Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Do They Earn More?*

A model of business success was developed with motivational resources (locus of control, self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and self-reported personal initiative) and cognitive resources (cognitive ability and human capital) as independent variables, business owners' elaborate and proactive planning as a mediator, and business size and growth as dependent variables. Three studies with a total of 408 African micro and small-scale business owners were conducted in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. Structural equation analyses partially supported the hypotheses on the importance of psychological planning by the business owners. Elaborate and proactive planning was substantially related to business size and to an external evaluation of business success and was a (partial) mediator for the relationship between cognitive resources and business success. The model carries important implications for selection, training, and coaching of business owners.

Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Does It Pay?

Manufacturing industries often rely on quality control staff to ensure mistakes are detected before products are shipped to customers. Undetected errors can result in large financial and environmental costs to packaging companies and supermarkets but the contributors to such error are underexplored. The research reported in this paper investigated human error in the quality control checking of information displayed on the labels which accompany packaged fresh produce. Initial work sought to understand the demands of label‐checking in the packhouse environment, through interviews with key quality control staff, in situ observations, and the study of historical error data held by a fresh produce packaging company. This study highlighted the dynamic and cognitively challenging environment in which label‐checking occurred, while the historical error data indicated both the scale of the packhouse's work and the infrequency of error occurring. In a separate strand of laboratory‐based research, experienced and novice label‐checkers were presented with a simulated label‐checking task and a battery of computerized and pen‐and‐paper tests. These tasks were administered to determine whether cognitive abilities could predict label‐checking accuracy in a controlled laboratory environment. Stronger abilities in two cognitive processes (information processing speed and inhibition) predicted greater overall accuracy and higher detection of labeling errors. In identifying potential contributors to human error in the quality control checking of product labels both in situ and in the laboratory, the results are relevant to manufacturing, wherever information is printed on labels, especially when labeling processes depend upon human data entry and human quality control checking.

Research informed by dual process models of addictions has clearly demonstrated an association between automatic and controlled alcohol-related cognitions and alcohol use. However, the literature is limited with respect to examination of the cognitive abilities that may moderate these associations across populations. This study examined executive abilities, automatic and controlled alcohol-related cognitions, and alcohol use and problems in sample of college students. It was hypothesized that the executive abilities of working memory and response inhibition would moderate relations between alcohol-related cognitions and involvement. Specifically, it was anticipated that individuals with weaker abilities in these areas would demonstrate stronger relations between automatic cognitions and use, while individuals with stronger abilities in these areas would demonstrate more robust relations between controlled cognitions and use. Research participants completed two Implicit Association Tasks measuring alcohol-related arousal and relaxation associations. In addition, participants completed questionnaires regarding alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption and problems, and various measures of neuropsychological functioning. We tested study hypotheses using structural equation modeling and probed significant interactions using simple slope analyses. Support for a moderating effect of inhibition abilities on relations between implicit relaxation associations and alcohol involvement was observed. Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of cognitive and neuropsychological factors that contribute to alcohol misuse with important implications for preventive interventions and treatment.

A-250 Evidence for Language and Memory Improvements Following Right Anterior Temporal Lobectomy in a Patient with Mixed Language Dominance

Since the birth of the subject of artificial intelligence, the long-term goal of this subject is to realize the intelligent system of human level. However, after nearly 60 years of development, no general intelligent system has been able to approach the level of human beings: it has the ability to cooperate with a variety of different cognitive abilities; it has a strong adaptive ability to complex environments; it has the ability of self-learning to new things and new environments. With the development of Brain and Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, it is possible to observe some activities of Brain Neural Networks under various cognitive tasks at different scales and obtain relevant data. Therefore, inspired by brain working mechanism, the development of Brain-like Intelligence has become a hotspot in the field of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Science in recent years. Machine Intelligence Brain-like Intelligence System (MIBS) inspired by cognitive behavior mechanism and realized by hardware and software cooperation is similar to human beings in information processing mechanism, cognitive behavior and intelligence level. The goal is to enable machines to realize various human cognitive abilities and their coordination mechanism, and ultimately reach or surpass the level of human intelligence. In this paper, we will study from the perspective of brain science, cognitive science and artificial intelligence. This paper reviews the history, current situation and research focus of brain-like intelligence research, and looks forward to its development direction, potential application fields and potential far-reaching impact.

In order to improve the intrusion detection system based on traditional immune theory, a new three levels anomaly disposal system model based on danger theory was proposed in this paper. The data stream is treated with three levels anomaly disposal in the model, the first level is to recognize the danger and remove the data of non-danger which will not bring damage to the system, for the second level is all dangerous abnormal invasions which will be classified properly, and then the danger will be solved finally at the third level. The designed model improved the system's "danger" recognition, reduced the false alarm as well as failed alarm efficiently, and it has strong robustness and cognitive learning ability.

This study investigated the extent to which cognitive abilities that involve explicit cognitive processes (i.e., explicit language aptitude) are related to second language (L2) learning outcomes under two corrective feedback conditions. The study followed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest experimental design. Forty-eight L2 learners of English carried out three oral production tasks, in which their errors on the indefinite article were treated according to their group assignment (i.e., explicit, implicit, and no-feedback). A set of controlled oral production tests was administered as pretest and posttest. Explicit language aptitude was measured using three subtests from the LLAMA Language Aptitude Test battery (Meara, 2005). Results showed that explicit language aptitude predicted immediate posttest performance only under the explicit feedback condition, suggesting that this type of feedback requires mental processes that are facilitated by explicit cognitive abilities and that its short-term effectiveness is not the same for learners with different aptitude levels.

The current study investigated to what extent two aptitude components, one for explicit and the other for implicit learning, could predict the acquisition of English grammatical structures by late L2 English learners in a naturalistic acquisition context. Sixty-five L2 English learners of Chinese Mandarin, as well as a group of English native speakers, performed a visual-world eye-tracking task. This task involved real-time processing of two grammatical properties of the English nominal phrase that differ in terms of L2 psycholinguistic difficulty: (1) definiteness (a difficult structure) and (2) mass–count (an easy structure). Predictors were implicit learning aptitude, measured by the serial-reaction time (SRT) task, and explicit learning aptitude, measured by subtests of the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT Part 4) and the LLAMA_F test. The overall findings suggest that explicit and implicit learning mechanisms are recruited differentially for learning different grammatical properties.

The effects of age at school entry on school performance and adjustment were examined by comparing six birthdate groups, each representing two months of the calendar year of school entry. School performance measures were tests of cognitive skills at school entry, parent and teacher ratings of performance at grade 3, and tests of aptitude and achievement at grade 4. School adjustment variables were ratings of behavioral and emotional functioning by parents at school entry and grade 3 and by teachers at kindergarten and grade 3. The use of school-based services was also assessed. Results indicated age group differences on cognitive ability at school entry, with the youngest group having the lowest scores and the oldest group having the highest scores. There were no age differences with respect to performance and adjustment in subsequent years.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of neuregulin1β (NRG1β) on the level of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and explore the therapeutic mechanism of NRG1β on the cognitive dysfunction in rats with chronic omethoate poisoning.MethodsRats with strong learning and memory ability, 50 in total, were selected by Y-electric maze test. Among which, 15 rats were randomly selected into control group, and the rest 35 rats were used to establish experimental cognitive impairment models by being injected with omethoate subcutaneously. The 30 cases of successful cognitive impairment models were randomly divided into model group and treated group consisting of 15 rats, respectively. Then rats in treated group were injected with NRG1β into their lateral ventricles, while rats in control and model groups were given equal volume of PBS simultaneously. The cognitive capacity of rats was evaluated with Y-electric maze. The morphology and ultrastructure of hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. The expression of p-ERK1/2 was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blotting.ResultsCompared with rats in model group, the cognitive ability of rats with omethoate exposed (model and treated groups) reduced significantly, along with the obvious damage of hippocampal neurons and the expression of p-ERK1/2 decreased significantly (P < 0.05). And after treatment with NRG1β, the cognitive activity of treated rats was improved obviously, and the injury of hippocampal neurons was milder and the expression of p-ERK1/2 increased significantly more than those in model rats (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn chronic omethoate poisoning rats, NRG1β can promote the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 in hippocampal neurons, and play an important role in the improvement of cognitive function.

The wide application of campus card in campus life has produced a lot of data. The data view expresses data in a simple and understandable way to provide users with the information they need. Based on the strong cognitive ability of human beings to detect, analyze and understand graphic patterns, compared with other traditional data analysis methods, users can more easily capture data features from data views. Based on the consumption data of a college canteen, this paper analyzes the composition dimensions of the data, preprocesses the consumption data, designs a data analysis model based on individual students, stalls and the restaurant as a whole, and realizes the visualization of campus card consumption data with the overall picture of the restaurant, the overall picture of the stalls and the personal consumption picture based on python language.

Fragile X Syndrome in a Normal IQ Male with Learning and Emotional Problems

This book represents a collection of quantitative studies on language aptitude in the context of psychology, the language sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. Throughout this book the authors bring together interdisciplinary approaches to language aptitude and its constituents in order to both inspire researchers and contribute to the testing of a new language aptitude test. This is because the authors are part of a teaching and research initiative by the editor, Susanne Maria Reiterer, embedded into the unit of language learning and teaching research (Sprachlehr- und –Lernforschung, SLLF), an interdisciplinary sub-unit affiliated with the linguistics department and the centre for teacher education at the University of Vienna. This research initiative uses a heuristic, exploratory bottom-up approach, as the ideas of the mixed group of young and senior investigators regarding new approaches on language aptitude research form the basis of this book. Some of the authors are part of the “aptitude and multilinguality” group which is currently initiating and exploring a new multilingual aptitude (MULT/AP) test that was developed by Markus Christiner and Susanne Reiterer at the University of Vienna (Christiner & Reiterer, 2017). The MULT/AP test measures phonetic aptitude and aims at identifying factors influencing it, such as cognitive abilities, musicality, gender, and age. Hence, this book is a product of the joint effort of language aptitude researchers who aim at exploring language aptitude’s multiple components, inspire Europe-wide research, and support the development of a novel language aptitude test.

: The Basic Attributes Test (BAT) battery is a set of computer- administered personnel tests designed to assess a broad range of attributes believed to be related to flying training performance. The original battery consisted of 15 tests that measured psychomotor coordination, cognitive and perceptual abilities, and personality and attitudinal characteristics. This report focuses on the development of interim score profiles for eight of the BAT tests for Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) and Officer Training School (OTS) pilot candidates. Comparisons between the two groups indicate that although the OTS group consistently scored higher on the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT) than did the ROTC group, the two groups scored very similarly on the BAT battery. A factor analysis was performed to provide insight into the ability domains assessed by the BAT battery. The six factors that emerged suggest that the eight tests are fairly independent. Finally, research regarding the utility of the BAT battery for pilot selection and classification is reviewed briefly and suggestions are made regarding future development of the test battery. Keywords: Aptitude tests; Basic Attributes Test(BAT); Cognitive test; Computer-administered testing; Factor analysis; Personnel test.