREQ_RETRIES, MAX_RREQ_TIMEOUT in AODV routing to (2, 10 s) and (3, 5 s), the protocol’s performance can be improved. The two combinations result in an average increase in throughput performance of 3.09%, a decrease in delay of 17.7%, a decrease in packet loss of 27.15%, and an increase in PDR of 4.8%. For variations in the speed of movement of nodes, 20 m/s has the best performance, while 5 m/s has the worst performance.

6LoWPAN has become a new technology to provide the Internet connectivity to the traditional wireless sensor network (WSN). In order to route the delivered packet from originator to destination nodes, the simplified Ad-hoc On- Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for 6LoWPAN with 6LoWPAN Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (LOAD) has been introduced. However, the conceptual LOAD routing protocol has yet proposed any path recovery mechanism in 6LoWPAN. In this paper, an originator recognition (OR) path recovery mechanism is proposed for the 6LoWPAN LOAD-based routing protocol. In this proposed mechanism, the participated nodes will memorize the originator address attached within data packet during the data transmission. When a link break happens on destination path, the LOAD protocol message will be amended by inserting an identity key, which is a memorial of originator address, in the generated route error (RERR) message before transmitted towards the originator for the failure notification. This identity key is then used by the originator to initialize path recovery in order to retransmit the failed data packet to the unreachable destination node. Instead of using MAC address in the LOAD routing protocol, IP address is used in the proposed Originator Recognition (OR) path recovery mechanism (OR-LOAD) routing protocol which is designed for the global routing. The proposed OR-LOAD routing protocol has been examined under noisy 6LoWPAN environment in Qualnet simulator. Its performance is then evaluated and compared to AODV routing protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio and average energy consumption. The simulation results show that the proposed OR-LOAD outperforms AODV with packet delivery ratio of 19.4%, and with comparable average energy consumption in both routing protocols.

When it comes to WSN, routing is the most difficult and time-consuming part. For WSN, there are a variety of routing protocols. Routing techniques for mobile sensor networks include Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). The use of less energy. NAODV is a new routing protocol that incorporates an energy-aware algorithm and the shortest route into the current Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (NAODV) protocol in order to save battery consumption and WSN lifespan. Research challenges including packet loss and energy consumption have been taken into consideration when developing new routing protocols for mobile nodes. The simulation results demonstrate that a combination of both bandwidth and energy management works better than the present methods. According to this study, the suggested cluster-based routing algorithms for mobile wireless sensor networks are compared among themselves. According to the simulation results, the suggested energy-efficient routing algorithm consumes very little energy and provides a high level of performance. A study of the AODV protocol's throughput, packet rate, coverage area, and the number of packets has been conducted in this work. With 11 nodes, our simulation findings demonstrate that the network's lifespan is increased greatly without affecting packet delivery speed. Cells, the smallest unit of geographic division in the 5G network, will be used to connect providers' service areas. There are still certain locations that don't yet have access to 5G. Thus new gadgets may still connect to 4G LTE networks. Data aggregation methods are crucial to network efficiency. Accumulating and effectively condensing data packets is the fundamental goal of a data aggregation technique. This study created a hybrid clustering and routing strategy for data aggregation in 5G wireless sensor networks.