Security in Intelligent Transportation Telematics

Energy-efficient cooperative transmission for intelligent transportation systems

This paper presents a framework to model and analyze the survivability and vulnerability of intelligent transportation system (ITS) networks. The proposed framework includes qualitative and quantitative approaches and can be implemented during the planning and design phase of new ITS projects or assess the survivability and vulnerability of existing ITS networks. The qualitative approach is based on Survivable System Analysis (SSA). It identifies threat mitigation strategies for each threat identified and provides suggestions for improved security and survivability. The paper also presents a quantitative survivable system analysis approach that is aimed to compute the essentiality of ITS network components and rank-order these essentialities to determine the most essential components of the network. The proposed framework provides a significant addition to the current design practices by integration system security, vulnerability, and survivability into the design, operation, and management of ITS networks. While the case-study presented in the paper focused on ITS networks, the proposed framework can be applied to any other critical infrastructure distribution, control, and monitoring networks.

In this paper, we will outline the current European development of wireless communications to support cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The focus will be on spectrum allocation and the physical and medium access control layers of the ITS-G5 access technology, which is under specification by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The European ITS architecture and European standardization will also be briefly discussed.

Typical intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are comprised of geographically distributed ITS devices including sensors, cameras and dynamic message signs (DMS). There are several options for providing data communication between these field devices and traffic management centers (TMC). Wireless networks are attractive due to their relatively lower cost and ease of deployment compared to fixed networks. However, these face unique security and signal interference problems, and deploying new wireless networks can require significant equipment investment. In this work, a new extremely low-cost wireless strategy for ITS network communication is presented. This approach applies control channels of the Network Trunking System (NTS), a licensed radio frequency to support the voice communication, to control DMS operation under the National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP). Because the NTS network has already installed in the metropolitan, urban, and rural areas in Oklahoma, it provides a cheap deployment solution requiring only additional adapter devices. Long term operation and maintenance costs can further be amortized between voice and data services. The proposed technique is compared to the existing ITS wireless networking strategies and hybrid network strategies merging wired and wireless networks deployed in Oklahoma. Details of the strategy for using wireless networking in the Oklahoma ITS and experiences with wireless ITS device deployment are also provided.

A novel block-chain based secure cross-domain interaction approach for intelligent transportation systems

European standardisation, a key institution for the functioning of the EU single market, functions at the crossroads of private rule-making and public policy. Recently, it has been subjected to fierce scrutiny by the European Commission and the European Court of Justice. Expressed concerns relate to the legal value of standards and the legitimacy of institutions creating them but have broader implications for European competitiveness, highlighting the strategic role of standards. By far much of this critique has been directed towards the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the EU’s crown jewel of technology standardisation. ETSI’s normative power manifests itself in policymaking, legislation and market processes, rendering it an interesting organisation to study as a proxy to understand the legitimacy and resilience of European standardisation. Against this backdrop, this introduction sets the theoretical and legal context for this Special Issue. Upon discussing the background and dynamic of European standardisation, it provides a theoretical framework for ‘crises' and ‘legitimacy’, tailoring it to the particular case of ETSI and the challenges it faces at the policy and judicial level. Lastly, it provides a critical reflection on the Research Articles in this Special Issue, linking them to the current discourses on legitimacy and resilience.

A novel energy efficient IRS-relay network for ITS with Nakagami-m fading channels

Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) have seen increased interest in recent years, with several ongoing activities and first practical implementations. While clearly V2X-communication will play a significant role in all C-ITS deployments, several key components, such as the wireless communication technology and the message formats, are still evolving. This calls for a modular approach when designing C-ITS infrastructure, especially when considering a real world urban environment. Such environments are characterized by heterogeneous traffic light hardware and traffic management systems.This paper focuses on the modular architecture of the C-ITS pilot in Dresden. For example, a highly flexible communication stack is developed for this special purpose. It fully supports the message types standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) on the one hand, while on the other hand allowing the rapid implementation and test of novel message types and contents. This went hand in hand with the development of a modular roadside unit, enabling the rapid implementation of service applications on its central processing unit. In combination with a cloud-based backend, a real-time C-ITS service platform with a hybrid communication concept is developed.This paper presents a modular architecture and best practice guidelines based on experiences of the C-ITS pilot in Dresden. First results of research topics, such as latency measurements, are shown.The ongoing C-ITS deployment in Dresden is part of the initiative Synchrone Mobilitat 2023, which aims at advancing Intelligent Transport Systems. Focusing on automated and connected driving in urban areas, the research and development projects under its umbrella initiate scientific and technological developments and provide comprehensive test facilities. Automated and connected driving in urban areas requires not only simulations and test drives on test sites but also enormous testing effort under real traffic conditions. The Dresden Testbed offers outstanding conditions to conduct real-world test with a multitude of test kilometers and the experience of different traffic scenarios.

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

Research efforts carried out on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for improving safety and efficiency of road transportation have been focused on cars, where vehicular communications have demonstrated to enhance the driver awareness with active services that improve fatality statistics. Although common vehicles accidents have been reduced in the last years, those involving vulnerable road users remain. Cyclists and motorcyclists cover a whole area where ITS and telematics should be embedded with no doubt, given the incremental popularity of bikes and motorbikes in urban mobility and short interurban routes. For this reason, this work takes the key objective of integrating two-wheelers within the future cooperative ITS network. Hence, a novel communication device especially adapted to cyclists and motorcyclists has been designed, by integrating vehicular wireless communications (i.e. IEEE 802.11p) and considering interface limitations. From the protocols perspective the work is focused on IPv6, and considers two-wheelers as part of the Future Internet. In fact, a great success of the proposal is exploiting the synergy between IETF (Internet) and ITS-specific protocols coming from ISO and ETSI, creating a novel active system to improve two-wheel transport safety through Cooperative Awareness Messaging (CAM) over IPv6. The embedded communication node for two-wheelers includes the proper software to warn the driver about the approaching of a regular vehicle through audio and visual notifications. Moreover, its counterpart for common cars has also been developed, but using an Android application running on a handheld device connected to a regular IPv6 in-vehicle network.

This paper proposes a system level study of an adaptive communication gateway for Intelligent Vehicles (IV) in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This study starts with the analysis of the different communications standards that are expected to link the IV to mobile devices inside the vehicle, other IVs in the ITS network, the road side unites and the existing wireless infrastructures into three types namely, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), Wide Area Network (WAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). An adaptive communication gateway architecture is devised to support Multimode Multiband (MMMB) operation. This architecture accounts for the need for concurrent operation of multiple communication links and address the different challenges proper to the ITS applications

The second-generation digital video broadcasting via satellite (DVB-S2) and the second-generation DVB interactive satellite system (DVB-RCS2) standards published by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) have been dominating the global high-throughput satellite (HTS) communications market for recent five years. ETSI provisioned a technical report (TR) ETSI TR 101 545-4 as rudimentary guidelines for implementing a DVB-S2/DVB-RCS2 satellite system with security functions. Based on the ETSI guidelines, this paper depicts security implementations for a scenario of several distributed hub gateway stations which was unincorporated in the TR. Moreover, several optimizations and modifications were made to improve correctness and efficiency. A top-level star network security architecture, a hub security architecture, a return channel satellite terminal (RCST) security architecture, encrypted frame structures, authentication, and key distribution are described in this paper. The test results shew a less than 9% payload data rate decrease for the given security system in comparison to the unencrypted, proving the same speed performance level as the insecure commercial HTS ground infrastructure.

This thesis presents a work in progress related to the use of Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) data to actuate an adaptive control system on an autonomous vehicle operating in an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The autonomous passenger vehicle has rapidly matured from a speculative concept to a reality that is quickly appearing within our sightlines. Autonomous (also called self-driving, driverless, or robotic) vehicles have long been predicted in science fiction and discussed in popular science media. Recently, major corporations have announced plans to begin selling such vehicles in the near future, and some jurisdictions have passed legislation to allow such vehicles to operate legally on public roads. Autonomous vehicles will be performing intelligent functions (navigation, maneuver, behavior, or task) by perceiving the environment and implementing a responsive action based on HUMS input. Once these vehicles begin to operate on public roads as a norm, safety and reliability becomes a major factor. The implementation or expanded use of HUMS can perceivably render these systems reliable and safe to operate in any environment or mode. This thesis also depicts a notational framework for HUMS in autonomous vehicles operating on ITS networks and future research needed to make this a reality. Keywords: Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS), Reliability, Adaptive Systems, Prognostics, Autonomous Vehicle, Intelligent Transportation System

The wireless mesh network (WMN) is an economical low-power solution to provide wireless broadband access in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This paper investigates how to deploy access points (APs) to improve throughput and quality-of-service (QoS), when the multihop communication is used to extend the coverage of wireless ITS network. Frequency planning is suggested to improve the capacity with QoS provisioning and to make the system more scalable. To investigate the overall tradeoffs among QoS, throughput, and coverage, we develop an analytical model to evaluate throughput, frame delay, and jitter for the considered ITS WMN using the carrier-sense multiple-access (CSMA) medium access control (MAC) protocol. Then, we apply an optimization approach to determine the optimal separation distances between APs with the delay requirement. To provide a guideline for network planning, we compare the uniform-spacing and increasing-spacing AP deployment strategies. The uniform-spacing strategy is to make all the APs with the same separation distance. In the increasing-spacing strategy, the separation distances between APs are increased from the central AP to the outer APs. Because of the shorter separation distance, the AP closer to the central AP can deliver higher traffic. It is shown that the increasing-spacing strategy outperforms the uniform-spacing strategy in terms and a profit function, considering the capacity and the total cost for deploying APs.

SummaryThe distributed nature of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) allows them to benefit from multiple autonomic functionalities. However, the existing landscape of self‐x solutions (eg, self‐configuration) is fragmented and the lack of a standardized framework through which interoperable autonomics can be developed has been hampering adoption and deployment of autonomics in real‐world service networks. There is a need for a standardized architectural framework that enables to comprehensively support and integrate interoperable components for autonomicity in WMNs. Such an architecture (autonomicity‐enabled wireless mesh architecture) is currently being standardized by the working group called Evolution of Management towards Autonomic Future Internet (AFI) in the European Telecommunications Standards Institute within the Network Technologies Technical Committee. The proposed autonomic wireless mesh architecture is an instantiation of the AFI GANA (Generic Autonomic Network Architecture) reference model, a standards‐based approach to autonomics. This paper complements and extends the early version of the architecture by further detailing the architectural principles and providing experimental and validation results. First, we provide a brief overview of the AFI GANA reference model and then show how each of its building blocks can be instantiated for WMNs. We evaluate the proposed architecture by implementing and testing the 4 basic self‐x functionalities defined by the GANA model. The provided guidelines can now help researchers and engineers build autonomicity‐enabled WMNs using a standardized framework that enables adoption and deployment of autonomics by industry, thereby enabling researchers and engineers to contribute to the further evolution of the standard in the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.