Self‐sustaining populations are a conservation vision, not an operational objective

According to urban landscape of the social, cultural, ecological and economic value, This paper outlined the landscape of Xuchang ancient city, and discussed the historical and cultural landscape, including integration and reconstruction of district landscape, cultural landscape and ecological landscape. Xuchang ancient city was planned on basis of economic value, culture value, social value and ecologic value, which made a harmonious rebuilding in terms of methods such as frame construction, ante type protection, function enrichment, renewal system, figure creation, and space conformity. The rebuilding of urban image of historic city is not only a landscape problem, but also a problem under typical period and society, which plays an important role between the living standard improvement for local people and nature-history sustainability.

In this paper we present the state of the art concerning the distinction between economic and cultural value and the way the two values interact with each other. Our review espouses Klamer’s idea of creating a value-based approach in economics, systematizing the literature on the economic and cultural value of cultural goods. In order to analyze the relationship between the artist’s characteristics and the cultural goods’ values, we also propose a model of how fame and talent affect the economic and cultural value of cultural goods. In particular, the artist’s fame and talent and the cultural good’s price are included in the dynamic formation process of economic and cultural values.

Can economic value express the ‘total’ value of cultural goods or does cultural value somehow elude economic valuation methods? Some prominent cultural economists – such as Throsby, Hutter and Frey – have questioned whether cultural value can be ‘translated’ into economic values using the methods of contingent valuation. The claim is that cultural value cannot be disaggregated into individual utilities, and by extension, broken down into individual preferences and choices. Rather, it captures something ‘irreducibly social’ that cannot be accounted for using economic valuation techniques. We are left with value pluralism where cultural and economic values are not mutually exchangeable. As the current chapter suggests, this might have consequences for how we think about the value of arts and culture and how we communicate this value to policy makers and the public at large.

Current knowledge is not sufficient to define extinction risk of Data Deficient (DD) species, and conservation planners may keep them out of conservation assessments and planning. However, systematic conservation planning may benefit with the inclusion of these species because they lead to more comprehensive conservation actions. Here, we investigated how the inclusion of DD species alters the spatial configuration of protected areas networks, using Atlantic forest amphibians as a case study. To investigate the influence of DD species inclusion, we developed three spatial conservation planning scenarios aiming to represent: (1) all threatened species; (2) all threatened species plus all DD species; and (3) all threatened species plus 30 % of DD species, following the pro- portion of threatened amphibian species worldwide. Our results show that the inclusion of DD species alters the spatial configuration of protected areas networks. Furthermore, there is a pattern with most cells in both planning scenarios for DD species being concentrated in the northern region of the Atlantic Forest. These cells are congruent with localities with recent description of DD species and might indicate sites with high potential for new species discoveries. The inclusion of DD species in systematic conservation planning may help to preserve important ecological traits and evolutionary features of biodiversity and indicate sites with high potential for future assessments and surveys. The use of DD species in conservation planning may help us to defy the Linnean shortfall and improve our knowledge about biodiversity.

The purpose of this study is the discovery of (1) the influence of political ecological values (2) the influence of cultural ecological values (3) the influence of social ecological values, and (4) the influence of the ecological values of imperialism heritage. The data in this study are data about (1) the influence of political ecological values (2) The influence of cultural ecological values (3) The influence of social ecological values, and (4) the influence of the ecological values of imperialism heritage. Data sources are obtained from documentation and interviews. The data collection techniques are carried out with documentation and interviews. Data analysis techniques use interactive techniques. Data validation uses triangulation, both triangulation of theories, data, and methods. The research findings can be described include: (1) the influence of political ecological values (2) The influence of cultural ecological values (3) The influence of social ecological values, and (4) the influence of the ecological values of imperialism inheritance in the literary text writer in Lamongan

In the context of high-quality tourism development and the increasing emphasis on ecological conservation, bridge-tourism integration has emerged as an innovative model combining cultural, ecological, and economic values, demonstrating significant research potential. However, systematic analysis and comprehensive evaluation of this integration remain limited. To address this gap, the present study applies the integrated Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC) approach to construct a multi-layered evaluation model for assessing these values. The findings identify historical context and architectural design as key drivers, significantly enhancing cultural appeal and ecological value. Intermediate factors, such as cultural activities and geographical location, are essential links within the system. Sub-base factors, including policy regulations and environmental friendliness, provide critical support for cultural preservation and ecological sustainability. In contrast, base-level factors, such as economic benefits and visitor satisfaction, directly reflect the integrated performance of bridge-tourism development. The study concludes that, through systematic management and policy support, bridge-tourism integration can effectively balance cultural preservation, ecological protection, and economic development, laying a solid foundation for its sustainable advancement.

How can you conserve species that haven't been found?

An empirical analysis of cultural ecosystem values in coastal landscapes

Conservation efforts for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), hereafter sage-grouse, are underway across the range of this species. Over 70 local working groups have been established and are implementing on-the-ground sage-grouse oriented conservation projects. Early on in this process, the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) recognized the need to join in these efforts and received funding from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) under the Candidate Species Conservation Program to help develop a species conservation plan for sage-grouse in the Mono County area. This conservation plan covers portions of Alpine, Mono, and Inyo counties in California and Douglas, Esmeralda, Lyon, and Mineral counties in Nevada. A concurrent effort underway through the Nevada Governor's Sage-grouse Conservation Team established Local Area Working Groups across Nevada and eastern California. The Mono County populations of sage-grouse were encompassed by the Bi-State Local Planning Area, which was comprised of six population management units (PMUs). The state agencies from California (CDFG) and Nevada (Nevada Department of Wildlife; NDOW) responsible for the management of sage-grouse agreed to utilize the process that had begun with the Nevada Governor's Team in order to develop local plans for conservation planning and implementation. Resources from the USFWS were applied to several objectives in support of the development of the Bi-State Local Area Sage-grouse Conservation Plan through a grant to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Objectives included: (1) participate in the development of the Bi-State Conservation Plan, (2) compile and synthesize existing sage-grouse data, (3) document seasonal movements of sage-grouse, (4) identify habitats critical to sage-grouse, (5) determine survival rates and identify causal factors of mortality, (6) determine nest success and brood success of sage-grouse, and (7) identify sage-grouse lek sites. Progress reports completed in 2004 and 2005 addressed each of the specific objectives and this final report focuses on the biological information gathered in support of local conservation efforts. Participation in the development of the Bi-State Local Area Conservation Plan was accomplished on multiple scales. Beginning in the fall of 2002, USGS personnel began participating in meetings of local stakeholders involved in the development of a sage-grouse conservation plan for the Bi-State planning area. This included attendance at numerous local PMU group meetings and field trips as well as participating on the technical advisory committee (TAC) for the Bi-State group. Whenever appropriate, ongoing results and findings regarding sage-grouse ecology in the local area were incorporated into these working group meetings. In addition, the USGS partnered with CDFG to help reorganize one of the local PMU groups (South Mono) and edited that portion of the Bi-State plan. The USGS also worked closely with CDFG to draft a description of the state of knowledge for sage-grouse genetic information for inclusion in the Bi-State Conservation Plan. The first edition of the Bi-State Conservation Plan for Greater Sage-Grouse was completed in June 2004 (Bi-State Sage-grouse Conservation Team 2004). This report is organized primarily by PMU to facilitate the incorporation of these research findings into the individual PMU plans that compose the Bi-State plan. Information presented in this report was derived from over 7,000 radio-telemetry locations obtained on 145 individual sage-grouse during a three year period (2003-2005). In addition, we collected detailed vegetation measurements at over 590 habitat sampling plots within the study area including canopy cover, shrubs, forbs, and grasses diversity. Vegetation data collection focused on sage-grouse nests, and brood-use areas. Additionally we collected data at random sites to examine sage-grouse habitat relationships within the study area. The majori

INTRODUCTION In this chapter we explore how behavior can be taken into account in quantitative population management. Indeed, incorporating behavior in management should take place at all levels of the management process, including in quantitative population management. Quantitative tools are often used to compare management scenarios and can play an integrative role in adaptive management strategies. Whether we envision behavior as a process amenable to management or a constraint impairing population processes, its integration into quantitative tools is likely to make these tools more efficient and more resilient to uncertainty. The interplay between behavior and population management and, in particular, conservation, is well-rooted in the late 1990s conservation science literature, a period where many behavioral ecologists came forward to discuss the potential contributions of behavioral ecology for conservation (Caro 1998, Sutherland 1998, Gosling & Sutherland 2000). They argued that behavioral ecology could contribute to conservation science not only as a tool for the management of particular species, as ex-situ conservation programs had often done, but by offering conceptual tools that could contribute to better understanding the extinction process. Behavioral ecology could, in particular, help us understand species’ capability to adapt to anthropogenic disturbance (Sutherland & Norris 2002, Sutherland 2006) and predict their vulnerability (Anthony & Blumstein 2000, Sutherland & Norris 2002). Behavior is a fundamental element in the dynamics of animal populations, as many processes affecting these dynamics are rooted in individual behavior (Sutherland 1996). Animal behavior can be defined as being the range of actions made by organisms in response to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Behavior therefore serves as a fundamental link between the single organism and population processes. Population management typically focuses on factors that determine presence, survival and reproductive rates, which are largely mediated by behavior. Hence, behavior may be integrated in management by identifying the key behavioral responses underlying the population processes that managers seek to address. Many behavioral responses are indeed already part of the manager's toolbox. If we focus on the three population processes mentioned above (presence, survival and reproduction), we easily find a myriad of examples almost as diverse as the study cases and the management goals (conservation, exploitation, eradication).

Economically-oriented forestry aims to sustain timber harvest revenues, while ecologically-oriented management supplies suitable habitat for species using deadwood as primary habitat. As these objectives are conflicting, planning for economic and ecological sustainability involves compromise and trade-offs. We analyze the spatial trade-offs between the economic value from timber harvesting and the volume of deadwood in the boreal forest. We assess these trade-offs from three perspectives: (1) landscape characteristics, affected by conservation strategies; (2) forest management promoting either economic or ecological values; (3) uncertainty in inventory errors undermining the estimate of the two sustainability objectives. To reveal the tradeoffs between the forest economic and ecological values we simulated and optimized a production landscape in Finland 30 years into the future accounting for uncertainty in biomass and deadwood inventories. We found that, with a limited reduction in timber harvesting (7%), (i) the amount of deadwood increased more in non-aggregated (45%) than in aggregated (16%) stands, (ii) constraining stands in adjacent areas further increased deadwood (21%) respect to the matrix and (iii) 7% of connected stand area harbored ≥20 m3/ha deadwood supporting survival of near-threatened species. Our results demonstrate that the structure of the landscape for biodiversity can be improved with limited economic losses. However, improving habitat configuration requires larger economic losses than only increasing habitat amount, but its ecological benefits are larger both for common and red-listed species. We found that management oriented towards stand aggregation not only creates connected areas with high deadwood of high value biodiversity but also improves the value of the whole matrix by decreasing intensive timber harvesting and energy wood collection. Finally, we found that uncertainties alter the estimate of the potential of the forest landscape to supply deadwood, and this can affect the choice of management actions to allocate over the landscape. To conclude, our results demonstrate the trade-offs between economic forest use and conservation are affected differently by landscape characteristics, forest management and uncertainty in inventory errors. As such these drivers should be considered when optimizing the forest for multiple uses.

For the last 30 years, cooperative management of irreplaceable animal populations in zoos and aquariums has focused primarily on the goal of minimizing genetic decay within defined time frames, and large advances have been made in technologies to optimize genetic management of closed populations. However, recent analyses have shown that most zoo programs are not projected to meet their stated goals. This has been described as a lack of achieving "sustainability" of the populations, yet by definition a goal of managed decay is not a plan for sustainability. True sustainability requires management of the resource in manner that does not deplete its value for the future. Achieving such sustainability for many managed populations may require changing from managing isolated populations to managing populations that are part of a broader metapopulation, with carefully considered exchange between populations across a spectrum of ex situ to in situ. Managing zoo populations as components of comprehensive conservation strategies for the species will require research on determinants of various kinds of genetic, physiological, behavioral, and morphological variation and their roles in population viability, development of an array of management techniques and tools, training of population managers in metapopulation management and integrated conservation planning, and projections of impacts of management strategies on the viability of the captive populations and all populations that are interactively managed or affected. Such a shift in goals and methods would result in zoo population management being an ongoing part of species conservation rather than short-term or isolated from species conservation. Zoo Biol. 32:19-26, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ancient trees are not only key nodes in ecosystems but also composite carriers of cultural, historical, and social values. With the intensification of global climate change and the acceleration of urbanisation, ancient trees face existential threats, and their conservation has become a critical issue in ecological governance systems. This paper takes Singapore as a core case study to systematically explore the ecological value and management mechanisms of ancient tree conservation. Comparing the policy practices of France and the United Kingdom, it reveals the different paths chosen by countries in ancient tree conservation and the effectiveness of their implementation. In terms of research methods, this paper combines literature analysis with questionnaire surveys to collect feedback from relevant practitioners and policy implementers in Singapore on the effectiveness of ancient tree conservation, public participation, and policy response mechanisms. The study found that Singapore has strong advantages in refined management, legal mechanism construction, and public participation, but there is still room for improvement in multi-scale ecological value assessment and the integration of historical and cultural values. France emphasises the continuity of historical landscapes, while the United Kingdom relies on institutionalised citizen science and a national ancient tree database system. Both countries have distinctive features in multi-stakeholder governance and data transparency. This paper aims to provide experience and policy recommendations for ancient tree protection policies in Asian regions, particularly in tropical cities, through cross-national comparisons and data analysis.

To address the challenge of disconnection between cultural and ecological values in Linear Cultural Heritage (LCH) conservation, this study examines the Jinzhong section of the Great Tea Road to develop a dual-dimensional framework for corridor identification and collaborative governance. The research establishes a dual-value evaluation system encompassing cultural and ecological dimensions, applied to grade 422 heritage sites. A potential corridor network is subsequently generated using the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model. The study innovatively integrates the Multiple Centrality Analysis (MCA) model, employing heritage site values as network weights to identify and classify two primary corridor types: “culture-dominant” and “ecology-dominant” corridors. Through spatial overlay analysis, a ‘culture–ecology composite corridor’ network is ultimately constructed. The results demonstrate that the cultural value network exhibits a “monocentric” clustering pattern, whilst the ecological value network displays a “multicentric, networked” configuration, revealing significant spatial disjunction between the two systems. This analysis enables the identification of three corridor typologies—culturally dominant, ecologically dominant, and composite corridors integrating both values—alongside the positioning of key connectivity hubs and network vulnerability points across distinct value zones. The proposed “dual-dimension Multiple Centrality Analysis analytical framework” transforms the abstract concept of cultural–ecological value coupling into a quantifiable spatial analysis pathway, thereby addressing existing research gaps. This framework provides refined decision-making support for both conservation practices and World Heritage nomination processes of the Jinzhong section of the Great Tea Road, whilst offering a replicable scientific methodology for conserving comparable linear heritage sites globally.

Estimating the costs of conserving a biodiversity hotspot: a case-study of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa