Simultaneous Determination of Pharmaceuticals Using Two UV-Based Methods with Different Diluents: Comparative Analysis via ANOVA and Greenness Assessment

Dual-sensor potentiometric platform utilizing β-cyclodextrin ionophores and Cu-gallic MOFs for ophthalmic drugs determination in rabbit aqueous humor

An overview of the current progress in green analytical chemistry by evaluating recent studies using greenness assessment tools

Green analytical chemistry metrics for evaluating the greenness of analytical procedures

Deep eutectic solvent as a novel disperser in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFOD) for preconcentration of steroids in water samples: Assessment of the method deleterious impact on the environment using Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index

Air-agitated liquid–liquid microextraction method based on solidification of a floating organic droplet (AALLME-SFO) followed by UPLC-MS/MS for trace analysis of steroids in water samples: Assessment of the method environmental impact using Analytical Eco-Scale, green Analytical procedure Index and the Analytical GREEnness metric

Eco-friendly assessment of turmeric-assisted approach in developing and validating a method for the quantification of atropine sulphate in bulk and tablet dosage form using UV–Visible spectrophotometry

Tirofiban hydrochloride is used to inhibit platelet aggregation, which has a significant impact on the treatment of congestive heart failure the most common cause of death according to WHO. Therefore, its quantification in pharmaceutical dosage form is critical. In this work, an electrochemical method for the determination of tirofiban HCl in pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and validated. Carbon paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was utilized to examine the electrochemical response of tirofiban hydrochloride. Scanning electron microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to investigate the morphology of this electrode. A linear response was obtained within the range of (27.00–745.00 ng/mL) (5.4 × 10–5 M–1.5 × 10−3 M) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995, and a detection limit of 15.50 ng/mL (3.1 × 10–5 M). The greenness profile of the method was assessed utilizing the eco-scale and the green analytical procedure Index.

Herein, an ecofriendly, simple, accurate, and cost‐effective high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography‐densitometic method was developed and optimized for separation and estimation of the novel triple therapy combination of Tinidazole, Clarithromycin, and Lansoprazole for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Successful chromatographic separation was established using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography silica gel 60 F 254 plates as stationary phase and a developing system consisted of ethanol‐acetone‐ammonia (10.0:4.0:0.1, by volume). Scanning of the bands was accomplished at 210 nm. The presented method has been fully validated and found to be suitable for application in routine quality control of the studied drugs in their dosage form with average percent recoveries of 99.97 ± 0.62, 100.89 ± 0.51, and 99.78 ± 0.56% for Clarithromycin, Tinidazole and Lansoprazole, respectively. The developed method was assessed with four greenness evaluation tools; National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco‐scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical GREEnness Metric tool. The suggested method was demonstrated to be more environmental friendly than the reported high‐performance liquid chromatography one in terms of the use of hazardous chemicals and solvents, energy consumption, and waste generation.

Green, economic and sensitive two spectrofluorometric methods were developed for the quantitation of flibanserin (FB) in different matrices, which are based on FB native fluorescence properties. The first technique depends on measuring the relative fluorescence intensity of FB directly at emission and excitation wavelengths(λem/λex) (371 nm/247 nm), while the second technique is a first derivative (D1) spectrofluorometric method, which depends on measuring the peak amplitudes at 351 nm. Linear regressions were observed in the range of 0.1–1.5 μg/mL for both methods. Moreover, both methods were efficiently extended to analyze FB in human urine, indicating the ultra-sensitivity of the methods, and linear regression was found within a range 0.05–0.7 μg/mL for both methods. Excellent selectivity of the proposed methods and good recoveries were obtained upon the analysis of FB in pharmaceutical dosage form and human urine samples without interference from matrix components with acceptable ranges, from 98.86 to 101.46% and from 98.08 to 102.37%, respectively. Greenness of the developed methods was assessed using the national environmental method index (NEMI) and Analytical Eco-scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). The three approaches confirmed that the developed methods are green, safe and environment-friendly.

The goal of the current research was to establish a quick and practical fluorometric technique for trifluridine analysis. The approach relied on the drug's complex formation with the zinc ion to produce a high‐fluorescence product. The fluorescence was further enhanced by adding sodium dodecyl sulfate, and it was observed at 450 nm following excitation at 400 nm. With a determination coefficient of 0.9994, the association between emission intensity and trifluridine concentration was linear between 1 and 125 ng mL−1. The quantitation limit was 0.987 ng mL−1 while 0.333 ng mL−1 was the detection limit. The buffer type, pH and concentration, type of surfactant and concentration, and finally the diluting solvent were among the reaction conditions that were closely examined. With great precision and reliability, the drug in question was quantified using this method in dosage formulations. The proposed method's level of greenness was assessed using two methodologies: the analytical greenness metric (AGREE) and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI).

A combination of allopurinol and benzbromarone is a common gout treatment protocol. A suboptimal response to allopurinol in patients is very common due to its pharmacokinetics variability. Moreover, the safe doses of benzbromarone is very crucial in patients with hepatic diseases. This raised the inquisitiveness to develop and optimize a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of allopurinol and benzbromarone in their coformulation and in the presence of oxypurinol, the active metabolite of allopurinol, in biological and pharmaceutical matrices. The method greenness profile was assessed using green metric tools the "National Environmental Method Index," the "Analytical Eco-Scale," and the "Green Analytical Procedure Index" by which the method proved to be ecofriendly. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of the pharmaceutical preparation and urine samples spiked with both drugs and the active metabolite. The linearity range was 25.0-250.0 μg/mL for benzbromarone, 50.0-350.0 μg/mL for allopurinol, and 100.0-500.0 μg/mL for oxypurinol. The recoveries were 99.60 ± 0.67, 99.89 ± 0.98, and 98.71 ± 1.18% for benzbromarone, allopurinol, and oxypurinol, respectively. The analysis results indicate potential usefulness of capillary zone electrophoresis as a competitive and greener method of analysis in biological and quality control labs.

Determination of the fatty acid profile in milk samples is one of the most important in food analysis. There are many methodologies for FA determination. The conventional procedure for determining the FA composition of milk is isolation of fat or indirect methylation, trans-methylation, extraction of fatty acids, and analysis by gas chromatography. In this study, eight methods based on alkaline methylation were compared for the analysis of fatty acids in cow's milk. The response factors (RF) for GC analysis using FID were calculated. For most acids, RFs were close to 1, with the exception of short-chain fatty acids (C4:0-C8:0). To facilitate the selection of the method for the determination of fatty acids in milk samples, the methods were assessed using the environmental assessment tools of the analytical procedure: the Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness for Sample Preparation (AGREEprep). The method based on direct milk methylation received the highest scores. Omitting the lipid separation step has an impact on reducing the quantity of used toxic chemicals and reagents, and produces a smaller amount of waste, a much higher throughput, and a reduced cost analysis.

Eco-friendly chromatographic methods for concurrent estimation of Montelukast and Bambuterol with its pharmacopoeial related substance Terbutaline: Greenness appraisal using analytical Eco-scale, GAPI and AGREE metrics

This study presents a robust, green, sustainable and time-efficient approach for the simultaneous determination of Bupropion HCl (BUP) and Dextromethorphan HBr (DEX) along with their related impurities 3-Chlorobenzoic acid and N, N-Dimethylaniline. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS), in addition to advanced chemometric models, namely multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), and artificial neural networks (ANN), are the four green smart multivariate spectrophotometric models that were proposed and validated. The suggested models were successful in examining the mixture of BUP and DEX in the presence of their impurities. Therefore, the suggested analytical methods can be applied to pharmaceutical formulation analysis without the need for a separation step. The proposed strategy offers a novel analytical platform for quality control laboratories to manage complex formulations involving interfering substances. To further ensure greenness and sustainability of the proposed approach, several assessment tools were applied, including the Modified National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Eco-Scale, the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metric, the Hexagon algorithm, the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), the Modified GAPI (MoGAPI), the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), White Analytical Chemistry (WAC), and the Click Analytical Chemistry Index (CACI). Many traditional analytical techniques pose undesirable dangers to the environment and the analyst, such as using hazardous solvents. This gave analysts the incentive to use green methodologies that take into account the use of safe chemicals, the production of the least amount of trash, substantial time savings, and enhanced analyst safety.

Nowadays, Green Analytical Chemistry is widely applied to provide various analytical methods with eco-friendly procedures employing the least toxic, harmful reagents on humans and the environment without affecting the efficacy of the determination. Accordingly, two eco-friendly, accurate, and reliable high-performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods were established for the determination and separation of two antispasmodic drugs, namely phloroglucinol and trimethylphloroglucinol in their pure, combined dosage form along with phloroglucinol toxic impurity, 3,5-dichloroaniline. For high-performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry, efficient separation was developed via utilizing the stationary phase of high-performance thin-layer chromatography silica gel 60 F254 plates and developing a system comprising of ethyl acetate-butanol-ammonia in the ratio of 8.0:2.0:0.2, by volume and scanning of the developed bands at 210.0nm. The subsequent method is isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection in which separation was successively attained using XTerra RP-C18 (250 × 4.6mm, 5μm) column as stationary phase and methanol-10.0mM phosphate buffer, pH 3.7±0.1 as mobile phase in the ratio of 75.0:25.0, v/v at flow rate 1.0ml/min and scanning at 220.0nm. The developed liquid chromatography methods were validated according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines, and all results acknowledged their efficacy. Additionally, the proposed methods worked well for assessing the cited drugs in binary combined commercially available pharmaceutical formulation. The greenness profile of the present methods was assessed and estimated using various assessment tools, namely; Green Analytical Procedure Index, analytical eco-scale method, National Environmental Method Index in addition to Analytical GREEnness tool to evaluate the greenness of the provided methods with a statistical comparison between them to assess the more green ones.