Sighted humans show enhanced sensitivity for horizontal but not vertical audio localization

How economic inequality shapes social class stereotyping

Dynamics of interspecific water relationship in vertical and horizontal dimensions under a dryland apple-Brassica intercropping system: Quantifying by experiments and the 3D Hi-sAFe model

The design of the development of learning methods involves the pattern of organizing elements or components in the curriculum. the development of learning materials listening to correlated core-based learning with the application of listening in action methods seen from two dimensions, namely horizontal and vertical dimensions. The horizontal dimension is related to the compilation of the scope of learning content. This spatial arrangement is often integrated with the learning and teaching process. The vertical dimension concerns the compilation of material sequences based on the order of difficulty. Arranged materials start from the easy ones, then go to the more difficult ones, or start with the basic ones followed by the continuation. This development describes in detail about the components that must be present in each listening learning material that can be used for the learning process. The design of the development of the listening learning material consists of several components, including the objectives of the curriculum, teaching materials or the material or content of the curriculum, teaching strategies or teaching methods, teaching media and teaching evaluation and improving teaching. These components are related to each other in the development of learning materials listening to correlated core-based learning by applying listening in action methods.

Mycosis fungoides is a rare T-cell lymphoma, but it accounts for about half of all cases of cutaneous 7-cell lymphoma. Radiation has long been used to treat patients with this radiosensitive disease. However, a significant proportion of patients present with generalized plaques or recurrence of lesions outside or even within the previously irradiated area, it challenged radiotherapists for decades how to irradiate skin (the superficial layer of a somewhat ”cylinder-like” human body) with not only larger field and higher dose but also tolerable toxicity. Radiation with low energy electrons generated by modern linear accelerators, depositing their energy within limited depth could spare deeper tissues. The six-dual-field technique, which provide more satisfying dose distribution for these requirements was developed at Stanford University three decades ago. Since then, the patients treated with total skin electron beam radiation would have better clinical response and minor toxicity. We adopted the six-dual-field technique to treat a 49-year-old male with generalized plaques. The source-to-surface distance was extended to be 323 cm, and an acrylic beam spoiler was installed to scatter the beam and attenuate the electron energy. The resulting electron energy was 2.62 MeV, generated by a 6 MeV Linac, the output of which was degraded to deliver 0.0648 cGy/MU (at the depth of maximum dose, d(subscript max). The collimator was fully opened to 40×40 cm^2 without a cone. The hinge angle of the dual-field was determined to be 20 degrees. The measured multiplication factor was 2.68. We prescribed a tumor dose at 5 mm depth beneath the skin surface (90% isodose profile). Overall, 1212 MU were required for each field. Beam flatness was within ±5% and ±10% in the vertical and horizontal dimensions, respectively. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used to evaluate dose homogeneity at 45 sites. Individualized boost or shielding was used at appropriate sites. Radiation therapy was administered for 4 consecutive days per week, with 2 days constituting a treatment cycle. On the first day of a cycle, half of the 6 dual-fields were irradiated, with the other half treated the other day A total dose of 36 Gy over 18 cycles was given with a fraction dose of 2 Gy. A 10-day midway break was given. The skin lesions responded well to this regimen, and itching was completely relieved prior to completion of the first half of the treatment course. Side effects (marked dermatitis of palms and soles and total hair loss) were acceptable. The patient refused subsequent adjuvant therapy. Despite total skin radiation can achieve good initial clinical outcome, the management of patients with mycosis fungoides is still challenging. This disease has a predisposition to relapse, and the chance is dismal to cure patients with the disease beyond limited plaque stage for the time being. In additicn to radiation therapy, a variety of modalities have been in clinical use or in investigation. We suppose combination treatment should be administered in these patients to improve long-term control.

Understanding how microbial communities are shaped across spatial dimensions is of fundamental importance in microbial ecology. However, most studies on soil biogeography have focused on the topsoil microbiome, while the factors driving the subsoil microbiome distribution are largely unknown. Here we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to analyse the factors underlying the bacterial β-diversity along vertical (0-240 cm of soil depth) and horizontal spatial dimensions (~500,000 km2 ) in the U.S. Corn Belt. With these data we tested whether the horizontal or vertical spatial variation had stronger impacts on the taxonomic (Bray-Curtis) and phylogenetic (weighted Unifrac) β-diversity. Additionally, we assessed whether the distance-decay (horizontal dimension) was greater in the topsoil (0-30 cm) or subsoil (in each 30 cm layer from 30-240 cm) using Mantel tests. The influence of geographic distance versus edaphic variables on the bacterial communities from the different soil layers was also compared. Results indicated that the phylogenetic β-diversity was impacted more by soil depth, while the taxonomic β-diversity changed more between geographic locations. The distance-decay was lower in the topsoil than in all subsoil layers analysed. Moreover, some subsoil layers were influenced more by geographic distance than any edaphic variable, including pH. Although different factors affected the topsoil and subsoil biogeography, niche-based models explained the community assembly of all soil layers. This comprehensive study contributed to elucidating important aspects of soil bacterial biogeography including the major impact of soil depth on the phylogenetic β-diversity, and the greater influence of geographic distance on subsoil than on topsoil bacterial communities in agroecosystems.

This paper considers the layout design problem of a single block order-picking rack-based warehouse that employs turnover-based storage assignment in both vertical and horizontal dimensions. An analytical expression for vertical travel distance is derived which is incorporated in the pick distance model. The effect of inventory staggering on storage space requirement is considered in arriving at warehouse dimensions. A model that incorporates area cost along with handling cost in optimizing warehouse design is developed and a solution algorithm is presented. The analytical model for vertical travel and the optimization model are applied to data from a real life case. It was found that the model would offer considerable operational cost savings, especially when space costs are high. Computational experiments show that the effect of inventory staggering is quite significant in the estimated storage space. Experiments also demonstrated the importance of segregating products based on turnover in the vertical dimension.

In full-parallax three-dimensional (3-D) imaging systems, the pixel cells often have the shape of a rhombus. Proper arrangement of pixels in these rhombic-shaped cells is important to maximize the quality of displayable 3-D images with a given display panel. The possible number of pixel arrangements in a rhombic cell with a definite dimension is found by considering the number of possible crossings between parallel line families forming the pixel cells, when the slopes of the lines are approximated by the ratio between the number of pixels in the vertical and horizontal directions. To make the rhombic cell have a uniquely defined pixel arrangement, its horizontal and vertical dimensions should be equal to the even multiple of the pixel dimension in their corresponding direction.

Experimental study of local scour around subsea caissons in steady currents

Algae and phytoplankton are crucial elements of marine ecosystems and of the global carbon cycle, which engenders widespread interest in better understanding their spatial and temporal variability. In situ fluorometry provides detailed measurements of phytoplankton levels; appropriate statistical models are necessary in order to elicit information about the distribution of phytoplankton biomass from this data. Challenges associated with such a data analysis include covariance model specification for processes in which variation in the vertical and horizontal directions differ greatly. Though the ideas presented here were developed with an eye to understanding phytoplankton dynamics, they may be helpful in developing models for other geophysical and environmental processes measured along vertical and horizontal dimensions.

In four experiments, we investigated whether a right-left prevalence effect occurs for the Simon task, in which stimulus location is irrelevant, when the stimulus and the response sets vary along horizontal and vertical dimensions simultaneously. Simon effects were evident for both dimensions, and they were of similar magnitude, indicating no prevalence effect. Manipulations of the relative salience of the dimensions for the stimulus and the response sets resulted in a larger Simon effect for the more salient dimension than for the less salient one, but there was no overall prevalence effect. The results indicate that manipulations of salience affect the relative magnitudes of automatic response activation for the vertical and the horizontal dimensions but that the right-left prevalence effect is due to a coding bias in intentional response selection processes when stimulus location is relevant.

In an exploration of the process whereby horizontal and vertical components are extracted from distances between pairs of points, participants made speeded absolute distance judgments—deciding whether horizontal distances between pairs of points in a frontal plane exceeded a criterion distance. Judgments reflected the horizontal and vertical distances between the points. Three accounts of the results were considered. (1) Only the overall distance between two points was directly available to judgment processes; the horizontal or vertical distance between the points was available only to the extent that the horizontal and vertical positions of the points were differentially weighted prior to the assessment of overall distance. (2) The perceptual effects of positions on the horizontal and vertical dimensions were collapsed onto a composite dimension. (3) The decision criterion for the distance judgment considered both the horizontal and vertical distances between the points. In support of the overall distance account, (1) performance in the distance judgment task was facilitated by repetition of the same overall distance from trial to trial, but not by repetition of the distance on the composite dimension or by repetition of horizontal or vertical distance; (2) differential weighting that the overall distance account predicted for the absolute distance judgments was reflected in concurrent relative distance judgments pitting horizontal against vertical distance, counter to the composite dimension account, which sees the horizontal and vertical dimensions as collapsing onto the composite dimension in balanced, symmetrical fashion, and counter the decisional account, given that no criterion is required for the relative judgment.

Visual motion perception induced by sounds in vertical plane

This study evaluates the effects of different force directions on tooth movement in miniscrew-assisted en masse retraction using finite element analysis (FEA). A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was constructed to simulate en masse retraction in sliding mechanics. A retraction force of 200 g was applied from the anterior retraction hook (ARH) to a miniscrew, and force vectors were resolved along the X, Y, and Z axes. Six different configurations were analysed by varying the ARH (5 mm and 8 mm) and miniscrew heights (6 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm). Displacement values of anterior and posterior teeth were examined to assess movement patterns in mesiodistal, buccopalatal, and vertical directions. The analysis revealed that increasing the retraction hook length enhanced mesiodistal tipping of anterior teeth, while higher miniscrew placement reduced mesiodistal tipping of posterior teeth. On the buccopalatal plane, anterior teeth exhibited greater palatal movement when the miniscrew height was reduced, whereas an increased retraction hook height intensified palatal tipping of anterior teeth. Posterior teeth displayed more palatal tipping with a low retraction hook, and greater miniscrew height increased posterior palatal tipping when the hook length remained constant. On the vertical plane, a higher retraction hook induced more intrusion in anterior teeth. Additionally, when a low retraction hook was used, an increase in miniscrew height further enhanced anterior intrusion. The force direction in en masse retraction should be optimized based on the desired movement in vertical, horizontal, and buccopalatal dimensions. According to the FEA findings, the low hook-low miniscrew combination resulted in maximum palatal crown tipping, while a high miniscrew position was beneficial for torque control by reducing palatal tipping. The low hook-high miniscrew configuration generated significant anterior intrusion, making it a suitable strategy for deep bite correction.

In the present paper, an attempt is made to obtain dynamically the criterion for formation of tropical cyclones. Main factors important for typhogenesis are vertical thermal instability, horizontal dynamical stability, horizontal and vertical dimensions of perturbations. First the physical picture of a typhogenetical process is given. Secondly a method which enables us to treat the latent instability dynamically, a polytropic change method, is proposed. Thirdly using this method, the perturbation equations for the perturbations of typhoon-type are obtained. Solving these equations, the following criterion for the development of perturbations of typhoon-type is obtained where g, S, Z. n and r0 are gravity acceleration, vertical thermal instability, absolute vorticity, number of loops of perturbations in vertical direction and number which gives horizontal dimension of perturbations in 100 km. The left hand side has a similar form as Richardson number for the formation of turbulence. Fourthly, modes of perturbations are investigated. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01047.x

Background: Extended platelet-rich fibrin (e-PRF) membranes are a novel 100% autologous biomaterial with a longer resorption time (4–6 months) than traditional solid-PRF membranes (two weeks). In part 1 of this 2-part publication series, four clinical variations for using these novel e-PRF membranes for socket preservation were introduced. In this randomized clinical trial (RCT), all four iterations of e-PRF membranes were compared to traditional collagen membranes in alveolar ridge preservation for hard and soft tissue dimensional changes and early wound healing outcomes. Methods: A single-center RCT was conducted, including 55 patients requiring the extraction of a single tooth with planned implant placement. All sockets were grafted with a “sticky bone” (bone allograft mixed with PRF) and secured with either a collagen membrane (control) or e-PRF membranes utilizing the four variations present in Part 1 (both formed extra-orally or intra-orally, each with or without an overlying solid PRF membrane). The time of fabrication and application of each e-PRF iteration was recorded. Cone beam computed tomography was utilized to evaluate horizontal and vertical ridge dimensions at baseline and 3 months post-operatively, and soft tissue thickness was also measured at both time intervals utilizing an endodontic reamer. Early wound healing was recorded at 2 weeks, utilizing the Landry, Turnbull, and Howley Index by three blinded clinicians. Results: The results demonstrated that, at 3 months, the e-PRF membranes fabricated utilizing all 4 treatment variations demonstrated equal improvements in horizontal and vertical ridge dimensions and soft tissue thickness when compared to collagen membranes. Additionally, the membrane (p = 0.029) and membrane w/solid (p = 0.021) groups demonstrated statistically significant superior early wound healing compared to the collagen membrane group. Notably, the Bio-Filler groups demonstrated statistically significant reduction in fabrication/application time compared to the membrane groups. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this RCT, all e-PRF iterations performed comparably to collagen membranes in maintaining both hard and soft tissue ridge dimensions when combined with sticky bone, while also significantly improving soft tissue wound healing. Future RCTs with alternative grafting materials, direct wound-margin assessment, and evaluation of patient-reported outcomes are necessary to clarify the advantages of each membrane type.