Sequential synchronization: location, product and ownership

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to examine how fixed costs affect developments of real estate in Mombasa County, Kenya.
 Methodology: The study adopted the explanatory research design. The target population was the real estate developing firms in Mombasa County Kenya. According to Kenya Statistical Abstracts Issues, there are 25 Property development companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. Sample size comprised of 25 finance managers and 25 marketing managers from the real estate development firms. The study used questionnaires to collect the required data. Descriptive statistics was used mainly to summarize the data. SPSS was used for analysing complex data. The descriptive analysis involved the use cross tabulation and frequency distribution tables. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
 Results: The study findings revealed that there was a positive association between financing costs, legal costs, labour costs and administrative costs and the development of real estate in Mombasa County. The study results finally indicate that only labor cost had a significant influence on the development of real estate
 Policy recommendation: The study recommends that there is a need for the government to come up with policies that will reduce the cost of labour in real estate; this will help in improving the development of real estate generally and attractive to investors

ASEAN has become the bold destination today for the international investors with its high capacity of achieving more FDI inflows. The major issue for this consideration should focus on the determinants that the region has achieved during the past few years. This paper mainly analyses the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows to the ASEAN. The issues of macroeconomic policies, market size, openness of economy, labor cost, political stability, inflation rate, financial development and infrastructure development are taken into account when considering the determinants in attracting FDI inflows. This was examined with the data of each country taken in year 2002 to 2012. It was confirmed that the region has realized each of these factors and it has attracted investment inflows with those advantages. It illustrates that the openeess of economy, along with some other factors, is an important factor attracting FDI along with. Also finally it supplies the policy recommendations to attract more FDI inflows to the region.

The U.S. Bioeconomy: Charting a Course for a Resilient and Competitive Future

Employing the micro data on China's Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) in the United States in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry from 2001 to 2014, a negative binomial regression model is performed to examine the effects of internet usage and high-tech talent on ICT firms' location choice. Findings indicate that Internet usage in USA and Chinese ICT investment in the U. S. is not significantly related, namely China's ICT firms will not consider the internet usage in the U. S. while making the investment decision. Also, there is significant positive relationship between ICT firms' location choice and high-tech talent, which means that high-tech talent is an important factor in attracting Chinese cross-border investment in ICT industry.

Manufacturing production refers to the methodology for most efficiently manufacturing products and goods for sale. To produce in the most efficient way possible, there are many variables that need to be considered. Many variables impact manufacturing production, such as the availability of raw materials, marketplace demand, labour costs, and inventory costs. Giving the clients the exact product with high quality is the biggest concern when it comes to the manufacturing process. There is a high probability of not meeting the expectations of clients after the production of the products. So before production, the client requirements need to be analysed and it should be checked whether they are possible or not, whether production can produce the products or not, and whether the budget to produce these products needs to be analysed too. This is why this project uses a machine-learning algorithm called logistic regression. Logistic regression estimates the probability of an event occurring, such as voting or not voting, based on a given dataset of independent variables. Since the outcome is a probability, the dependent variable is bounded between 0 and 1. This logistic regression algorithm helps in various ways in this project. After the production process, the products need to be checked for quality; if the quality meets the client's expectations, the products are sent to the client, or else the products are again sent to manufacturing to produce again, which also has to meet the client's expectations. Utilising the raw materials in an efficient way is a major key to efficient production. It should be done by assessing the client's requirements. This is basically done not to reject client requirements but to assess the impossible client requirements and convert them into a possible solution to the maximum extent possible, not to reject client requirements

Background : Health is the part of the economic and social development of the state. The application of the BPJS Health national social security system in Indonesia is one of the government's efforts to provide health financing protection for all citizens and prevent catastrophic health expenditures. Hospitals as providers of secondary or tertiary health services often suffer losses because the payment system from BPJS Kesehatan uses a case-based payment method or INA-CBGs. This study aimed to examine the factors that influence the difference in rates between INA-CBGs rates and real hospital rates in labor cases. Subje cts an d Met hod : This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was carried out in Mataram and Siti Hajar Mataram Islamic hospitals, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, in May 2019. A sample of 200 postpartum women was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was the difference between real cost and INA-CBGs reimbursement. The independent variables were the type of hospital, class of treatment, type of birth delivery, length of stay, and severity disease. The data were collected from the medical record and analyzed by a multiple linear regression run on Stata 13. Results : Difference between real cost and INA-CBGs tariff of birth delivery reimbursement was negatively affected by type III of class treatment (b = -390,725; 95% CI= -790,082 to 8,631; p= 0,055), section caesarean (b= -1,429,648; 95% CI= -1,811,275 to -1,048,022; p <0.001), length of stay (b= -211,912; CI (95%) = -427,786 to 3,960; p = 0.054), moderate severity (b= -114,028; 95% CIi= -507,057 to 279,000; p = 0.568), and the high level of severity (b = -1,735,612; CI (95%) = -3,482,347 to 11,123; p = 0.051). The INA-CBGs rate difference and RS real rates of labor cases decreased due to the classification of private hospitals (b = 281,021; CI (95%) = -73,054 to 635,097; p = 0,119), treatment class II (b = 8,736; CI (95 %) = -392,068 to 409,541; p = 0.966). Conclusion : The difference in rates between INA-CBGs rates and hospital real rates in childbirth cases would increase if it serves treatment class III, type of cesarean delivery, care days which are longer, and moderate or severe severity. The difference in rates between INA-CBGs rates and hospital real rates in childbirth cases can decrease in services at private hospitals and serve treatment classes II. Keywords : INA-CBGs rates, hospital real rates, labor costs. Correspondence : Baiq Holisatul Ismiana. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: baiqholis26@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287739031046. Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(3): 161-169 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.03.03

Why did the transnational synchronization of wage inflations fail during the first 10 years of the euro? We analyze data from 1999 to 2008 for 12 euro members and estimate increases of nominal unit labor costs both in the overall economy and in manufacturing as dependent variables. While our analysis confirms that differences in economic growth shaped the inflation of labor costs, we add a political-institutional argument to the debate and argue that the designs of the wage regimes had an additional, independent impact. In coordinated labor regimes, increases in nominal unit labor costs tended to fall below the European Central Bank’s inflation target, while in uncoordinated labor regimes, the respective increases tended to exceed the European inflation target. Due to the stickiness of wage-bargaining institutions, the lack of the capacity to synchronize inflation is not likely to disappear in the foreseeable future.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine effects of regional economic integration on the concentration of manufacturing firms in provinces of Thailand on the border with Cambodia. It aims to clarify the interactions between dispersion and agglomeration forces within a firm’s location choice in the presence of economic integration and thereby to explain the feasibility of the border SEZs.Design/methodology/approachThe theory of industrial clustering and New Economic Geography provides a theoretical framework to understand the locations of economic activities when regional economies are integrated. This paper employs provincial level data to calculate industry location quotients across a 10-year period from 2007 to 2017 in central Thailand and uses firm-level data from industrial censuses in 2006 and 2011 to estimate logit models for two border provinces with Cambodia and three eastern seaboard provinces. Two base models and extended models are tested to explain the persistent agglomeration of Thai firms in each manufacturing industry.FindingsThe authors found a positive correlation between the agglomeration level in 2006 and the choice of firms toward the border provinces in 2011. The disaggregated analysis shows that depending on the initial level of concentration in each industry, there can be agglomeration or dispersion effects. The advantage of low trade costs and labor costs of unskilled migrant workers are not significant factors attracting firms to the border. Firms in industries with increasing returns are more likely to stay in the hub.Practical implicationsThe disaggregated analysis by industry provides very important implications for SEZ policy interventions. The important role of agglomeration economies limits the extent to which such policies can be successful. It would be an enormous challenge for policy makers to initiate forces which are strong enough to induce firms to relocate away from areas with high agglomerations. Policy interventions with attractive incentives should be very selective to industries already have a certain degree of concentration in the provinces so as to reinforce the agglomeration effects.Originality/valueThe research extends the empirical literature on SEZs by offering a unique case study of an emerging economy with a strong market foundation rather than a transitional or developed economy. It is also different from other research on SEZs when taking into account the effects of regional integration on border SEZ formation and firms’ location choices. In addition, this study employs firm-level data rather than provincial data to bring empirical insights and fill in the knowledge gap on agglomeration economies in Thailand with the presence of regional economic integration.

The first model aims at answering the question: How likely is a VC to invest in an international portfolio company, as opposed to investing in a PC located in the same nation? In the basic model, the dependent variable is the chosen investment scope: investment scope is a binary variable taking the value "1" if the investment is an international investment (i.e., PC and VC firm are located in different nations), or "0" if the investment is a national investment (i.e., PC and VC firm are located in the same nation). The basic model of the scope decision is pictured in Figure 9. The basic scope model estimates the VC's probability to invest at a distance and is estimated by a logit regression.

Crop raiding by wildlife decreases agricultural productivity and hinders efforts to reduce poverty throughout the world and especially in Africa. Efforts to reduce crop raiding in developing countries generally involve prescriptive “low‐cost” protection methods at the level of the individual farm, under the assumption that monetary capital and knowledge are the principal limiting factors in farmers’ adoption of protection methods. This article highlights the importance of considering labor costs in addition to monetary costs when assessing the adoptability of protection strategies. Benefit‐cost analysis is used to inform a theoretical model of the likelihood of farmer adoption of methods to protect crops against elephants in Gabon. Supported by empirical findings from a binomial logit model of farmers’ protection decisions, this analysis elucidates the low rate of adoption for known protection methods in Gabon. While the empirical data are specific to Gabon, this analysis frames a reflection process regarding labor optimization and alternative strategies that applies broadly.

Location of new products, 191. — The maturing product, 196. — The standardized product, 202.

International investments by firms from Newly-Industrialized Economies (NIEs) in other less-developed emerging economies were increasingly important due to the rise of labor cost in the home economy. This paper investigated how resources of high-tech Taiwanese firms influenced their entry strategy in Mainland China. The results indicated that the parent firms’ knowledge-based and property-based resources impacted their equity ownership in overseas subsidiaries. Taiwanese firms usually with limited resources and capability were concerned about appropriation hazard of their technological know-how in Mainland China market, therefore took larger equity ownership to assume greater strategic control over their subsidiaries. Firms having more marketing resources assumed larger equity ownership to streamline their marketing programs and practices to achieve marketing efficiency in Mainland China, where price competition was intense. Organizational slacks proved to be necessary to buffer firms from unprecedented adverse circumstances as firms occupying more slack were likely to maintain larger equity ownership in Mainland China market. Slack also acted as a substitute for more restricted externally raised financial resources. Besides, firms possessing greater internally generated financial resources, which imposed fewer restrictions of deployment, tended to commit larger equity ownership in their subsidiaries. This study might be generalizable to other NIEs and emerging markets. Key words: Foreign direct investment, newly-industrialized economies, emerging markets, resources, entry strategy, equity ownership, high technology, Taiwan, Mainland China.

Development of the Greening of Industrial Firms in the Cities along Taihu Lake: A Case Study in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province

Labor turnover has been defined as a phenomenon which serves to reflect the degree of stagnation or instability in the labor market. Whenever the rate of labor turnover is high, vis-a-vis, no expansion, excess movement and waste are said to result. On the other hand, when the labor turnover rate is low or equal to zero, the labor market is defined as in a state of stagnation. In either case (extremely high levels of turnover or extremely low levels of turnover) waste and under utilization of manpower are said to result. The impact from either too much or too little labor movement is felt to be dependent upon the size and maturity of the labor market. Moreover, the general level and diversity of skill on the part of labor market participants, may act to enhance or abate the effect of job turnover. This study was undertaken to investigate labor turnover in a selected area of eastern Arkansas. The area was chosen because of the large number of displaced agricultural workers who were in the employ of small industrial establishments which had recently moved into the area. It was hoped that the study would provide information which would be of value in solving problems related to the process of rural industrialization. Also, it was felt that information could be gained on problems faced by displaced agricultural workers as they transfer out of agricultural occupations. The purpose of this study, stated in a more specific sense, was to provide answers to some basic questions. They were: (1) Are the labor turnover rates among the firms high enough or low enough to warrant concern? (2) If labor turnover does, in fact, persist at problem levels, are there circumventable costs which arise in direct relationship with labor turnover? (3) Are there specific variables which tend to enhance or have a directional relationship with job turnover and cost? (4) What is the nature and extent of the relationship between labor turnover and specified variables? Data utilized in the study came from a number of sources including: (1) a survey schedule, (2) personnel and payroll records of firms, (3) area manpower studies, and (4) United States Census Bureau. The data were analyzed through the employ of some basic statistical models adapted for use in this study. A form of the stepwise regression routine (Goodnight's Maximum R2 Improvement Technique) was used to investigate relationship's between dependent variables and sets of independent variables. The analysis of variance linear model was also adapted for use in the study. The simple linear form of the ANOVA technique was used in determining if the firms were of the same population when considerations were given to criteria such as: (1) the level of turnover, (2) the cost of turnover and (3) the rates of quits, discharge, layoff, recall, new hire, flux and replacement. A version of the three factor factorial model (with nested classifications) was used to investigate the effects of specified factors on the rate of labor turnover in the panel firms. This study was limited by a number of factors. Thus, the conclusions and generalizations are limited. The scope of the inquiry was limited to: (1) only those firms of the eastern Arkansas area which employed displaced agricultural workers and hired more than fifty factory employees, (2) a period of three years - January 1970 through December 1972, (3) a six county section of the East Planning, and Development District of eastern Arkansas, and (4) investigation of the extent, costs, and causes of labor turnover in the panel firms. By virtue of the process used in selecting the firms and in selecting the study area, this investigation was a case study in nature. The findings on the general extent of labor turnover were supportive of the initial hypothesis that depressed wage regions are subject to high rates of "job switching." In most of the panel firms the rate of labor turnover was highly variable and reached extreme periodic highs and lows. Estimates made on monthly, quarterly and yearly bases were all high relative to representative United States manufacturing firms during the same period. Fluctuations in the rate of job turnover for all firms were sharp and typified a situation of instability in the labor market. In 1970 the mean level of employee turnover reached a within year high of 18 per 100 workers and fell to a low of 2.2 per 100 workers at one point. Separate observations on individual firms show that some firms sustained even more severe fluctuations, although most firms experienced declining rates over the 1970-72 period. Job switching was not identified as a market-wide-time-specific phenomena as its presence was seldom of uniform and harmonic occurrence among firms over time. The high rate of labor turnover arose from a combination of voluntary quits, replacements, and a slightly expanded level of employment in the panel firms. From an aggregate perspective it appeared that turnover arose from a collection of individual worker decisions to switch from situations perculiar to each firm and from market phenomena which affected the firms in a dissimilar temporal manner. The costs of labor turnover were identified to have emerged in four basic categories: (1) recruitment cost, (2) selection and placement cost, (3) on-the-job cost, and (4) cost of separating the incumbent. The overall labor turnover bill was comprised of four major components. Their aggregate and per hire cost over the period were: Aggregate Per Hire Recruitment ........................ $ 25,727 $ 5 Selection and Placement ............ 603,645 124 On-the-Job Cost .................... 3,275,051 673 Cost of Separation................ 665,547 136 Total......................... $4,569,971 $939. While labor turnover cost was estimated at $939 per hire over the 1970-72 period, it varied over a range of from $819 to $1,094. Percent distribution of the aggregate cost of turnover among the four major categories was: less than one percent to recruitment, 13 percent to selection and placement, 72 percent to on-the-job cost, and 14 percent to separation. Shares of the total maintained by the above components remained relatively stable over the 36 month period. For all firms the relationship between labor turnover and cost was decidedly strong. The correlation between the rate of turnover and cost of turnover was highly significant. The relationships between the cost of turnover and the primary categories of worker movement were investigated. Voluntary quits were designated to have had the stronger relationships with labor turnover cost when consideration was extended to cover only the single most influential factor. Layoffs, new hires, recalls and discharges were found to have possessed a significant relationship with the cost of turnover. While voluntary quits and new hires, individually, were observed to have exerted strong influence on the rate of turnover and cost, the main brunt was felt when firms sustained high rates of new hire and voluntary quits in combination. The criteria selected for use in attempting to explain variance in the rate of turnover were wage level, experience required before granting wage increases, distance employees commuted, the level of female employment, firm size, industry type and expenditures for preventive practices. All factors were found to have had some effect upon the rate of turnover when all possible combined factor effects were considered. In a net-effect sense, the level of female employment and firm size were determined not to have weighed significantly upon the rate of turnover. It was concluded that labor turnover in the eastern Arkansas area, and areas of similar characteristics, represents a serious impediment to the efficient operation of the firms. To the extent that labor turnover leads to unnecessary cost and to instability in the labor market, it is felt that efforts to advance rural industrialization are subject to serious setbacks whenever turnover exists at chronically high levels.

Portfolio ownership, production shifts, and downside risks: Evidence from Korea