Smart Grid: A Survey

Electrical power grids are changing with a focus on ensuring energy sustainability and enhanced power quality for all sectors. Over the last few decades, there has been a change from a centralized to a decentralized paradigm, which is the consequence of a large-scale incorporation of new electrical technologies and resultant equipment. Considering the foreseeable continuation of changes in electrical power grids, a direction rooted in power electronics with a focus on hybrid AC/DC grids, including the support of solid-state transformers and unified systems, is presented in this paper. Converging on hybrid AC/DC grids, DC grids (structured as unipolar and bipolar) and coupled and decoupled AC configurations are analyzed. On the other hand, in the context of solid-state transformers, feasible structures are analyzed, including the establishment of hybrid AC/DC grids, and the assessment of gains for boosting power quality is presented. Unified power electronics systems are also of fundamental importance when contextualized within the framework of future power grids, presenting higher efficiency, lower power stages, and the possibility of multiple operations to support the main AC grid. In this paper, such subjects are discussed and contextualized within the framework of future power grids, encompassing highly important and modern structures and their associated challenges. Various situations are characterized, revealing a gradual integration of the cited technologies for future power grids, which are also known as smart grids.

Availability importance measures of components in smart electric power grid systems

Electric power grids are undergoing a modernization process. By relying on the ICT infrastructure and on Internet connectivity, these so-called Smart Grids are now able to provide new functionalities and to become more efficient. However, despite the existence of a few standards that aim to specify the secure operation of Smart Grids, utility companies do not have a comprehensive set of metrics and evaluation tools for assessing security properties in these infrastructures. Thus, it is necessary to develop new toolsets to provide support for vulnerability analysis in Smart Grids. This paper proposes ASTORIA, a framework developed to allow the simulation of attacks and the evaluation of their impact on Smart Grid infrastructures, using closely-related real devices and real topologies comprising both power grid elements as well as ICT and networking equipment. We anticipate that ASTORIA can be used by Smart Grid operators not only to analyze the impact of malicious attacks and other security threats in different components, but also to permit the development and evaluation of anomaly detection techniques in a simulation environment. Further, we present evaluation scenarios illustrating customizable Smart Grid topologies, comprising sensors, master and remote stations, and using an extensible set of attack profiles.

Smart grids are electric grids that utilize advanced technologies of monitoring, control, and communication to supply reliable and secure energy, improve the efficiency of the system, and provide flexibility to the prosumers. The beginning of the smart grid era and the development in modern infrastructures of metering, communication, and energy storage have revolutionized the power grid. Smart grids are developed with complex physical networks and cyber systems thus enabling smart grids for the Internet of Energy (IoE). IoE is the cloud where sources of power generation and loads of power consumption are embedded with intelligence. Modern electric power grids are integrated with sensors used to provide measurements. The sensor measurements and the complex applications of various sensors cause a need for Cyber-Physical System (CPS). CPS is a class of systems that integrates physical process, computation, and networking. The CPS model of the smart grid helps in modeling and simulation for evaluation of the system performance and characteristics. The CPS model of the smart grid must enable the smart grid to be robust, 2allow future extensions, and compatible with web service technologies. The power generation sources and loads such as smart buildings are the physical layers, the sensors used for measurements form the cyber-physical integration and the data storage and processing using IOE forms the cyber layer of the smart grid. The CPS model of the smart grid helps in the integration of intelligent devices and allied information and communication technologies for robust and reliable operation in smart grids. In the smart grid paradigm, the energy management system has a vital role to increase the efficiency and reliability of the system. This chapter presents a CPS model for smart grid and the challenges associated with the development of the CPS model. In addition, this chapter describes the energy management system model of the smart grid.

Concerns about climate changes and environmental air pollution are leading to the adoption of new technologies for transportation, mainly based on vehicle electrification and the interaction with smart grids, and also with the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) accompanied by energy storage systems (ESS). For these three fundamental pillars, new power electronics technologies are emerging to transform the electrical power grid, targeting a flexible and collaborative operation. As a distinctive factor, the vehicle electrification has stimulated the presence of new technologies in terms of power management, both for smart homes and smart grids. As the title indicates, this book chapter focuses on the role of off-board EV battery chargers in terms of operation modes and contextualization for smart homes and smart grids in terms of opportunities. Based on a review of on-board and off-board EV battery charging systems (EV-BCS), this chapter focus on the off-board EV-BCS framed with RES and ESS as a dominant system in future smart homes. Contextualizing these aspects, three distinct cases are considered: (1) An ac smart home using separate power converters, according to the considered technologies; (2) A hybrid ac and dc smart home with an off-board EV-BCS interfacing RES and ESS, and with the electrical appliances plugged-in to the ac power grid; (3) A dc smart home using a unified off-board EV-BCS with a single interface for the electrical power grid, and with multiple dc interfaces (RES, ESS, and electrical appliances). The results for each case are obtained in terms of efficiency and power quality, demonstrating that the off-board EV-BCS, as a unified structure for smart homes, presents better results. Besides, the off-board EV-BCS can also be used as an important asset for the smart grid, even when the EV is not plugged-in at the smart home.

The future smart grid (SG) is envisioned as a very dynamic and decentralized energy network, where electricity is generated in distributed and dispersed ways, while the customers are not only consumers but also producers, playing an active role in energy generation. Bidirectional interactions between producers, consumers, and other entities are possible in the SG. Collaboration and near or real-time interactions are envisioned between all grid stakeholders, but these will depend upon timely communication, monitoring, and control capabilities. To realize the emerging SG infrastructure, several services are needed to empower all stakeholders and enable them to realize the expected interactions. The SG deployment and development have given rise to a strong interdisciplinary research. The SG is designed to integrate the most advanced communication, networking, and computing technologies into electrical power grids to make them smarter. The current status is that most of the blackouts and voltage disturbances could be prevented if we had better and faster communication devices and technologies to run the electrical grid. In order to make the current electrical power grid a smart grid, the design and implementation of a new communication and computing infrastructure for the grid are important research fields. These new technologies are seen as additional instruments that will be available to achieve targets for promoting competition, increasing the safety, reliability, and efficiency of electricity systems, and reducing the environmental impacts of energy generation. However, the boom in SGs also raises many economic and social questions.

Wireless multimedia sensor and actor networks for the next generation power grid

Electrical power grid is among the critical infrastructures of a nation. In the past several years, the power grids have experienced several major failures which have caused large financial losses in various countries around the globe. In a close future, the imbalance between the growing demand and the diminishing fossil fuels, aging equipments, and lack of communications are anticipated to negatively impact the operation of the power grids. For this reason, governments and utilities have recently started working on renovating the power grid to meet the power quality and power availability demands of the 21 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> century. The opportunities that have become available with the advances in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) have paved the way to this modernization. The new grid empowered by ICT is called as the smart grid. The natural extension of the smart grid applications to the consumer premises can be through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which are able to provide pervasive communications and control capabilities at low cost. WSNs have broad range of applications in the smart grid. In this paper we discuss the application of the WSNs in the home energy management services. We evaluate the performance of WSNs in terms of delivery ratio, delay and Packet Delay Variance (PDV) for varying interarrival times and varying network sizes. We also provide numerical results on the reduced cost, load and carbon emissions by our home energy management application.

Electrical power grid is a critical infrastructure and the backbone of modern civilization. The energy delivery infrastructure is central to the smooth operation of many economic, social, and societal aspects of day-to-day life and other critical infrastructures. Widespread unplanned power outages known as blackouts exemplify the importance of power grid. The increasing share of distributed power generation systems such as wind and solar in energy supply has exacerbated the instability of electrical power grid. Automation and data analytics integrate intelligent high-power converters and enable weather-proof smart grid.

The future of the developed, developing and emerging countries in a global world strongly depends on the availability and transport of energy. It is believed that the near future the consumption of energy will continuously grow. Security and sustainability have become major priorities to both customers and electric companies. Deployment of sustainable / renewable energy sources is crucial to a healthy relationship of society and the environment. The electric power grid is a crucial part of society infrastructure and needs constant attention for maintaining its performance and reliability. Sometimes called the largest machine man has ever made, the grid is a widespread, interconnected system that is as strong as its weakest link. The electrification of our society has empowered countless advances in other fields such that the US National Academy of Engineering ranked it as the greatest engineering achievement of the last century [2]. Successful smart grid deployment requires a systemic perspective, as most of the smart grid benefits are systemic in nature. System integration and full engagement of customer are crucial elements of this development [3]. Project investments in Europe currently amount to over 5 billion euros and estimated 56 billion by 2020 [4]. The electrical infrastructure of the future will be much more complex than the current one. It will have to integrate traditional and sustainable energy sources, present and new distribution systems, customers with quite different consumption patterns, and smart control systems. However, at this moment there are no comprehensively enough engineering models and tools that can cope with the higher level of complexity of future electric grids. Consequently, engineers use traditional models to design the next generation of electrical infrastructure with the result that important interactions between technical systems will be overlooked; non-technical dimensions like social behavior of customers or moral dimensions of smart control systems will be ignored; and the justified interests of economically weak stakeholders will be neglected. It is of utmost importance that engineering models and tools will be developed that do justice to the complexity of electrical grids, the complexity of our technological society, and the complex relation between man, technology and nature. Fundamentally, philosophy as a discipline would be most well-equipped to give insight in the vast complexity that electrical engineers have to deal with. However, a philosophical approach cannot be taken for granted. Most people believe that philosophy is at best an interesting game of reason but not a discipline that can solve any problem. Tom Morris cites in his book Philosophy for Dummies (1999) in a humorous way, a statement from Voltaire, who in self-mockery says on the alleged `not so practical' inset of philosophers as such: `if he who hears does not understand what he who speaks means, and if he who speaks himself does not understand what he means, that is philosophy' (Morris, 1999, p.14). It was, of course, meant as a joke; however for many this will be recognizable towards their own prejudices about philosophers. The authors of this paper believe that a philosophical approach may be extremely useful if: (1) It gives tools and concepts to criticize present approaches in engineering, economics and politics; (2) It gives more insight in the complexity of future micro, super and smart grids; (3) It shows a direction how to develop more efficient, human-oriented, environmental friendly, and sustainable electrical systems. Among the lessons learned from several smart grid European projects and reported on [3] were: the difficulties encountered during the data collection process; the lack of quantitative data to perform analysis; the recognition of the higher complexity of the system and the lack of proper integration; the difficulties with the setting of business models; the lack of consumer involvement; the need for proper ICT infrastructure; the need of better data protection and security; and the need for legislative framework to ensure proper division of responsibilities. The report highlights that “a scan of the collected projects seems to suggest a lack of specific attention t the social implications of Smart Grids.” This paper has the following set-up: first, a description of smart grids characteristics is presented (section 2). Then the societal implications are discussed (section 3), followed by the need of philosophy to deal of the complexity of the smart grid system (section 4). Some analysis considerations and tools are the introduced followed by case studies and applications (section 5). Finally some recommendations for the development of an overall framework is presented (section 6).

With the rapid development of national economy, our demand for power resources has also increased rapidly. The traditional power grid can not be achieved operational status of equipment for effective monitoring and control, we will not be able to ensure the quality and quality of electricity service. Cloudbased build smart grid information platform enables gathering the parameter of grid operation state, greatly increasing the economic efficiency of power enterprises. Firstly, cloud computing and smart grid briefly described, and then pointed out that cloud computing applications in the smart grid information platform, and specialized of cloud-based smart grid information platform, in order for the power grid enterprises to enhance their level of service and provide effective reference. KEYWORD: cloud computing; smart power grids; information platform; Application 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (MMME 2016) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 202 3 THE MAIN PROBLEM IS STILL THE SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM FACING The transition to a cloud computing data center. Our data center because of the different regions and the degree of information presents different characteristics, some data centers already have a basic cloud computing capabilities, but most data centers still remain in the initial level, to ensure the normal operation of the existing data center power under the premise, gradual transition to cloud computing data center in order to meet future requirements of the development of smart grid. Restricting data transmission problem. State Grid Corporation between provincial branches and there are a lot of data needs to be transmitted, will bring massive data transmission efficiency decreases, taking into account the load balancing device between the cloud node, thus building a wide area network channels to resolve data transmission problem. Security of data transmission. Data Center for Cloud Computing power companies to build internal private cloud, capable of self-maintenance and management, system wide area network data transmission services, according to the third security zone defined security partition, and install proprietary equipment production area and external public network isolation . 4 CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN THE SMART GRID INFORMATION POLICY PLATFORM Integrate and optimize the management of heterogeneous resources. Among the smart grid systems, data resources, information systems between various platforms and mutually dispersed, severe heterogeneity, thus leading to the integration of the quality of information sharing to increase difficulty, unable to effectively improve network management efficiency for the power distribution system electrical work quality management and marketing operations system maintenance upgrade will not be able to effectively meet demand (Jie Yang, 2014). Cloud computing technology enables the power system to effectively integrate the various business data and computing resources on the basis of information for business collaboration platform built on effective, able to satisfy the huge demand for smart grid information resource sharing. Cloud computing network virtualization and application virtualization technology, the server virtualization technology and other resources to achieve each service abstraction, and then realize the difference between the system and the software effectively eliminated by the appropriate method to achieve the effective integration of information resources, and then to optimize the management, greatly improving the efficiency of heterogeneous resources management applications. Distributed storage and management of large volume of data. After application of smart grid information platform construction, customer service requests varied, huge data volume information brought it to the storage and management of data provides a great challenge. Cloud computing technology in general face amount of data each smart grid system and unit collected using forms distributed storage of data to achieve the effective storage, greatly to ensure the security and reliability of data storage. GFS effective use of technology with each node, the master server is responsible for the effective management of the whole file system, the file system and complete the work of the metadata stored in the data block is the main server for data storage block sliced, and by saving three or more redundant backup storage. At the same time, client access and complete access to the main block server information. Fast Power System Parallel Computation and Treatment. Smart grids and information platform for the large volume of data to provide stable operation of the power grid data base, but more critical is the analysis and design of each system operating data, planning and decision-making, and even failures and transient stability, state estimation and intelligent a variety of computing and content analysis and decision-making process, its huge computing needs, general computing system can not reach its goal (Wang, Mengxue, 2015). Cloud computing technology through parallel computing technology has greatly enhanced parallel processing capability of the power system, which provides parallel programming model makes more simple and efficient parallel algorithms. MapReduce as Google made an important parallel programming model, and its role in large data sets in parallel computing plays a very prominent. Parallel processing job results by the client to achieve effective user submitted, via decomposition automated master role, the corresponding task scheduling to working nodes and nodes work completed by the specific calculations and perform the appropriate task. 5 SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM CLOUD COMPUTING ANALYSIS Cloud Computing Smart Grid Information Platform Architecture. Smart grid technology information platform architecture cloud computing include the following several levels and aspects (Yan Cui, 2015): First, that the platform infrastructure layer is the integration of the various hardware resources and related management capabilities of virtualized using virtual technology to achieve the corresponding hardware devices such as computers and network storage devices abstraction, and then complete the automation and optimization of resource data and load management; secondly, the main platform for the integration of the various layers of software

Electric power grids are lagging in flexibility and time-response. A smart grid is an improved version of electrical grids that leverages Internet of Things (IoT) based devices to improve the overall infrastructure from the grid stations to intelligent appliances. It provides better understanding of supply and demand and overall flow of data depending based upon the requirements. Modern approach towards Smart grid envisions to provide electricity consumers with the opportunity to manage their respective power usage. Population increase has played a major role in the adoption of smart grid as a lot of electrical energy is consumed in the residential sector and a lot of architectures have been proposed for better flow of information from the smart meter to connectors and devices for improved customer participation. Customer needs have been very important in the smart grid. However, the customers have never been provided with the ease of choosing their own kind of benefits from the smart grid. In this work, we propose an enhanced architecture working effectively for multiple users based on their requirements. The users would be able to choose their type of scheduling techniques based on their requirements. These requirements may include cost reduction and increasing user comfort for better consumption of electricity and reliable systems. These requirements can be achieved using different Bio inspired computing based scheduling algorithms. Furthermore, in this work, we provide a comparison of these bio inspired scheduling techniques, i.e., Enhanced Differential Evolution, Bacterial Foraging Algorithm and Grey Wolf Optimization integrated in smart grid architecture for providing better consumption of electricity and achieving reliable systems. These algorithms mainly aim to schedule load, minimize electricity bills and maximize the user comfort depending on user demand.

Shanghai is one of China's highest levels of industrialization and most economically developed regions. In the backdrop of the development of smart grid, smart electric power industry will be to play a very important position in the Shanghai urban area's electric power industry. This paper will focus on the analysis of the present situation of Shanghai urban area's power grid, especially the basic skills and business models of the power demand side. It is researched that the blueprint of the Shanghai urban area's future power grid and achieving methods based on the related smart electricity work carried on in the current Shanghai urban area and its effectiveness, especially, the pilot project. The main work is as follows: the description of the current Shanghai urban area power grid, including the history, development and evolution, load characteristics level, reliability, power distribution automation level and so on. The presented situation of smart power, which mainly includes the information collection system pilot project, electric vehicle charging facilities pilot project, intelligent building pilot project, flexible DC power transmission pilot project, the power FTTH (Fiber to The Home) to households pilot project, especially combine with the smart grid key pilot projects, such as the smart power design and practice of Shanghai World Expo smart grid pilot projects, and point out the current shortage and inadequate of the smart grid. The blueprint and achieving methods of the smart electricity describes the design blueprint of the future smart electricity in Shanghai urban area, and the means and direction to realize, such as to adapt and promote clean energy development, realizing highly smart grid dispatching to meet the electric vehicle and other new electricity consumers of electricity service requirements, efficient use and life cycle management of grid assets, convenient interaction between power users and grid, grid management informationalization and delicacy and playing the role of value-added services potential of the grid infrastructure.

Smart Grid is a great initiative that will change the electrical power grid. It accommodates a number of ideas, concepts, standards, regulations and new technologies that integrated are producing the momentum that Smart Grid is gaining worldwide. Several revolutionary aspects such as the change of the traditional power grid with the development of energy storage technologies together with the convergence with the communication grid, will allow developing a new grid: the Power and Energy Grid Infrastructure denominated P&EGI in this paper. With time this infrastructure will provide electrical energy with quality in a sustainable form to society in the decades to come.

“Smart Grid” is a modern concept which refers to the conversion of the mainstream or typical electric power grid to a modern power grid. This new conversion is a foreseeable solution to the power system problems of the modern century. Rejuvenation of the current electric power distribution system is an important step to implement the Smart Grid technology. So, distribution system engineers should be acquainted with the knowledge of Smart Distribution System. Also the customers should acknowledge the benefits that they will be enjoying from this modernized power system. There are power crisis everywhere in the world, besides there is system loss in the existing power system. It is happening in Bangladesh also. To reduce power crisis renewable source of energy like solar energy, wind energy, raw coal energy may be used. But the quantity of electricity produced by this renewable energy source is low and several kilowatts range. This electricity is utilized by smart grid which is hard for usual power grid system. For this reason we need hybrid ac/dc smart control grid system. In this report models using Wind-mil Software is proposed for reducing system loss and also incorporate smart metering so that the power flow can reach easily to the consumers. Smart grid also helps sole proprietor and individual business man to sell their little amount of electricity to the grid which they produce by their own entrepreneurship through smart meter. Line loss and regulated voltage, regulator and capacitor are also inserted here to reduce the loss and make the effective and efficient power supply to the consumer. This metering is also centrally controlled and works over a huge area. At present developing country should develop this system.