Sensitive electrochemical gold nanoparticle-based immunosensor for norovirus detection in food samples.

Adsorptive stripping voltammetry determination of hexavalent chromium by a pyridine functionalized gold nanoparticles/three-dimensional graphene electrode

Determination of Cr(VI) in leather residues using graphite/paraffin composite electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets

Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline nano-networks on p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid functionalized glassy carbon electrode : Its use for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and uric acid

Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for the early detection and monitoring of oral cancer through salivary biomarker analysis. Graphene's exceptional properties, including high surface area, superior electrical conductivity, and excellent mechanical strength, enable the development of highly sensitive and specific biosensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for salivary biomarker detection in oral cancer. We discuss the unique advantages of saliva as a diagnostic medium and highlight the key salivary biomarkers associated with oral cancer, including proteins, DNA, and RNA. Various electrochemical detection techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, field-effect transistors, amperometry, chronoamperometry, and photoelectrochemical methods, are explored in the context of graphene-based biosensors. The challenges associated with the development and clinical translation of these biosensors are also addressed, emphasizing the need for improved functionalization strategies, enhanced stability, and standardized validation protocols. Finally, we present a futuristic outlook on the integration of graphene-based biosensors with artificial intelligence, microfluidics, and telemedicine platforms to enable personalized diagnostics and treatment monitoring. With continued advancements in sensor technology and computational tools, graphene-based electrochemical biosensors have the potential to revolutionize oral cancer management, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. • Offer sensitive detection of salivary biomarkers. • Saliva is a non-invasive diagnostic medium. • Employ various electrochemical techniques. • Challenges include complex cancer biology, low biomarker concentrations, and individual saliva composition variability. • Future advancements include integration with AI and microfluidics.

The present study reports the optimisation of electrochemical deposition parameters for platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) on (Indium‐tin‐oxide) surface. PtNPs were electrochemically deposited on APTES (3‐Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane) modified ITO surface to prepare working electrode (PtNP/APTES/ITO). This electrode is further used to fabricate immunoelectrode for detection of SAA biomarker (APO‐SAA) by SAA specific antibodies (SAA Ab) which are immobilised by SAM on the surface of PtNP/APTES/ITO to fabricate SAA‐Ab/PtNP/APTES/ITO immunoelectrode. Characterization of prepared immunoelectrode is done by electrochemical characterization techniques like Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Characterization by electrochemical techniques reveal that SAA‐Ab/PtNP/APTES/ITO immunoelectrode can detect Serum Amyloid A protein (SAA) when 10 μl of it (from initial concentration of 10 fg/ml to 10 6 fg/ml) is poured on immunoelectrode and kept for 10 minutes. Linearity equation is obtained and the LOD is found to be 8.22 fg/ml by applying equation 3σ/sensitivity.

Succinamic acid functionalized PAMAM dendrimer modified pencil graphite electrodes for voltammetric and impedimetric DNA analysis

Voltammetric determination of rutin in fruit juice samples using a 2 mercaptobenzothiazole coated pencil graphite electrode

Voltammetric analysis of Levofloxacin (LF) using an electrochemically polymerized composite of DL‐phenylalanine (DLP) alongside a bare carbon paste electrode. The constructed electrodes are polymerized DL‐phenylalanine modified carbon paste electrodes P(DLP/MCPE) and bare carbon paste electrodes (BCPE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and other electrochemical techniques used for characterization of P(DLP/MCPE) and BCPE in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with pH 4.5 were conformed using the P(DLP/MCPE), and it shows the highest current responses compared to the BCPE. This research work examines the effect of pH in PBS, scan rate, and LF concentration on the surface of P(DLP/MCPE). The outcome result shows that the oxidation reaction of LF pH is an adsorption‐controlled path. The detection limit of LF ranges from 0.2 μM to 7.0 μM, and the lower limits of detection (LOD) is 0.613x10 −7 M and the lower limits of quantification (LOQ) is 2.051X10 −7 M. The electrochemical P(DLP/MCPE) shows good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability. Finally, by analyzing LF in a pharmacological sample, the real time application of the sensor was assessed, and significant recoveries were observed.

Ultra-sensitive electrochemical detection of oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine with poly (L-arginine)/graphene wrapped Au nanoparticles modified electrode

One-pot electrodeposition of metal organic frameworks composites accelerated by electroreduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles for rutin electroanalysis

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Norovirus is the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, and a major cause of foodborne illnesses.Due to the recent outbreak of norovirus in the northern area of Tehran, this report reviews the recent advances and provides guidelines for outbreak management and disease prevention for medical practitioners

Diclofenac, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), poses growing concerns in environmental contexts due to its potential toxicity and persistence. Accurate, real-time monitoring of diclofenac levels in both biological samples and water sources is essential to ensure therapeutic safety and reduce environmental impact. However, conventional methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are limited by their complexity, high cost, and lack of portability for on-site testing.To address this need, we are developing a portable electrochemical biosensor capable of detecting diclofenac in both human biological fluids and environmental water samples. The biosensor is based on carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) functionalized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) to enable selective and sensitive recognition of diclofenac. Electrochemical techniques—including cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)—are employed to characterize sensor performance and detect drug–enzyme interactions. In parallel, UV absorbance spectroscopy at 340 nm was used to confirm the enzymatic activity of CYP2C9 through NADPH oxidation, ensuring the functional integrity of the immobilized enzyme.CV and EIS analyses confirmed successful biosensor fabrication and functional performance. Cyclic voltammetry showed increased current response with diclofenac concentration and clear electrochemical differences after DDAB and enzyme modification. DPV further demonstrated a concentration-dependent response, supporting the sensor’s analytical sensitivity. EIS revealed stepwise increases in charge transfer resistance, supporting effective electrode modification. Upon diclofenac exposure, a further increase in Rct was observed, indicating successful drug–enzyme interaction.By integrating enzyme-based selectivity with versatile electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques, this biosensor aims to provide a rapid, low-cost, and field-deployable solution for dual-purpose monitoring of diclofenac. This poster presents the rationale, sensor design, and analytical performance, emphasizing its potential to support both clinical diagnostics and environmental protection efforts.

The present study aimed to design an electrochemical sensor for the detection of tinidazole (TN) by carbon nanotube electrode (CNTE) modified with dl‐phenylalanine (DL‐PA). The unmodified carbon nanotube electrode (UMCNTE) and poly (DL‐PA) modified carbon nanotube electrode (P(DL‐PA) MCNTE) were characterized by Scanning emission microscopy (SEM) images. Electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), were implemented to evaluate the efficiency of the developed electrode toward the detection of TN. The impact of pH on the modified electrode showed that the P(DL‐PA) MCNTE gave a good voltammetric response at pH 3.5. The effect of accumulation time, scan rate, and variation of concentration of TN at the surface of the developed sensor was analyzed. The scan rate study showed that the reduction reaction of TN involves a two‐electron transfer process and it is adsorption‐controlled. The detection limit studies for CV and DPV gave good linearity in the linear range 0.6 μM to 100.0 μM and 3.0 μM to 100.0 μM respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) concerning CV were found to be 0.65 μM and 0.19 μM respectively. The LOQ and LOD for DPV were calculated to be 0.33 μM and 0.10 μM respectively. The P(DL‐PA) MCNTE showed good anti‐interferent properties. The developed sensor has good stability, repeatability, and reproducibility for the analysis of TN. The P(DL‐PA) MCNTE was successfully employed in the real sample analysis.

An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for CA72-4 based on a signal amplification strategy of MoS2 nanoflower-supported Au nanoparticles

NiAl-LDH nanocomposite: a promising platform for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of nicotinic acid in food samples.