Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field

Author(s): Belogurova, Anna | Abstract: In the late 1920s, the overseas chapters of the Chinese Communist Party allied with the Third Communist International (Comintern)’s pursuit of world revolution and made efforts to take part in anti-colonial movements around the world. As Chinese migrant revolutionaries dealt with discrimination in their adopted countries, they promoted local, Chinese, and world revolutions, borrowing ideas from various actors while they built their organizations and contributed to the project of China’s revival. This article offers a window into the formation of globally connected Chinese revolutionary networks and explores their engagement with Comintern internationalism in its key enclaves in Berlin, San Francisco, Havana, Singapore, and Manila. These engagements built on existing ideas about China’s revival and channeled localization needs of the Chinese migrant Communists. The article draws on sources deposited in the Comintern archive in Moscow (RGASPI), as well as on personal reminiscences published as literary and historical materials (wenshi ziliao). Keywords: Chinese Communist Party overseas, Guomindang, Comintern, League against Imperialism, anti-colonialism, San Francisco Chinese, Berlin Chinese, Manila Chinese, Chinese in Singapore, Chinese in Philippines, internationalism, interwar period, institutional borrowing

Lo Fu is the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He is considered to be one of its best Marxist theorists. He is the only important Communist leader to have studied in America-where he attended the University of California in 1921 and worked on a newspaper in San Francisco. He wrote the textbook on the history of the Chinese Revolution which is used in the Communist schools and has made a special study of this subject. Therefore, his analysis of the revolutionary stages in modern Chinese history is of special value, for it explains the guiding principle by which the Chinese Communists have been and will be directed during their long tumultuous struggle. I met Lo Fu and interviewed him during a trip to Yenan, the ex-Soviet capital in North Shensi, on July I4, 1937, just after the Lukouchiao Incident. In reply to my request for the Communist analysis of the historical stages of the Chinese Revolution, Lo Fu commented as follows:*

The ideologies of British imperialism and Chinese communism had a profound influence on Malaya during the Cold War, but were challenged and contradicted by the lived experience of at least some of its inhabitants. This is well illustrated in the unpublished memoir, analyzed here for the first time, of Tom Nunan, an Australian tin miner in Malaya from 1950 to 1971. Nunan lived in a time and place of conflicting information regimes. Chinese communism, in this case defined as an organizing belief system, mobilized Chinese insurgents in Malaya against British imperialism starting shortly after the end of World War II. Labeled “The Emergency” of 1948–1960 by the British, this insurgency negatively impacted the mining businesses upon which Nunan depended for his livelihood. The Emergency also hastened the development of Malay nationalism and Malaysia’s independence, which further impacted British and Australian business and social life through Malayanization. As a result, British economic and political power in Malaya shifted in the late 1950s and 1960s to Chinese and Malays, respectively. Chinese communism and Malayanization eroded the prior British imperial or colonial information regime described and lived by Nunan in the early 1950s: “white superiority” in a land of “exotic adventure.” Nunan sought to escape both British and Chinese communist information regimes and hierarchies by nearly “going native.” Nunan’s life and ethnically diverse friendships, including with Malays, Chinese, and Eurasians, countered the ideology of both Chinese communists, who sought to paint British colonialism monolithically as “racist oppression,” and British colonists, who sought to maintain racial and economic hierarchies through policies of exclusion.

Background and Aims: The purposes of this study were 1) To develop integrated learning activities in a modern Chinese history course with an efficiency the 75/75 and 2) To compare learning achievement in a modern Chinese history course with pre-test and post-test scores of students who learned using the integrated learning activities of students and 3) To study the students’ satisfaction toward the integrated learning activities in a modern Chinese history course. Materials and Methods: The sample group is 40 students in the first semester of 2023. Research tools are used in lesson plans, learning achievement tests, and satisfaction questionnaires. In data analysis including percentages, means, standard deviations, and paired t-tests Results: The results of the research found that: The Results of this study shows differences in the development of academic achievement. After using integrated learning activities in the modern Chinese history curriculum in studying modern Chinese history courses which the researcher discussed the results of data analysis in the research are as follows: 1) The Integrated learning activities have an efficiency value of 78.80/76.20, which is as specified by the researcher (2) The Integrated Learning activities that was a significantly higher learning achievement after studying than before studying at the .05 level. And (3) Students who studied using Integrated learning activities overall satisfaction was at a high level. Conclusion: The epidemic of opium has brought grave disasters to the Chinese nation. At the end of 1838, Emperor Daoguang sent Lin Zexu, who was a strong advocate of smoking prohibition, as imperial minister and lived in Guangdong to suppress opium.

In this paper, we conduct a survey on the learning situation of Chinese modern and contemporary history among college students in applied higher education institutions. We randomly select 200 college students as research subjects, and have them fill out an internet questionnaire. The current cognitive situation and the factors that have a significant impact on it. The analysis results show that college students in applied higher education institutions have a better initiative in learning Chinese modern and contemporary history, indicating that they have a better grasp of Chinese modern and contemporary history. Through further analysis, it is found that first-year students have a strong initiative in learning Chinese modern and contemporary history. Second year students tend to self-monitor their learning efficiency in learning Chinese modern and contemporary history, while senior students in their third and fourth years pay more attention to the practical value of learning knowledge. To enhance the quality of education in modern and contemporary Chinese history, it has a strong attraction, impact, and infectiousness that transcends time and space for the growth and development of college students.

NEWLY RELEASED SOVIET DOCUMENTS reveal that during the 1920s the Soviet Foreign Ministry East Asian specialists assigned growing significance to the British crown colony of Hong Kong. One may credibly argue that, at least in Britain's case, Cold War conflicts with the Soviet Union for influence over existing colonies, for example, Hong Kong, and in such developing countries as China, began in 1920. This article examines the interactions and issues generated by the collision of British Hong Kong, the Soviet Union and China during the 1920s. It investigates the extent of Soviet involvement in Hong Kong and South China, the reasons why the communist movement collapsed so drastically in both places by the late 1920s, divisions between Comintern and Soviet Foreign Ministry (MID) officials over Soviet policy toward the area, and Hong Kong's significance in Soviet policies toward both China and colonial

One of the most curious aspects of Sudanese historiography is that it has almost completely ignored the ongoing attempts to apply the methods of historical criticism to oral tradition in reconstructing the African past. Though an awareness of these attempts on the part of Sudanese historians is not lacking, it has not gone beyond vague indications, casual remarks, and limited use of oral data. This paper investigates the apathy of Sudanese historiography with respect to oral traditions, drawing on articles on the writing of history in the Sudan, as well as on historical writings that have actually made use of oral traditions.Sudanese historiography here means writings by Sudanese on history-writing in the Sudan; general histories of the Sudan; and local histories of the Northern Sudan. The history of the Southern Sudan is excluded because the contribution of oral tradition in reconstructing the history of this region has been markedly different. I also distinguish between traditional (biographers, genealogists, etc.) and amateur historians on the one hand and modern historians on the other. The modern historians, with whom this article will deal exclusively, are graduates of the Department of History in the University of Khartoum (or a similar university by extension), which was established in the late 1940s,and who have been exposed to the Western critical spirit and modern techniques of historical research and writing.2 Unlike the modern historians, traditional and amateur historians have always made use of both oral traditions and written sources.

The May Fourth Movement is a revolutionary epoch-making event in modern Chinese history. Even 100 years later today many scholars have continued to research and reappraise. It was an intellectual revolution that advocated national independence and individual liberation, a significant turning point in modern history, a decisive moment for socialism to take root in China, and became an ideal model for enlightenment movement or political participation. In particular, democracy was a core value that penentrating the May Fourth along with science, and therefore considerable study has been conducted on the relationship between the May Fourth Movement and democratic thought. However, the overall research trends was to emphasize radicalization and disconnection. They argue that democratic discussion and practice during the May Fourth were fundamentally radical or at least moved toward radicalization. Accordingly, this paper examines democratic theory of Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist group to find their political ideals, as well as review the mainstream of May Fourth understanding. First of all, in the case of Sun Yat-sen, the leader of Kuomintang, he led Constitutional Protection Movement, emphasizing the restoration of National Assembly, and the establishment of parliamentary democracy. Even during the May Fourth, when mass political movement broke out, Sun repeatedly suggested complete restoration of National Assembly as an only solution to deal with political turmoil. Kuomintang theorists such as Liao Zhongkai, Zhu Zhixin, Dai Jitao, who developed Sun’s democratic theory also defended parliamentary democracy, while demanded direct civil rights like Initiative, Referendum, Recall. In other words, they aimed for moderate political reform to maintain representative democracy with introducing some elements of direct democracy. On the other hand, Nationalist group took a relatively negative attitude towards radical revolution such as Russian October Revolution. This was clearly different from the so-called people"s coalition theory(populism) or the leftist socialism that prevailed during the May Fourth. Then it can be evaluated that democratic theory of Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist group was comparatively conservative. Similarly, they were continuous in that kept Constitutional Protection Movement, and elitist in that underestimated the political power of people.

This paper deals with the four aspects of the acquisition, construction and common use of modern and post-modern document DB in the NAK, NIKH, and AKS. First, The concept of Korean regional history includes provincial history, local history and regional history and as far as modern and post-modern history is concerned, the concept of regional history is on expansion. Second, National Archives of Korea has been systematically collecting and managing modern and post-modern regional history records in compliance to Public Institutes Records Management Law, enacted in 1999 and currently is in charge of handling public records of 373 central government administration offices, 514 regional government offices, Office of Education, universities and of other public agencies. National Institute of Korean History is working on a ten year project from 2004 to collect the scattered modern and post-modern regional history records and to classify them regionally and thematically. The Academy of Korean Studies has been collecting modern and post-modern regional history records and collection was initiated by Modern History Research. Those records that are collected from 1997 and 2005 are mainly from the liberation period. Third, characteristics of Central Archives Management System and Nara Records Portal System of NAK, Korean History Database System of NIKH and of The AKS' Korean Provincial Culture Electronic Encyclopedia are elaborated. Fourth, establishing 'Modern and Post-modern Regional History Records Council' as an affiliated organization of National Archives Management Committee is recommended, NAK leading the council and promoting further cooperation. In this section, an emphasis on allotted tasks of three institutes in order to achieve technology development for digitalized resource sharing, to improve on contents and to promote public and international use is placed as well.

Almost three decades have passed since Spain joined the European Union (EU). Despite the deep crisis that has hit Spain recently, the period 1985–2014 has undoubtedly been the most politically stable, socially dynamic and economically successful in Spain’s modern history. This emphatic statement, however, needs to be qualified in two ways: first, in the light of the volatile and troubled history of Spain during most of the 19th and 20th centuries; and, second, because it is not easy to isolate the exact impact of the EU accession in the context of the tremendous changes that have occurred in Spain in the past three decades. EU membership has coincided with at least three other highly significant factors: (i) the transition, starting in 1976, from the Franco dictatorship to a quasi-federal parliamentary democracy, which was fully consolidated in the early 1980s; (ii) the implementation of a social market economy, or ‘welfare capitalism’; the beginnings of which date back to 1959 although its design came to bear fruit only in the mid-1980s; and (iii) the impact of globalization, which had been gestating over a long period and has been characterized by increased trade interdependence and technological advances which crystallized in the late 1980s with the end of the Cold War and the birth of the Internet.

In the mid-1990s, the environment for Islamist activism in Saudi Arabia changed considerably. The government came to view the Sahwa as a political threat and jihad veterans as a security threat. By the late 1990s, most forms of Islamist activism, including classical jihadism, represented clandestine and relatively perilous endeavours. How, then, was Usama bin Ladin able to recruit so many Saudis to his Afghan camps in the late 1990s? A crucial part of the answer lies in the evolution of the political opportunity structure for global jihadism in the kingdom between 1996 and 2001. Of particular importance were developments in three areas: policing, international conflicts involving Muslims, and the Saudi Islamist arena. However, before we examine these developments more closely, it is useful to recall the events between 1994 and 1996 which forever changed the relationship between the state and the Islamist community. From the Burayda intifada to the 1995 Riyadh bombing The rise of the reformist opposition in the early 1990s represented the most serious challenge to the Saudi state's legitimacy in the kingdom's modern history. While it never turned violent, the Sahwa articulated a more explicit and biting critique of the Saudi system than the regime was willing to tolerate. Tensions escalated throughout 1992, arrests began in May 1993 and by the autumn of 1994 the time had come for a final showdown.

Abstract: China has experienced a rapid land‐use/cover change (LUCC) during the 20th Century, and this process is expected to continue in the future. How LUCC has affected water resources across China, however, remains uncertain due to the complexity of LUCC‐water interactions. In this study, we used an integrated Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in conjunction with spatial data of LUCC to estimate the LUCC effects on the magnitude, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and water yield across China. Through comparisons of DLEM results with other model simulations, field observations, and river discharge data, we found that DLEM model can adequately catch the spatial and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes. Our simulation results demonstrate that LUCC led to substantial changes in ET, runoff, and water yield in most of the China’s river basins during the 20th Century. The temporal and spatial patterns varied significantly across China. The largest change occurred during the second half century when almost all of the river basins had a decreasing trend in ET and an increasing trend in water yield and runoff, in contrast to the inclinations of ET and declinations of water yield in major river basins, such as Pearl river basin, Yangtze river basin, and Yellow river basin during the first half century. The increased water yield and runoff indicated alleviated water deficiency in China in the late 20th Century, but the increased peak flow might make the runoff difficult to be held by reservoirs. The continuously increasing ET and decreasing water yield in Continental river basin, Southwest river basin, and Songhua and Liaohe river basin implied regional water deficiency. Our study in China indicates that deforestation averagely increased ET by 138 mm/year but decreased water yield by the same amount and that reforestation averagely decreased ET by 422 mm/year since most of deforested land was converted to paddy land or irrigated cropland. In China, cropland‐related land transformation is the dominant anthropogenic force affecting water resources during the 20th Century. On national average, cropland expansion was estimated to increase ET by 182 mm/year while cropland abandonment decreased ET by 379 mm/year. Our simulation results indicate that urban sprawl generally decreased ET and increased water yield. Cropland managements (fertilization and irrigation) significantly increased ET by 98 mm/year. To better understand LUCC effects on China’s water resources, it is needed to take into account the interactions of LUCC with other environmental changes such as climate and atmospheric composition.

Editing Canadian Modernism Dean Irvine (bio) I. Modernist Editions and Archives Modernist poetry in English Canada would not have a history without its editors. The history of modernism in Canada has largely been that of editors who were also poets and poets who were also editors. Given that so many American and British modernist authors were active in various capacities as editors, it follows that the conjuncture of poetic and editorial practice has long been recognized as a constitutive narrative of Anglo American modernism (see Bornstein). Although Canada does not really have its own version of Pound editing The Waste Land, the correlation of authors and editors holds true for scholarship on Canadian modernists. The once-dominant critical archive devoted to what Brian Trehearne calls the "two Modernisms" (Aestheticism 313) associated with successive generations of poets, editors, and literary magazines in Montreal in the 1920s and 1940s has, in recent years, undergone revision to include multiple modernisms and little-magazine groups located in cities extending from Halifax to Victoria.1 Because only a handful of modernist poets in Canada published book collections before the 1940s, and because most [End Page 53] relied on little magazines to serve as outlets for their poetry, histories of Canadian modernism have often been shaped by a dual focus on poets and magazine editors.2 Other histories of Canadian modernism have been aligned with cognate editorial activities, namely the production of literary anthologies and the formation of small presses.3 These histories of English Canada's modernists have attended to the primary stages of editorial work connected to the production of magazines, anthologies, chapbooks, and books, although without consideration of the later stages of editorial practice associated with the reproduction of Canadian modernist texts in collected and critical editions. By the late 1950s, after three decades of publishing individual volumes of their poetry, the Canadian modernists returned to their editorial roots to select and sort their respective oeuvres in collected editions. Most of Canada's major modernist poets have issued collected editions; these retrospective editions have typically been selective and incomplete or brought out while the poet was still publishing and subsequently superseded by later collections. The publication of collected editions has more often than not entailed the omission of poems, by the poets themselves or by their editors. While the process of editorial and authorial selection has its advantages, it also has its disadvantages. Because the criteria for a collected edition are determined by the author's or editor's preferences at the time of selection, these criteria invariably lead to revisionist representations of a poet's work. Revisionist editions have certainly affected the ways in which the critical and literary-historical narratives of Canadian modernism have been written. The collected edition represents a second stage in the editing of modernist poetry in Canada, one that typically takes place during the lifetimes of the poets and marks definitive moments in their careers, occasionally at their height and, more often, near their end, or, in the case of careers cut short by premature deaths, posthumously. The third stage of editing modernism involves the production of critical editions. Usually undertaken after the publication of collected [End Page 54] editions, these editions have generally consisted of either supplemental volumes of fugitive poems or comprehensive volumes of complete poems. Canadian modernist critical editions date from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, when editorial and research committees were struck to publish two multivolume series, The Collected Works of E. J. Pratt and The Collected Works of A. M. Klein. These two series include critical editions that represent divergent editorial practices—the Pratt Complete Poems predicated on the principles derived from the Anglo-American tradition of intentionalist editions, the Klein Complete Poems on the continental European traditions of critique génétique and genetic editions. Editions in the Anglo-American tradition select a copy text on the basis of its proximity to the author's intentions, construct an eclectic text from multiple textual witnesses, and record textual variants from only authoritative versions. Based on principles originally outlined in W. W. Greg's 1949 essay "The Rationale of Copy-text," the intentionalist edition became the dominant mode of editing in...

Negotiating China's Destiny in World War II

History seen by a professional historian, based only on the documented record, always incomplete and liable to bias, can be unreliable. Modern history seen by a protagonist must surely be among the most unreliable. Yet, I must try, in a limited scope, to show the human drama as well as the flood on which we are floating, unable to dump the baggage of past biases. Our points of view, priorities, and positions on all the controversial issues and even the well established, noncontroversial ones, are not as rational as we would like to think but are strongly conditioned by where we came from. I wil depend on selected vignettes of the way things looked when I was a student, a young postdoctoral fellow and an Assistant Professor, to compare with the way they look now, in each of half a dozen mesoscopic domains--those in between the most basic subcellular or molecular and the higher levels of learning and cognition. The half dozen constitute, of course, anything but a representative fraction of neuroscience. But they add up to a nontrivial segment of the big picture with respect to the integrative aspects of our science. Most of the fronts that grew into today's popular branches are not represented, but a small set of particular interest and probability of further surprises.