Smart Cities - An Architectural Approach

Chapter 10 - Security aspects and UAVs in Socialized Regions

Smart cities rely on innovative technologies, guidelines, and mechanisms to advance city dwellers’ quality of life (QoL). Notwithstanding the global attention the smart city concept has received within the last decade, studies establishing pragmatic approaches for implementing smart sustainable city strategies in the Gulf region are rare. This study modelled a practical framework for implementing smart sustainable city strategies and megaprojects in one of the Gulf cities. A qualitative research methodology was used to assess smart city strategies from four cities to identify the optimum implementation strategies. This study design framework adopted a case study methodology, the identification of knowledge gaps, data collection and analysis, and interpretations of key findings. Best practices, paramount/relevant stakeholders, main issues/relevant considerations, 15 key performance indicators (KPI), and outputs/deliverables involved in diverse smart sustainable city strategies and project lifecycle phases were identified. The lifecycle phases adopted in the study were (i) conceptualization, (ii) planning/design, and (iii) installation/closure. A pragmatic understanding of how to effectively appraise, monitor, and implement smart sustainable city strategies and megaprojects is provided for policy/decision-makers and built environment experts in Saudi Arabia and globally. The proposed implementation strategic framework can perform the function of an appraisal tool for assessing each phase of the smart city project’s life cycle progress, informing preventions of delays or implementation challenges. This study’s contribution to research knowledge is the development of a model that reveals and illustrates the connections between different phases of smart sustainable city strategies and projects.

“Smart city” is a new model of territorial development, taking into account the growing importance of information, innovation and human capital. One of the main elements of the “smart city” is a developed system of higher education. The aim of this work was to study the impact of higher education on "smart" and innovative cities. The objectives of this work were to obtain quantitative characteristics of the impact of the University on the smart city. Approach to solving this problem was to build indicators based on indicators that characterize the quality of life, and ratings to compare cities on their basis. The hypothesis of the study is that the higher education system has a positive impact on the development of smart and innovative cities. A theoretically justified method of constructing an indicator of a certain direction of socio-economic development is a component analysis of indicators characterizing this direction. As a result, the rankings of Russian and foreign cities based on the characteristics of quality of life, which prove that education is a key indicator of the development of "smart" and innovative cities.

An ecosystem of digital services requires a service platform to facilitate a dynamic service introduction. As a system of systems and a service-oriented system, Smart City has key characteristics of a service ecosystem. However, a service platform has unique characteristics to become a service platform for the implementation of Smart City. On the other hand, an implementation of a service platform for a Smart City must depart from a proven service platform concept conforming to the characteristics of a Smart City Architecture. This paper elaborates an initial process of a service platform implementation with Smart City characteristics. This initial study takes its form as a descriptive study from a systematic literature review employing a Design Research Methodology (DRM) approach. This paper provides an overview of an application of service platforms concept in the digital service ecosystem and service computing systems to fulfill the need of a Smart City Architecture characteristics.

A systematic review of technologies and solutions to improve security and privacy protection of citizens in the smart city

Smart city initiatives are viewed as an input to existing urban systems to solve various problems faced by modern cities. Making cities smarter implies not only technological innovation and deployment, but also having smart people and effective policies. Cities can acquire knowledge and incorporate governance lessons from other jurisdictions to develop smart city initiatives that are unique to the local contexts. We conducted two rounds of surveys involving 23 experts on an e-Delphi platform to consolidate their opinion on factors that facilitate policy transfer among smart cities. Findings show a consensus on the importance of six factors: having a policy entrepreneur; financial instruments; cities’ enthusiasm for policy learning; capacity building; explicit regulatory mechanisms; and policy adaptation to local contexts. Correspondingly, three policy recommendations were drawn. Formalizing collaborative mechanisms and joint partnerships between cities, setting up regional or international networks of smart cities, and establishing smart city repositories to collect useful case studies for urban planning and governance lessons will accelerate policy transfer for smart city development. This study sheds light on effective ways policymakers can foster policy learning and transfer, especially when a jurisdiction's capacity is insufficient to deal with the uncertainties and challenges ahead. • Consolidated opinions of 23 experts via two rounds of e-Delphi study on smart cities. • Identified six key factors to foster policy learning and transfer in smart cities. • Policy capacity, context sensitivity, financial and regulatory tools are crucial. • Policy entrepreneurs and enthusiasm to learn also drive inter-city policy transfer. • We also suggest formalising collaborative mechanisms and smart city repositories.

A smart city is an urban policy innovation that can improve the community's quality of life by promoting environmental, social, and economic sustainability issues. The involvement and participation of civil society in developing smart cities is a major issue in implementing inclusive smart cities. However, gender issues are often forgotten in developing sustainable smart cities. This article examines two issues. First, the importance of gender issues integration in the development of sustainable smart cities in Indonesia. Second, the importance of gender mainstreaming policy in the development of smart cities in Indonesia. This is a desk study or literature study. Data were obtained from research results published in national and international journals. Data was obtained through accredited journal search engines, namely google scholar, SagePub and Researchgate. The research results show that development of smart city in Indonesia is not yet gender responsive, causing gender inequality gender and excluding women from development. To respond to this, thus there is a need for gender mainstreaming policies in developing smart cities through an overview of the challenges of gender mainstreaming in developing smart cities. Thus, this research recommends a gender mainstreaming strategy as a policy in developing smart cities in Indonesia. Gender mainstreaming policy in smart city development need to be to create a smart city life that is just, inclusive and involves women in development.

South Korea has a long history of the planning, development, and management of smart cities to integrate emerging technological advances into complex physical infrastructure. This article explores lessons learned from smart city programs in South Korea to better understand the challenges and opportunities of future sustainable smart city innovation and development. This article conducted a comprehensive review and analysis of South Korea's smart city programs and conceptualized a sustainable smart city framework that will assist policymakers, planners, citizens, and other key stakeholders. This research proposed Governance, Policy, and Services (GPS) as the three pillars of a successful smart city framework, in addition to integrating physical and cyber infrastructures. This article argues that a smart city should function as a service platform that incubates and delivers long-term services to citizens and society. This article also emphasizes that a strong groundwork of the GPS framework will lead to the successful adaptation of innovative technologies and ideas for future smart city programs.

Building a smart city that follows sustainability goals enhances the quality of life and preserves environmental, human, and social capital. Yet, existing smart sustainable city projects have concentrated on the technological dimensions of smart cities such as using big data or smart devices to follow sustainability goals. Currently, there is no comprehensive category of smart sustainable city indicators in the literature. This paper aims to discover these indicators by considering the common features of sustainability and smart city concepts. Two rounds of the content analysis technique were employed to investigate semantic, lexical, and conceptual relationships between smart city and sustainability indicators. This paper employed the Sustainable Development Indicators suggested by OECD and the Smart City Index Master by Cohen as the two main groups of indicators. The findings offer a novel set of indicators that enables policymakers and researchers to consider the smartness and sustainability of their projects simultaneously. This includes socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and governance categories with 28 associated indicators. The outcome of this paper offers a unique combined category of smart sustainable city indicators by considering the key elements of sustainability and smart city concepts. Academics and policymakers can also employ this set of indicators as a guideline to build a smart sustainable community.

Regional development is founded on creative and dynamic territories, where several partners collaborate to create ideal conditions to improve life living, business, job creation and regional competitiveness. Smart cities use networks to promote economic and political efficiency and to allow social, cultural and urban development. These regions present high standards respecting some indicators associated with, innovation, creativity, environment, life quality, entrepreneurial activities and support facilities. Entrepreneurial ecosystems are an important dimension for a region or city to become smart. These entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge as a compromise to foster entrepreneurship and economic development in a regional context. This chapter has two folds. Firstly, it aims to the discussion of core concepts, such as, smart city and how to define an entrepreneurial ecosystem. It also aims to its features, to understand if an entrepreneurial ecosystem is born or made and it pretends to show an example of a smart start-up city, which is the case of Lisbon.

A review of the literature on the theory and practice of creating smart cities shows that there is no common understanding of the concept of a smart city, as well as the goals of its creation. The concept of a smart sustainable city has been gaining popularity in recent years and is being actively implemented in various countries. It is considered as a means of solving social, economic, and environmental problems caused by urbanization. The Nordic countries have achieved the greatest success in its implementation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing theories on the concept of smart sustainable cities, as well as the most successful experience of their creation in the Nordic countries. This analysis will allow us to determine the most optimal technologies for implementation in Russian practice. The methodological approach of this study includes a systematic review of the literature on smart cities, with an emphasis on those that focus on conceptual development and provide an empirical database. The review shows that the literature reveals three types of driving forces of smart sustainable cities. These are technologies, communities, and public policy which are associated with such areas of their development as improving the population welfare and the life quality in cities, productivity, and efficiency of their functioning and management. But this experience is not taken into account in the development of Russian programs for creating smart cities. The article presents a comprehensive study of the experience of Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland in creating smart sustainable cities, digitalizing the economy of countries, and at the same time in achieving the goals of sustainable development.

In this developing paradigm, heterogeneous network infrastructure is combined with ubiquitous devices for sensing, smart control systems and big data analytics to create “smart cities.” Enhancing the overall quality of life is one of their main goals and they do so through smart services they offer in a broad range of areas such as transportation, healthcare, entertainment (including virtual reality), the environment (including pollution) and energy. To be able to offer those services, the job of big data and their analysis is complicated, since it allows for the extraction of useful insights from the enormous amounts of data that the smart cities produce. The current state-of-the-art research efforts aimed at big data analytics in a smart city setting are investigated and presented in this chapter. In particular, a comprehensive literature review on the big data analytic frameworks for smart cities is provided. Following that, a short talk on IoT and big data is briefed. Owing to different data that the smart cities collect, which frequently have contradictory processing needs, appropriate investigative methods based on the data type are also recommended, depending on the data type. The many smart city applications were investigated and a perspective on the difficulties associated with smart city development was developed. In this chapter, the methods addressing the smart city issues and development are examined, and the possibility for the employment of integrated IoT and big data analytics is presented. Finally, as a case study, a briefing on a call service application for the fire department in a smart city is provided to round up the presentation.

Why are smart cities proving to be so hard to deliver?

The smart city is a complex concept which integrates diverse technologies to resolve the new problems in cities. In the modern city, licensed and unlicensed radio signals are widely used indoor and outdoor for multiple purposes: from wireless communications, broadcasting to localization, navigation and remote sensing. The most common application of radio signals in urban settings is communications, including the mobile communications over licensed carrier bands and wireless access over ISM bands. Besides the localization, existing outdoor radio signals can also be used for capturing the instant motion status of targets of interest by using passive detection. Similar to the outdoor applications, accurate position and instant motion are also important for indoor applications like health care, indoor navigation and robotics. With the enrichment of the physical space and infrastructures of cities, along with the increased capability of smart devices and agents across different scales, the idea of a smart city has moved towards reality.

The globalization and modernization process of the 20th-21st centuries decreased diversity and created similar cultures—the modern culture also created" modern" cities. Modern cities provided humanity the integration into production. Transportation, accommodation, and the other needs of people integrated into the output have been designed into those cities. However, later developments and research denote that the cities are not sustainable for the long term. Air pollution, water supply, food, and access to services are modern cities' main concerns. Therefore, a new development in the concept of cities was created, which is smart cities. The theory of smart cities provides the administrative power of a country with a well-established, sustainable, and smart development. The theory implemented in Doha is one example of the latest developed/developing cities. The limited population of Qatar and the significant wealth of natural gas provide them the means to establish a smart city. The main catch phrase for Qataris on that development project is “modernization with protecting the heritage.” This study examines Qatar's attempts to create Doha as an example of a smart city while protecting tradition and culture. The focus of that study will be the economic, societal, and environmental developments to denote the harmony of modernity and tradition in Doha. The research indicates that the Qatari administration builds Doha on three pillars: smart society, smart environment, and smart development.