Simulating large-scale pedestrian movement using CA and event driven model: Methodology and case study

Pedestrian dynamics model for high densities

Incorporating human factors in emergency evacuation – An overview of behavioral factors and models

Review on the emergency evacuation in chemicals-concentrated areas

Analysis and simulation of land use spatial pattern in Harbin prefecture based on trajectories and cellular automata—Markov modelling

With the increasing number or scale of large-scale assembly activities, emergency evacuation has become increasingly important. In order to understand the evacuation behavior of people, this paper uses European distance, simulation and other methods to optimize the research and design of evacuation in emergency. The main contents of this paper are as follows: First, based on the principle and update rules of cellular automata, determine the three key factors of gender, age and emotional intensity, and the evacuation model based on cellular automata, and then use MATLAB software to simulate the change of people flow under different anxiety conditions, and output relevant data and visual images. Finally, the differences of the experimental results caused by the key factors are discussed. Secondly, study the evacuation rate change curve, as well as the key factors and their effects. Based on the average speed and average flow model of the system, simulate and output the corresponding visual images. Thirdly, in order to study and determine the best simulated evacuation route and the dynamic process of personnel evacuation in the case of different door widths, based on the evacuation route selection model with the shortest time to reach the two doors, the best pedestrian evacuation route is selected according to the shortest time rule. Fourth, in order to study the impact of reduced visibility in the hall on the whole process. In this paper, the regional discretization method is used to establish the perception range model under visibility and analyze the factor changes in the whole process.

Emergency evacuation of large passenger station passenger terminal operations management is an important part of management. In this paper, it use legion simulation software, on the Beijing South Railway Station passenger emergency evacuation simulation test, first introduced the Legion simulation software and simulation process, followed by the design of the total number of 5000 and 10,000 people in different device configurations evacuation simulation program; re-use simulation software legion For each program the simulation analysis, the number of the simulation program evacuation and evacuation density optimization Finally, emergency evacuation measures and proposals for the reasonable development of passenger flow planning and organization of decision support programs.

Practitioners engaged in implementing evacuations, large and small, are keenly aware of the interdisciplinary and multimodal nature of such events. This special issue of Natural Hazards Review presents emerging scholarship that will better inform real-life practice in the nearand long-term. A nexus of research and practice is vital to developing evacuation-planning models, which ultimately results in better plans, policies, and successful evacuations. This issue presents leading research that addresses key aspects of evacuation planning, including the role of communication and technology, evaluating existing models predictions for hurricane evacuation response curves, understanding the interdisciplinary nature of evacuationmodeling, the role of transit, and the development of a destination choice model. The past decade has seen tremendous advancements in the theory and practice ofmass-evacuation transportation planning, operations, and management. The motivation for these developments has come from a recent history of high-profile disasters and several highly publicized unsuccessful evacuations that have focused international attention on the need to better prepare for and carry out emergency evacuations. These events, in particular those that involved intentional man-made acts, have also brought the topic of evacuation planning to the attention of a wider audience, including those who never envisioned the need to conduct mass evacuations or to include emergency transportation preparedness as part of their responsibilities. To move forward the discussion of critical needs in evacuation and to promote the exchange of ideas, practices, policies, and emerging knowledge from all fields involved in this subject, the Gulf Coast Research Center for Evacuation and Transportation Resiliency in cooperation with the Stephenson Disaster Management Institute at Louisiana StateUniversity cohosted the secondNational Evacuation Conference (NEC). The conference, held in February 2012 in New Orleans, brought together hundreds of experts from government, private industry, academia, national laboratories, and not-for-profit organizations in the fields of emergency management, transportation planning, engineering, law, sociological and behavioral sciences, human and animal medicine, and law enforcement, among others, to foster an interdisciplinary exchange of ideas in evacuation planning and management. The event was sponsored by a number of stakeholders, including AARP and the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The conference included more than 100 speakers from throughout the United States and numerous other countries who are seeking ways to accommodate the needs of all people before, during, and after major disasters. The presentations at the NEC illustrated the diversity of interests and needs in evacuation, as well as the knowledge and expertise that is being focused on evacuation-related issues. In summary, the NEC highlighted the importance of the interdisciplinary and multimodal nature of evacuations. We see an emerging nexus between research and practice as successful evacuations stem from many disparate professionals working in a multidimensional framework. To disseminate the emerging knowledge from the conference more widely, its organizers have partnered with ASCE to develop this special issue of the Natural Hazards Review. Five of the papers included in this issue were the best-reviewed works from the conference that covered information on a specific topic, but that also exemplified the overall theme of this special issue. The following paragraphs briefly summarize these works and the contributions that they make to the field. The detail and complexity of evacuation models has increased significantly over the past decade and a half. Whereas some of these developments have occurred because of advances in computational speed and power, much of it has resulted from the series of major evacuations that have permitted observations of evacuee behavior, traffic routing, and other aspects of evacuations that were previously unavailable. The papers by Trainor et al., Cheng et al., and Koshute each focus on aspects of modeling that develop and analyze evacuation processes. The work by Koshute uses evacuation data from several hurricanes to assess the effectiveness of S-curve and sequential logit models used to forecast evacuation response. The results of this research show that both of these remain insufficient as techniques to reliably predict evacuee behavior. Research conducted by Cheng et al. focuses on the destination end of the evacuation travel process. In their paper, the authors describe the development of a new model to estimate evacuee destinations based on an assortment of key predictive variables. Analyses of the performance of the model showed statistically significant correlations between modelgenerated forecasts and those observed during actual hurricane evacuation events. In another paper focusing on evacuation modeling, Trainor et al. suggest the need and importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach to evacuation modeling. Although no results are presented, the authors propose a framework that integrates empirical and theoretical knowledge from the social sciences and transportation planning and engineeringwithin a new five-stepmodeling process. This paper is likely to guide an emerging area of research into operationalizing future models that can become more interdisciplinary and multimodal. The importance of effective communication during evacuations cannot be overemphasized. The issuance of guidance on who needs to evacuate, when they need to leave, and what routes and destinations are available to them is vitally important to evacuees and must be conveyed in ways that are timely, accurate, and useful. The paper by Taaffe et al. used data collected in the aftermath of two hurricanes in the Charleston, South Carolina, region to

Cellular Automata (CA) as bio-inspired parallel computational models of self-reproducing organisms can capture the essential features of systems where global behavior arises from the collective effect of simple components which interact locally. In this aspect, CAs have been considered as a fine candidate to model pedestrian behavior and crowd dynamics in a fine manner. In specific, for crowd modeling, the CA models show evidence of a macroscopic nature with microscopic extensions, i.e. they provide adequate details in the description of human behavior and interaction, whilst they retain the computational cost at low levels. In this paper several CA models for crowd evacuation taking into consideration different modeling principles, like potential fields techniques, obstacle avoidance, follow-the-leader principles, grouping theory, etc. will be presented in an attempt to accomplish efficient crowd evacuation simulation. Moreover, an integrated system based on CAs that operates as an anticipative crowd management tool in cases of medium density crowd evacuation for indoor and outdoor environments is also shown, and its results different real world cases and different environments prove its efficiency. Finally, robot guided evacuation with the help of CAs is also presented. Quite recently, an evacuation system was proposed, based on an accurate CA model capable of assessing the human behavior during emergency situations takes advantage of the simulation output to provide sufficient information to a mobile robotic guide, which in turn guides people towards a less congestive exit at a time.

In emergency evacuation, pedestrian moving speed is the prime predictor for predicting evacuation time, and pedestrian moving speed has a strong correlation with pedestrian density. In order to obtain a reliable pedestrian movement speed model, this article combines their respective speed models by comparing and analyzing the research of domestic and foreign scholars on the moving speed model. According to the situation of danger and obstacles, this paper improves pedestrian moving speed model by using the fuzzy evaluation method. Finally, the verification results show that the exponential function can better fit the motion speed model, and the speed model is also roughly in line with the simulation results under the simulation results of Anylogic software. The improved moving speed can better explain the pedestrian speed changes between people and things when a dangerous situation occurs.

City emergency is one of the top threatens to the public safety. To devise appropriate schemes for emergency response, effective risk analysis of emergency evacuation is almost a necessity. In light of this, we propose a model for city emergency evacuation based on the multi-agent simulation framework, which has found successful applications in various areas and in specific is very suitable for the emergency evacuation problem. Through extensive simulation results, the effectiveness of our proposed model is verified.

Routes planning is one of the most important aspects in emergency evacuation planning. A multi-objective emergency evacuation model using ant colony optimization was proposed for routes planning in complex multi-exit evacuation environment. The two objectives of the model are to minimize the total evacuation time of all evacuees and to minimize the total path crowding degree respectively. A multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm was presented to solve the proposed model. The results of the study show that the proposed model can make rapid, efficient and reasonable plans for complex evacuation routing problems.

Fast Evacuation Method: Using an effective dynamic floor field based on efficient pedestrian assignment

Pedestrian evacuation modeling and simulation in multi-exit scenarios

Nowadays, numerous Computer-aided Design (CAD) software packages support Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM software can benefit of advanced simulation in the pre-design phase of construction projects. In this case, we show focus on models of the emergency evacuation regarding the security and safety. We analyze the evacuation simulation of a model based on DEVS (Discrete Event systems Specification) for BIM authoring tools. The idea is to automate to extraction of building information that can be subsequently used in a simulation. Our case study uses a Cell-DEVS model of the evacuation of a multi-floor building. We also show how to obtain a 3D visualization by transforming the simulation results, facilitating the work of architects, contractors and fabricators. This kind of application could be used to analyze bottlenecks and the maximum occupation for determining an optical evacuation plan.

With the rapid development of economy, large-scale public buildings have been constructed in many countries. However, if emergency such as fire appears, it is very difficult to escape from such kind of structure where a huge crowd gathers. Therefore, how to evacuate safely, effectively and fast becomes a very hot research topic in recent years. In fact, most of the scholars focus on the analysis of personal thought, behavior and psychological characteristics, neglect the crowd interaction. First, we define every person to an agent. The crowd consists of three kinds of agent: Lead Agent, Ordinary Agent and Panic Agent. Second, the mechanism of crowd interaction is analyzed. Third, a crowd interaction model based on agent and cellular automaton is developed. Finally, the Harbin subway station is selected as simulation object, adopts software Building EXODUS to simulate crowd interaction. Results show that crowd interaction especially the Lead Agent’s guiding and coordination can help to improve the evacuation efficiency and shorten evacuation time.