Sensemaking about Contraceptive Methods across Online Platforms

Background: The question of why are so many of these young girls getting pregnant, is routinely asked, and sometimes contemptuously answered. Accurate information on effectiveness, failures and side effects of different methods of contraception use, have direct relation with the level of their usage among teaming youths.Methods: Data was collected using self-completed questionnaires for quantitative cross-sectional survey among students in classes selected through simple random sampling in each stratum (University Campus). Relationship between independent variables (method of contraception, misconceptions about the role of contraceptives in preventing HIV/STIs and Risk of infections) and dependent variable (multiple sexual partners) was measured using multivariate model of logistic regression analysis.Results: The most common contraceptive methods used by students or their partners were condom (71%), withdrawal (20.6%), and birth control pills (7.2%), only 2% used other methods as birth control method, in spite of that, 6.3% got pregnant or impregnated someone. There was a high incidence of multiple sexual partners among the respondents, only 23.3% of the respondents believed they were at risk of HIV/STIs infections, while 40.0% believed they were not at risk, 36.7% were not definite of their risk status and only 79.9% of the participants have tested for HIV infection to determine their status.Conclusions: The most important factor influencing the choice of contraceptive method among young people is its efficacy in prevention of pregnancy. Unprotected sex may not only lead to unplanned pregnancy but HIV/STIs infections and the risk of infection is increased with multiple sexual partners. Thus, the real need for early education on sex and sexuality and also suggest that Government at all level should step-up campaign on contraceptive use and associated risk of non-compliance.

The present study aims to determine the Turkish men’s knowledge level on family planning and contraceptive methods, contraception preferences, and their attitudes towards male contraceptive pills, which is not one of the contraceptive methods used in our country, among 18+-year-old men, who applied to family health center polyclinic. In this prospective study, a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions was conducted to 527 men over the age of 18. It was observed that 86.3% of the participants (53.8% of men, 32.8% of women and 13.4% of both genders) used contraceptive methods. The most commonly used contraceptive methods among men are as follows; condoms (57.8%), coitus interruptus (40.4%) and other methods (1.8%). Among the reasons for not wanting to use; the rate of side effects was 53.7%, the ease and success rate of other methods was 16.2%, the difficulty of use was 13.6%, and the rate of other reasons was 16.5%. There was a statistically significant relationship between educational status, use of the contraceptive method, and status of knowing that there is a male contraceptive pill (p=0.0001, p=0.0001). Male contraceptive pills can be an important option in family planning if Turkish men, who are concerned about the side effects of the contraceptive pill, are provided with the necessary information, and also have easy access to male contraceptive pills.

Canadian Contraception Consensus (Part 2 of 4).

Introduction:Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the cyclic occurrence of a set of disturbing physical, emotional or behavioral alterations that are of sufficient severity to interfere with interpersonal relations and routine life. Normal variations in gonadal estrogen and progesterone lead to biochemical reactions in the brain, resulting in PMS symptoms. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of PMS and PMDD signs among married women of fertile age (MWFA) based on the methods of birth control.Method and Materials:In a descriptive study, a number of 400 married women referring to 20 family healthcare clinics that use contraceptive methods were recruited and PMS questionnaire were administered to them.Results:From 400 subjects, 205 took oral contraceptive pills (hormonal methods of contraception) and 195 used other birth control methods (non-hormonal method). A number of 345 subjects (86.25%) at least experienced one PMS symptom and 55 subjects (13.75%) did not report any symptoms. Of those who use hormonal contraceptives (HCs), 182 (88.8%) reported PMS symptoms and 23(11.2) lacked any symptoms.Conclusion:About 86% of the subjects showed moderate to severe of PMS symptoms. Although using hormonal contraceptive method can theoretically reduce PMS symptoms, such effect was not observed in this study. The results of this research should be generalized with caution. Future studies are suggested.

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the contraception methods used by the patients admitted to the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital. The study was performed in a group of patients who were using contraceptive methods and the aim was to identify patients` contraceptive method preferences, the pregnancy rates in the period they were using contraceptives and to determine whether there where any differences between different methods based on how often pregnancies occurred while using contraception. Materials and Methods : In our cross-sectional study that was carried out among a group of patients that visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital and were on contraception, data were collected by requesting patients complete questionnaires during face-to-face interviews. The study examined patients` sociodemographic information, contraceptive method preferences, pregnancy rates while using contraception and whether they had information about methods. Results : The average age of the 209 patients who participated in our study was 36,90±9,005. 30.62% of respondents had experienced 4 or more pregnancies. 41,15% of the participants were primary school graduates 78,95% of which were unemployed. When we investigated the methods used we noticed RIA was the most preferred method by 30,62% and traditional methods were used by 34% who used multiple birth control methods. 29,67% of the respondents said they conceived while using birth control methods and 46,71% of those experienced pregnancy while using traditional methods. When they were asked whether they were informed about contraceptive methods 93,27% said they were informed and 61,72% of those thought the information they had was sufficient. Conclusion : Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children and timing of their births. This affects the mother and baby's health positively. Accurate and adequate information is important while choosing a contraception method. In our study; pregnancies experienced while using birth control was higher in numbers when traditional methods were used. On the other hand; insufficient information about modern methods had led to problems. It is important to provide individuals with sufficient and accurate information.

This research project is in progress. PCORI will post the research findings on this page within 90 days after the results are final. What is the research about? Most teen pregnancies in the United States are unintended. Latinas have higher rates of teen pregnancy than whites. Teens who have babies may face health problems and challenges finding jobs or finishing school. This study is testing ways to help Latina teens learn about birth control methods and choose a method that works well for them. Who can this research help? This research can help Latina teens learn about birth control options to avoid unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. It can also help clinicians provide Latina teens with health services that meet teens’ needs. What is the research team doing? The research team worked with doctors, nurses, clinic staff, Latina teens, and community groups to develop and test a computer app called Health-E You/Salud iTu. The app can be used on tablets, smartphones, or computers. The app helps teens decide if they need birth control, gives them information about birth control, and helps them choose a birth control method that is best for them. The healthcare provider gets information from the app about the teens’ preferred birth control method before their visits. The research team is working with 18 school health centers in Los Angeles, California. The team is recruiting 1,400 Latina teens who are at risk of becoming pregnant. The team is assigning the 18 health centers to one of two groups by chance. The first group provides the teens with the Health-E You/Salud iTu app. The second group provides usual care. The research team gives surveys to the teens when they start the study, and e-mails or texts the links to the teens to complete follow-up surveys again at three and six months after their healthcare visits. The surveys ask teens about their knowledge of birth control and their attitudes about and use of birth control. The surveys also ask whether the teens like the app and how satisfied they were with their clinic visit. The research team is partnering with Latina youth, school-based health centers, and community groups throughout the study. Research methods at a glance Design Element Description Design Randomized controlled trial Population Latina adolescents ages 14 to 18 years who are at risk of becoming pregnant or getting sexually transmitted infections Interventions/ Comparators Health-E You/Salud iTu app Usual care Outcomes Primary: the type of birth control currently being used and birth control use during the past 3 months Secondary: satisfaction with the app and clinic visit Timeframe 6-month follow-up for primary outcomes Journal Articles

Migration and its influence on the knowledge and usage of birth control methods among Afghan women who stay behind

SummaryA matched group of women who conceived during a 2-month period in 1971 was used to trace some parameters involved in their decision to carry their pregnancies to term or to seek an abortion.Several specific indices to the decision were considered: whether coitus was anticipated; whether the pregnancy was planned; whether birth control methods were used; and how the pregnancy ended. The effects of age, marital status, religion, reasons for the abortion or carrying the pregnancy to term, and attitude towards a possible delivery were also studied.It was found that coitus was anticipated by the majority of women, but pregnancy was unplanned for. Two-thirds of the women who did not want to become pregnant were not using a contraceptive method; yet, regardless of whether pregnancy was planned or unplanned, one of three women chose to have an abortion.Among the most common reasons for women indicating that contraceptive measures were not used were: ‘I didn't want sex to seem planned’ and ‘I thought I was in a safe period’. The decision to have an abortion usually depended upon the woman's marital status, age, religion, and previous use of birth control. Surprisingly, among women who had not planned to become pregnant, the percentage of women choosing abortion was the same from both subgroups of women who used or did not use contraception. It was also surprising that no strong relationship seemed to exist between the type of contraceptive technique used and the decision to have an abortion.Women who planned ahead to have an abortion if they became pregnant were more often using contraception; thus for these women abortion was not a primary method of family planning but a back-up for failed contraception. Women who had their babies, infrequently considered abortion as an alternative.It was predicted and found true that women who positively viewed the prospect of having a child chose to carry the pregnancy to term while those who expressed unhappiness at having a baby chose abortion. Unexpectedly, we found the overwhelming majority of women who claimed ‘I would be neither happy nor unhappy to have this baby’ chose to have an abortion. Thus a woman's so-called neutral statement regarding a desire was generally seen not to be neutral.Our use of a pregnant population of women who conceived at the same time (conception cohort) for the analysis of the decision of whether to have an abortion or carry to term, when abortion is legal, thus seemed to be feasible and practical.

406 undergraduate students were polled on their attitudes towards th e population crisis their knowledge of and attitudes towards various methods of birth control and the desirability of small families. Most were aware of the population crisis. 96% agreed that small families are desirable; 81% indicated they wanted only 2 or less children. Number of children desired was not influenced by the age sex or marital status of the respondent. Religion and the size of their own childhood family had a small influence on desired family size. 21% of males and 18% of females preferred sterilization to all other methods of contraception. The large majority of those who preferred oral contraceptives did so on the basis of effectiveness and not safety. The author connot completely explain these results. It is hypothesized that a process of self-selection was at work i.e. that only the interested students responded. More research is needed.

1) Eric Blair (alias George Orwell) can rest easy in his grave, because birth control by governmentally imposed methods, such as incorporation of a contraceptive agent into drinking water, is totally unfeasible by 1984. 2) Fundamentally new birth control procedures in the female (for example, a once-a-month luteolytic or abortifacient agent) and a male contraceptive pill probably will not be developed until the 1980's at the earliest, and then only if major steps of the type outlined in this article are instituted in the early 1970's. Development during the next decade of practical new methods of birth control without important incentives for continued active participation by the pharmaceutical industry is highly unlikely. If none are developed, birth control in 1984 will not differ significantly from that of today.

Objective: To identify the socio-economic determinants for male readiness for contraception and predictors of contraceptive prevalence among the male population. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Family Planning Clinic at a Tertiary Care hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2020 to Feb 2021. Methodology: A total of 328 participants, recruited through purposive sampling and assessed through a semi-structured validated questionnaire regarding male readiness for contraception. Mean and SD was calculated for the quantitative variable while frequency distribution for the qualitative variables. Chi-square test was used to measure association, and regression analysis was done to analyze the most significant predictor of male contraceptive behavior. Results: A total of 328 male participants were included in the study, out of which 177(53.9%) had never used any family planning method whereas 155(43.9%) had used contraception at some point in their life. Knowledge about female contraceptives, social network participation regarding family planning methods, and knowledge about male contraceptives methods were statistically significant predictors of male contraceptive practices (p<0.001), whereas other determinants including media exposure regarding family planning and decision regarding the number of children were insignificant predictors of male contraceptive behavior. Conclusion: We found that majority of males had never used contraceptives. Lower level of literacy rate, lack of spousal communication regarding family, and failure of electronic and social media to play its role in awareness regarding family planning are important factors contributing to low contraceptive prevalence rate in Pakistan.

There has been a large increase in legal abortions in England in the last 10 years. The cause can be partially attributed to the decline in use of various contraceptive methods, particularly pills and IUD's. the statistics presented pertain to patients seeking abortion in the Scottish Highlands and include single and married women from 15-40 years of age. Of these women, 80% had 1st trimester abortions, and the other 20% had abortions between the 12-18 weeks of pregnancy. 25% were married, 13% divorced or separated, and 62% single. 64% of these women did not use any birth control method at the time of the unwanted pregnancies, and 74% were under 27 years of age. Fill failure occurred in 19% of cases and condom failure in 10%, with the remaining failures attributed to IUD's, caps, and diaphragms. Other factors causing increased numbers of abortions are economic conditions and reductions in family planning clinics. In this area local doctors are the main source of family planning information and services. Since most of these cases are young unmarried women, the need for better access to family planning education and birth control is obvious. The number of women of all ages not using contraceptives shows a need for reevaluation of family planning services for all age groups.

Questions remain about how we can initiate use of vasectomy and other underutilized birth-control methods for men over contraception medication for women. This paper’s analysis of sex promotion in Nigeria, utilizing the indicators continually featured in the extant literature, uncovers the result of the masculinization of contraception medication marketing and use. People are projected to change their conceptive activities to decelerate populace increase, but the converse is also true. How can we better comprehend the contradiction in the birth control market and the reasons behind birth control manufacturers’ decision to choose a particular business strategy in a time marked by sustainability champions? Although companies hold divergent views on marketing approaches for successful and broad utilization of contraception medication, over the long run, most have zeroed in on mass promotion. Researchers have identified the financial and segment conditions that rouse couples to oversee their fertility, but this study examines gender marketing and family planning methods. We hypothesize that masculinization of birth control marketing induces consumption in men. We adopted the Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) for the data collection on birth control consumption. Data analysis relied on the use of graphs and ANOVA. This study substantiates that masculinization of the marketing mix elements (combined stakeholder engagement, mass marketing, celebrity endorsement, & communications) will induce birth control consumption in males. This discovery is an invaluable contribution to knowledge in both theory and practice.

The dramatic reduction in average family size from the late nineteenth century through to the mid-twentieth century has dominated historical and demographic study of marital relationships during this period. At this time, not only did family sizes fall and the small family norm embed itself (permanently) in British culture, but so, too, did public discussion of contraception: birth control clinics were set up, the birth rate was discussed, sex and marriage manuals provided information about methods, technology changed (condoms altered, a range of female caps and diaphragms were produced), and general availability improved significantly. Nevertheless among social and demographic historians recent research has increasingly emphasised the continuation of ‘traditional’ methods of contraception alongside the newer appliances during the course of the fertility decline. Despite the increased use of ‘appliance’ or barrier methods, such as condoms and a range of female devices during the first half of the twentieth century, many also continued to turn to withdrawal, abortion and forms of abstinence from sexual intercourse. In previous publications we have examined the oral history evidence paying particular attention to withdrawal and to abortion. This chapter makes use of this unique set of personal accounts of marital intimacy to explore the relationship between birth control practices and abstinence. This involves considering the differences in attitudes among the interviewees to various methods of birth control and how contraceptive use was negotiated between couples in relation to ideas of love and their sexual relationship.

A survey was conducted through the Springfield, Missouri, Planned Parenthood and local schools to assess teenage knowledge of contraception, abortion, reproduction, and venereal disease. Response was voluntary and the sample is not representative. Most of the respondents were white and female. While 2/3 of the respondents said they were sexually experienced, only 1/3 had used some method of birth control. The questionnaire included 25 statements concerning specific methods of birth control, 5 dealing with reproduction, and 3 with abortion. The teenagers were not generally well informed. Lack of information rather than incorrect information was the main problem. The respondents were much better informed regarding abortion than they were about birth control or reproduction. They were also generally well informed about venereal disease. On both total knowledge of the subject and specific knowledge regarding birth control, females scored higher than males and whites scored higher than blacks. Knowledge increased with age and educational level. Those with sexual experience and those with birth control experience scored higher than those without.