Segmentation of phases in low carbon steels by weak-supervised deep learning: a round robin test on different microscopes and EBSD systems

The objective of this study is to perform a detailed comparison of the stress, strength and deformation properties between high and low carbon steels to determine their mechanical behavior in different applications. The research is qualitative, descriptive, focusing on the theoretical analysis of the mechanical properties of steel, which is based on the compilation of information from different authors. The differences in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the two steels were analyzed. A comparison of the mechanical properties of low carbon steel and high carbon steel provides valuable information for application in various industrial processes, allowing the selection of the most suitable type of steel according to specific strength and deformation requirements. The research found that the carbon content significantly affects the microstructure of the steel and, consequently, the mechanical properties. Compared with high carbon steel, low carbon steel has lower strength and deformation. High carbon steel has greater strength, but is also more prone to warping under certain loads.

This work deals with investigating the effects of solid-state phase transformation on residual stresses during the welding of low carbon and high carbon steels. In this study, depending on MSC Marc code, the simulation considers the local microstructure properties changes due to the thermal welding cycles. A sequentially coupled thermal and mechanical 2-D finite element model (FEM) was used. In FEM, phase transformation temperature diagrams are used to anticipate the amount of martensite in the fusion zone (FZ), and heat affects zone (HAZ). The simulation results demonstrated that the residual stress in low carbon steel is not affected by the volume change caused bythe austenite-martensite transformation. In contrarily,the residual stressesin the high carbon steel are considerably influenced by the martensitic transformation.

The purpose of this work was to study the hot-corrosion behavior of dissimilar weldments of AISI 304 stainless steel and AISI 1015 low carbon steel assembled with consumable-309L stainless steel wires at 750 °C in static air with 2 mg/cm^2 mixture of various ratios of NaCl-Na_2SO_4 deposits. It was found that the HAZ of weldments revealed the coarse grain structure and the around 304 HAZ. Moreover, the carbon migrated from the substrate of low carbon steel of the higher chromium weld metal side and formed chromium carbide adjacent to the interface between the low carbon steel HAZ and weld metal. The results of hot corrosion showed that both 304 and 309L appeared the subscale attack while low carbon steel revealed the uniform corrosion. The depth of attack increased with increasing exposure duration of time. The 309L weld metal had the smallest metal loss because of its high chromium content. Due to sensitized reaction the 304 HAZ had the highest metal loss and the total depth of attack. The galvanic effect to the low carbon steel resulted in a serious corrosion with sufficient molten salts at low carbon steel HAZ/WM interface.

Heavy gauge line pipe and structural steel plate materials are often rolled in the two-phase region for strength reasons. However, strength and toughness show opposite trends, and the exact effect of each rolling process parameter remains unclear. Even though intercritical rolling has been widely studied, the specific mechanisms that act when different microalloying elements are added remain unclear. To investigate this further, laboratory thermomechanical simulations reproducing intercritical rolling conditions were performed in plain low carbon and NbV-microalloyed steels. Based on a previously developed procedure using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), the discretization between intercritically deformed ferrite and new ferrite grains formed after deformation was extended to microalloyed steels. The austenite conditioning before intercritical deformation in the Nb-bearing steel affects the balance of final precipitates by modifying the size distributions and origin of the Nb (C, N). This fact could modify the substructure in the intercritically deformed grains. A simple transformation model is proposed to predict average grain sizes under intercritical deformation conditions.

The progress of ferrite recrystallisation in low carbon steel was slower than in ultralow carbon steel. The hardness of the non-recrystallised ferrite grains gradually decreased with increasing annealing time in ultralow carbon steel, but gradually increased with increasing annealing time in low carbon steel. The amount of Ti containing precipitates increased slightly during annealing in ultralow carbon steel, but increased remarkably with increasing annealing time in low carbon steel. These results suggest that the softening of non-recrystallised ferrite grains during annealing in ultralow carbon steel may reflect the progress of recovery and the Ostwald ripening of Ti containing precipitates formed during annealing. In contrast, the hardening of non-recrystallised ferrite grains in low carbon steel may be due to the precipitation hardening of TiC formed during annealing.

Particle size distribution (PSD) is an essential property of cement. The only standard method to measure the PSD of cement, namely ASTM C115 [1] is limited in scope; this standard describes a method for determining "fineness" with a lower size detection limit of 7.5 m. As there is no standard procedure covering the whole range of cement PSD, the implementation of different measurement methods varies widely within the industry. In general, the round-robin results summarized here have demonstrated the high variability between participants using instruments based on the same physical principles. ASTM committee C01.25.01 sponsored a round-robin test to measure the PSD of cement. The aim of the current report is to analyze the data generated during those tests and to summarize the various approaches available to measure the PSD of cement. The analysis of the data is conducted in two parts. In the first part, an attempt is made to establish a reference distribution using a standard cement powder (SRM 114p). This is followed up by a comparison of the roundrobin data in order to initiate discussion on developing a standard test method for cement PSD to be submitted for ASTM consideration. The report provides all raw data collected during the round robin tests, and the results of a statistical analysis of the collected data.

For laboratories within the scheme of the voluntary surveillance system for technical insulation materials in Europe (VDI/Keymark), a proficiency test is the basis for obtaining a “registered laboratory.” The VDI/Keymark is a cooperation between the VDI, The Association of German Engineers, and the Keymark Group dealing with European voluntary product certification systems, within the scope of thermal insulation materials. Registered laboratories are allowed to conduct measurements to verify the declared thermal conductivity curve of technical insulation materials under the umbrella of the quality mark “VDI/Keymark”. The initial characterization work on a round robin material for the determination of thermal conductivity at higher temperatures led to the selection of an expanded glass granulate. With all the results of the round robin tests produced by five European laboratories, the expanded glass granulate has become a very important material for establishing a reliable European level of thermal conductivity at higher temperatures with a moderate uncertainty. The German expert group “AKThermophysik” of the Association of Thermal Analysis (GEFTA, Gesellschaft fur Thermische Analyse e.V.) further initiated a round robin test for thermal conductivity in 2012. With this additional use of the expanded glass granulate, more experience with transient methods and thermal conductivity values in the extended temperature range could be obtained. A comparison with the reference curve of the VDI/Keymark indicates very good compliance for most cases. Since August 2012, comparative tests with the expanded glass granulate as a round robin material are very important. Furthermore, the European CE marking became mandatory for industrial insulation products and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, declared by the manufacturer, was introduced as a limit value. The challenge to determine the thermal conductivity at higher temperatures for a material using different methods and apparatuses was also an important step to evaluate the level of “True Thermal Conductivity.”

Tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs) should be evaluated before implantation. Therefore, it is indispensable to establish evaluation protocols in regenerative medicine. Whether or not such evaluation protocols are reasonable is generally verified through a 'round robin' test. However, the round robin test for TEMPs intrinsically includes a deficiency, because 'identical' specimens can not be prepared for TEMPs. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility and limitations of the round robin test for TEMPs by using a prepared evaluation protocol. We adopted tissue-engineered cartilage constructs as delivered specimens and a protocol of measuring sGAG content as an evaluation protocol proposed to ISO TC150/SC7, which is an invasive, but usually applied, method, although non-invasive methods are keenly required in evaluating TEMPs. The results showed that: (a) the coefficient of variation (CV) of the measured sGAG contents in intralaboratory tests was ~5% at most; (b) the CV of sGAG content in the scheme where each participating laboratory measured different constructs was comparable with that in the scheme where each participating laboratory measured one half of a construct along with the organizing laboratory; (c) the CV caused by factors other than the specimen was ~15%, comparable to that in reproducible experiments in biomedical fields. Based on these results, the study concludes that a round robin test for a TEMP could be valuable, under the condition that the delivered TEMPs are sufficiently reproducible so that the CV of the measured values is < 5% in the organizing laboratory.

The consumption of LCS in Indonesia was recorded at 1,100,000 million tons in 2018. The decrease in the corrosion rate is inhibited by the lignin-inhibition method. This study was conducted on the effectiveness of Borassus flabellifer fiber lignin extract as a green inhibitor of corrosion in LCS. Literature review using relevant articles based on bibliometric and molecular designs simulation method omits was used. The molecular design simulation shows that inhibition of LCS by lignin occurs through an electron exchange reaction between oxygen atoms in aromatic rings of lignin and the d-orbitals of Fe atoms on the LCS surface in acidic media. The lignin coats LCS and blocks oxygen atom from direct contact, so the corrosion rate decreases by up to 37.5% compared with untreated LCS. Borassus flabellifer fiber is widely distributed in Indonesia that is not utilized and rich in lignin content. It is estimated that 93,000-186,000 tons of Borassus flabellifer fiber are produced 17,670-35,340 tons of lignin every day, which can coat 476.16-952.32 million m2 LCS. This is high to be developed as a prevention method of LCS corrosion in the future because of (1) high raw material reduction, (2) high lignin extraction product from Borassus flabellifer fiber, (3) inhibitor application in LCS, and (4) its inhibitory power against high corrosion rates.

The Association for the Control of Emissions in Products for Flooring Installation, Adhesives and Building Materials (GEV) organised a round robin test in 2020 with the purpose to update its list of recommended testing laboratories on the basis of test results. 43 laboratories from 15 countries received 3 test products, a synthetic resin floor coating, a parquet lacquer and a silicone sealant. The results of the GEV round robin test 2020 showed a similar variation of the results as in a previous round robin test of the GEV in 2017 without any significant improvement. The large variation of the results confirms the limited significance of single test results. This is why GEV discloses VOC emissions only in terms of broad emission classes. Within this limitation, the performance of 19 laboratories was rated to be good by GEV. Currently, a list of recommended testing laboratories for GEV emissions testing comprises 15 laboratories from 4 countries. These laboratories performed well in this round robin test and presented an appropriate accreditation according to ISO/IEC 17025.

In Part I of this paper, general trends in the realisation of this Round Robin Test on chloride analysis in concrete (carried out as part of the work developed by the Technical Committee TC 178-TMC), as well as the results corresponding to total chlorides were given. The present paper reports the results corresponding to the extraction of water soluble chlorides. Results concerning the determination of the penetration front of chlorides by colourimetric techniques will be given in Part III. A total of 30 different laboratories around the world have participated in this Round Robin Test. All of them have performed analyses of total chlorides, having performed 64 different determinations of total chlorides in triplicate specimens. Among them, 20 laboratories have analysed water soluble chlorides. The total number of different determination of free chlorides, in triplicate specimens, has been of 37. Concerning the colourimetric method, 7 laboratories have taken part in the determinations, being the total number of different determinations of the colourimetric front, of 10. Two different methods of extraction from the solid sample (B1 and B2) have been tested. It was also decided that other methods could also be used to the choice of each laboratory, as “other methods” (B3). (The complete recipes of these methods can be found in Annex 1. The statistical treatment of the data has been carried out according to the International Standard ISO 5725-1981 (F) for the determination of the reliability of testing methods: “Determination of the repeatability and reproducibility by Round Robin tests”. Finally, it has been concluded that both methods, B1 and B2, are reliable enough to extract water soluble chlorides from concrete. However the method that each laboratory currently uses (other methods) is not recommendable.

Standardization of the pickup coil method for AC loss measurement of three-component superconducting wires

Delamination, which is the formation of flakes in drug products owing to specific and localized corrosion of glass vials, is a rare but serious problems, on which the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) put a warning to the pharma industry in 2011. The Technical Committee (TC) TC12 of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) was created in 2012 with the aim to study the problems related to pharma packaging. The first task of TC12 was to address the problem of predicting the propensity of glass vials to delamination, leaving the study of the mechanism(s) of flake formation as a possible future activity. This paper reports on the results obtained in a round robin test, which involved all the labs of the companies represented in the TC.Five types of vials with different expected delamination propensities were tested using a protocol that includes autoclaving at 121°C of vials filled with NaCl solution adjusted to pH 8 with NaOH solution, a coloration test, and ICP-OES determination of Si, B, and Al.Although there was no flake formation, the results showed that the combination of strong coloration at the bottom of the vials and high silicon concentration in the solution is correlated to an observable morphological modification/corrosion of the inner surface of vials in the bottom region. The test protocol is therefore useful for checking the quality of the vials with respect to the propensity to corrosion. Regarding delamination, no direct correlation with the testing results could be obtained yet. The method allows catching differences in the corrosion behavior, mainly between sets of vials with comparable surface:volume.LAY ABSTRACT: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned the pharma industry about glass delamination inside primary packaging containers. Delamination is a type of glass corrosion that produces glass flakes, which could seriously affect patient health.Fortunately, delamination is a very rare event. On the other hand, it is very difficult to predict its occurrence. In 2012, the International Commission on Glass (ICG) created a Technical Committee (TC) on pharma packaging-with the initial goal to study an easy and reliable test for predicting the propensity of vials to delamination-involving the most important glass vial producers and pharma companies. This paper reports on the results obtained in a round robin test on different types of vials with different expected propensities to delamination. A specific testing protocol was adopted. In none of the vials, including those with an expected high propensity, glass flakes were observed, demonstrating that delamination is a rare event. However, the test is able to predict the occurrence of morphological modification/corrosion of the inner surface of vials in the bottom region. Therefore, the testing protocol is proposed as a method to evaluate differences in the corrosion behavior mainly between sets of vials with comparable surface:volume.

The development of technology that has penetrated the industrial sector is very rapid. Many industrial fields apply the use of MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding for various jobs in steel construction, especially mild carbon steel. MIG welding has good welding results and fast welding time efficiency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the tensile strength of welded joints on low carbon steel using MIG welding. The experimental method used in this study is to perform MIG welding on low-carbon steel plate profiles. The welded carbon steel is used as a test specimen and is formed according to the ASTM E8-M standard. Tensile testing is performed using a Shimadzu UH-300 kN type tensile testing machine. From this study, the tensile strength value of the test specimen welded by MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding is higher than the tensile strength of the parent metal (low carbon steel), so this shows the strength of the weld joint. The average value of tensile strength on the test specimen is (σ) 507.40 N/mm2 and average strain (ɛ) 3.63%. The MIG welding process, between the base metal and filler metal with different chemical compositions, can cause mixing and a dilution effect of two compositions.

Metal Inert Gas welding (MIG) is a widely used welding method for mild steel (low carbon steel) in industry due to its high weld quality, good penetration and comparatively low investment. It is an arc welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating the job with an electrical arc struck between a filler rod and the job. A Shielding gas (argon, carbon dioxide) is used to avoid atmospheric contamination of the molten weld pool. A filler material is added for joining the work piece by MIG welding. Many researchers investigated on different welding process parameters on mechanical & microstructural characteristics. Some researchers used the welding speed, welding current welding voltage, number of welding passes & work peace thickness for stainless steel, naval grade steel & aluminum. But the shielding gas flow rate & gas mixture also important factor which affects mechanical properties of mild steel. For this study, process parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and gas combination used in the range 170-210A, 13-17 Lit/min & 0-100 % of CO2 respectively. The material used E-250 grade mild steel with 12 mm thickness. The effect of the welding parameter is investigated by designing the experiments using central composite matrix. Using the data generated by the experimentation, an empirical relation is obtained for tensile strength. The optimum value of tensile strength 356 N/mm 2 is observed at 190A welding current, 15 Lit/min gas flow rate & 50% CO2+50% Argon gas combination. Index Terms —Co2 Welding, v-butt Welds, welding current, gas flow rate, Gas combination, Tensile strength.