Sliding mode-based fault tolerant control designs for quadrotor UAVs-A comparative study

ABSTRACTThe control performance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is significantly deteriorated when faced with unknown disturbances, such as model uncertainties, parameter variations, and external interferences. This paper proposes a model‐free fast integral terminal sliding mode control (MFITSMC) approach based on an extended super‐twisting sliding mode disturbance observer (ESTSMDO), referred to as the ESTSMDO‐based MFITSMC approach. First, a unique ultra‐local model (NULM) of the PMSM is developed that accounts for unknown disturbances. Then, the MFITSMC is formulated by integrating a fast integral terminal sliding mode surface with a switching control law. The speed loop controller is designed using the MFITSMC. The ESTSMDO is meant to precisely estimate unknown disturbances and subsequently input them into the MFITSMC controller. The ESTSMDO‐based MFITSMC approach mitigates chattering and improves the system's robustness to unanticipated disturbances. Finally, the simulation and experimental validation demonstrate that the dynamic response of the PMSM system is markedly enhanced, and the chattering associated with SMC is effectively reduced.

To eliminate the effect of the uncertain disturbances and improve the control accuracy of spacecraft Attitude Control System, a nonlinear control algorithm named nonsingular terminal sliding-mode feedback controller is proposed in this work, which is mainly made up of nonsingular terminal sliding-mode controller and sliding-mode feedback controller. In the first place, nonsingular terminal sliding-mode controller is designed, which guarantees global asymptotic convergence of the attitude in the presence of the uncertain perturbations from the space. Despite that, it is the influence of the uncertain disturbances that hinder the control accuracy. Then, in order to promote the control accuracy, the sliding-mode feedback controller based on the principle of minimum sliding-mode error is proposed, which is used to compensate the control errors of the nonsingular terminal sliding-mode controller caused by the uncertainties. Hence, the determination principle of the weighting matrix in sliding-mode feedback controller is discussed, and the algorithm structure of the sliding-mode feedback controller is also analyzed, which provides the theoretical basis for the sliding-mode feedback controller. By contrast, an adaptive fuzzy algorithm is designed and introduced into the nonsingular terminal sliding-mode controller to improve the control accuracy, which named the nonsingular terminal fuzzy sliding-mode controller. Last but not the least, several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed nonsingular terminal sliding-mode feedback controller. Simulation results confirm that the control accuracy of the nonsingular terminal sliding-mode feedback controller is higher than the nonsingular terminal sliding-mode controller and the same as nonsingular terminal fuzzy sliding-mode controller. Not only is the calculation of the nonsingular terminal fuzzy sliding-mode feedback controller smaller than nonsingular terminal fuzzy sliding-mode controller, the adjusted parameters are also fewer than nonsingular terminal fuzzy sliding-mode controller obviously. The numerical results clearly indicate that the proposed nonsingular terminal sliding-mode feedback controller based on the principle of minimum sliding-mode error can compensate control errors accurately and quickly; therefore, it can reduce the effect of the uncertainties from the space indirectly.

This article presents an original motion control strategy for robot manipulators based on the coupling of the inverse dynamics method with the so-called second-order sliding mode control approach. Using this method, in principle, all the coupling non-linearities in the dynamical model of the manipulator are compensated, transforming the multi-input non-linear system into a linear and decoupled one. Actually, since the inverse dynamics relies on an identified model, some residual uncertain terms remain and perturb the linear and decoupled system. This motivates the use of a robust control design approach to complete the control scheme. In this article the sliding mode control methodology is adopted. Sliding mode control has many appreciable features, such as design simplicity and robustness versus a wide class of uncertainties and disturbances. Yet conventional sliding mode control seems inappropriate to be applied in robotics since it can generate the so-called chattering effect, which can be destructive for the controlled robot. In this article, this problem is suitably circumvented by designing a second-order sliding mode controller capable of generating a continuous control law making the proposed sliding mode controller actually applicable to industrial robots. To build the inverse dynamics part of the proposed controller, a suitable dynamical model of the system has been formulated, and its parameters have been accurately identified relying on a practical MIMO identification procedure recently devised. The proposed inverse dynamics-based second-order sliding mode controller has been experimentally tested on a COMAU SMART3-S2 industrial manipulator, demonstrating the tracking properties and the good performances of the controlled system.

In this paper, a Backstepping Global Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (BGITSMC) with the view to enhancing the dynamic stability of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid has been presented. The proposed approach controls the switching signals of the inverter, interlinking the DC-bus with the AC-bus in an AC/DC microgrid for a seamless interface and regulation of the output power of renewable energy sources (Solar Photovoltaic unit, PMSG-based wind farm), and Battery Energy Storage System. The proposed control approach guarantees the dynamic stability of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid by regulating the associated states of the microgrid system to their intended values. The dynamic stability of the microgrid system with the proposed control law has been proved using the Control Lyapunov Function. A simulation analysis was performed on a test hybrid AC/DC microgrid system to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control strategy in terms of maintaining power balance while the system’s operating point changed. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by comparing its performance with the existing Sliding Mode Control (SMC) approach for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid.

An integral TSMC-based adaptive fault-tolerant control for quadrotor with external disturbances and parametric uncertainties

In this paper, sliding mode controller (SMC) and integral sliding mode controller (ISMC) are designed for a variable speed wind turbine. The main objective of the controller is to optimize the energy captured from the wind at below rated power. To overcome the steady state error, the ISMC is introduced. However, in the presence of large uncertainties, ISMC control approach produces oscillatory phenomenon due to the higher needed gain. To eliminate the tradeoffs between the ISMC tracking performance and the high gain at the control input, we have introduced a new method based on the modification of the output tracking error through the use of the exponential function in order to eliminate the reaching phase. The stability of the proposed ISMC is analyzed by Lyapunov theory and the control action didn't show any chattering. The simulation results of ISMC are presented and the control performance is compared with conventional SMC.

In this paper, a proportional-integral sliding mode control (PISMC) method is presented to achieve the attitude and position control of an unmanned helicopter system for autonomous hovering. The PISMC includes the advantages of both conventional sliding mode control (SMC) and integral sliding mode control (ISMC). The proposed PISMC algorithm is capable of stabilized attitude and position control for unmanned helicopter autonomous hovering, and it offers a performance improvement over the conventional SMC and ISMC algorithms as well. The system performance is quantified and an experimental unmanned helicopter system is developed to access the performance of the PISMC. Both simulations and actual flight tests are conducted to verify the PISMC attitude and position control. The simulation results show that the PISMC tracking error is smaller and that PISMC converges faster than SMC does. The flight test results prove that the proposed PISMC is effective in the attitude and position control of unmanned helicopter autonomous hovering.

In this paper, an integral terminal sliding mode controller (ITSMC) based on a modified exponential reaching law (MERL) is developed for providing large-signal DC-bus voltage stability while smoothing power flow in DC microgrids (DCMGs). It is worth mentioning that this control approach is not employed in DCMG applications yet to adjust the DC-bus voltage while preserving power balance. The proposed DCMG is made up of a solar photovoltaic (PV) unit, a battery energy storage system (BESS), and DC loads. A DC-DC boost converter (DDBC) and a bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDDC) are employed to connect the solar PV and BESS, respectively, with the DC-bus, which not only controls the output power of these units but also regulates the DC-bus voltage. First, a detailed dynamical model including external disturbances is developed for each component, i.e., the solar PV and BESS. Then, the proposed control approach is employed on these units to get their corresponding control signals. Afterward, the overall stability of each unit is ensured using the Lyapunov stability theory. Moreover, to ensure the robustness of the proposed controller, external disturbances are also bounded based on the value of user-defined constants. Finally, simulation results are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach in a variety of operational scenarios. Additionally, simulation results of the proposed control strategy are compared to those of existing controllers to demonstrate its superiority.

The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) at the edge of the grid plays a contributory role in advancing the transition to a sustainable energy future. However, this transition introduces significant variability, which challenges the maintenance of frequency stability in power systems. To address the impacts of RES variability, various robust control strategies have been developed. This paper compares the performance of different advanced sliding mode control (SMC) approaches, i.e., super twisting (ST) algorithm‐based second order sliding mode control (STSOSMC), second order sliding mode control (SOSMC), double integral sliding mode control (DISMC) and integral sliding mode control (ISMC) with conventional sliding mode control (SMC) for load frequency control with stochastic RESs such as biogas generators (BG) and wind‐based doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). The impact of the advanced sliding mode controllers on the voltage and rotor angle stability of the system is also explored. The efficacy of the controllers is tested under different load disturbances, considering nonlinearities such as communication delay (CD), sensor inaccuracy (SI), governor dead band (GDB), and generation rate constraint (GRC). The results demonstrate that STSOSMC achieves superior frequency regulation with minimal chattering and outperforms other controllers in terms of settling time, overshooting, and undershooting in frequency deviation. The result also demonstrates the effectiveness of STSOSMC in managing the variability and disturbances of RESs. Therefore, it could be considered the most robust control mechanism from the edge of the grid system with high penetration of RESs.

The work presented here is concerned with the robust control problem for the inverted pendulum with mismatched disturbances via a non-linear disturbance observer (NDO)-based sliding mode control (SMC) method. The NDO-based SMC method provides a solution to the main limitation of conventional first-order sliding mode controllers that is the presence of high frequency oscillations in the control input known as chattering while retaining the nominal performance. To show the effectiveness of NDO-based SMC, both the conventional SMC and the integral SMC (I-SMC) methods are employed in the simulation studies for the purpose of comparison studies and results demonstrate the merits of NDO-based SMC.

Conventional sliding mode controllers have been successfully applied to control various types systems including the Stewart platform manipulator. But chattering, lack of robustness in the reaching phase and sensitivity to unmatched uncertainty are the basic problems which delayed their practical implementations. To avoid the non robust reaching phase to compensate unmatched uncertainties, integral sliding mode controllers have been proposed but only SISO system examples have been tested. Hence in this paper, MIMO implementation of integral sliding mode controller is tested using a 6 DOF Stewart platform manipulator. The integral sliding mode controller is implemented using MATLAB simulation and the result is compared with PD and conventional sliding mode controller. It was found that the integral sliding mode controller performs better in avoiding uncertainties due to load variation and actuator friction.

This paper presents a conventional sliding mode control (SMC) and chattering free improved sliding mode control design strategy for nonlinear systems. In this paper, theoretical and mathematical concept of variable structure control (VSC) system and sliding mode control has been discussed. The modelling of conventional sliding mode controller as well as chattering free improved sliding mode controller for sample nonlinear equation and robotic vehicle located underwater, forming a single direction motion is the main motive of this paper. Chattering in conventional sliding mode controller can be easily removed by using continuous function in place of discontinuous sign function. The Lyapunov stability criterion is used for nonlinear system control giving a simple control algorithm. Simulation result depicts the feasibility and satisfactory performance of chattering free improved sliding mode control as compared to conventional sliding mode control.

Variable structure control with sliding mode, which is commonly known as sliding mode control (SMC), is a nonlinear control strategy that is well known for its robust characteristics (Utkin, 1977). The main feature of SMC is that it can switch the control law very fast to drive the system states from any initial state onto a user-specified sliding surface, and to maintain the states on the surface for all subsequent time (Utkin, 1977), (Phuah et al., 2005 a). The conventional SMC has two disadvantages (Ertugrul & Kaynak, 2000), (Slotine & Sastry, 1983), which are the chattering phenomenon (Slotine & Sastry, 1983), (Young et al., 1999) and the difficulty in calculating the equivalent control law of SMC that requires a thorough knowledge of the parameters and dynamics of the nominal controlled plant (Ertugrul & Kaynak, 2000), (Slotine & Sastry, 1983), (Hussain & Ho, 2004). Many methods of SMC using neural networks (NN) have been proposed (Phuah et al., 2005 a), (Ertugrul & Kaynak, 2000), (Hussain & Ho, 2004), (Phuah et al., 2005 b), (Yasser et al., 2007), (Topalov et al., 2007). In this paper, sliding mode controls using NN are proposed to deal with the problem of eliminating the chattering effect and the difficulty in calculating the equivalent control law of SMC that requires a thorough knowledge of the parameters and dynamics of the nominal controlled plant. The first method of this method applies a method using a simplified form of the distance function proposed in (Phuah et al., 2005 a), (Phuah et al., 2005 b). Furthermore, the simplified distance function of our method uses a sliding surface in the space of the output error and its derivations, as proposed in (Yasser et al., 2006 a), (Yasser et al., 2006 c), instead of the space of the states error to construct a corrective control input. Thus, no observer is required in the proposed method. Moreover, we also propose the application of an NN to construct the equivalent control input of SMC. The weights of the NN are adjusted using a backpropagation algorithm as in (Yasser et al., 2006 b). Hence, a thorough knowledge of the parameters and dynamics of the nominal controlled plant is not required for calculating the equivalent control law. Finally, a stability analysis is carried out, and the effectiveness of this first control method is confirmed through computer simulations. This first method has been previously discussed in (Yasser et al., 2007). The second method of this paper applies an NN to produce the gain of the corrective control of SMC. Furthermore, the output of the switching function the corrective control of SMC is applied for the learning and training of the NN. There is no equivalent control of SMC is used in this second method. As in the first method, this second method applies a method using a sliding surface in the space of the output error and its derivations, as proposed in

In this paper, to improve the robustness and realize the precision positioning as well as speed control of the servo drive system, an integrated sliding-mode control (ISMC) optimized by differential evolution (DE-ISMC) algorithm is proposed. ISMC guarantees that a motor can reach at given position with given speed, and given speed is set first. ISMC, which is combined with speed regulator and position regulator, is different from the conventional sliding-mode control (SMC) replacing speed regulator. ISMC can guarantee that motor speed is controlled under position control mode, which is a novelty and an advantage of ISMC in this paper. To achieve good control performance of ISMC, parameters of it should be chosen exactly, so DE algorithm is selected to optimize them. The most significant influence factor of DE algorithm is the optimization iteration. Once parameters of ISMC are optimized under convergent iteration, servo system performance reaches given indices in the shortest time. Experimental results indicate that robustness of the servo system is improved; correctness and effectiveness of DE-ISMC are verified.

An integral terminal sliding mode controller is proposed in order to control chaos in a rod-type plasma torch system. In this method, a new sliding surface is defined based on a combination of the conventional sliding surface in terminal sliding mode control and a nonlinear function of the integral of the system states. It is assumed that the dynamics of a chaotic system are unknown and also the system is exposed to disturbance and unstructured uncertainty. To achieve a chattering-free and high-speed response for such an unknown system, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is utilized in the next step to approximate the unknown part of the nonlinear dynamics. Then, the proposed integral terminal sliding mode controller stabilizes the approximated system based on Lyapunov’s stability theory. In addition, a Bee algorithm is used to select the coefficients of integral terminal sliding mode controller to improve the performance of the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate the improvement in the response speed, chattering rejection, transient response, and robustness against uncertainties.