Sobre la enseñanza de una gramática del sentido

Typed feature logics have been employed as description languages in modern type-oriented grammar theories like HPSG and have laid the theoretical foundations for many implemented systems. However, recursivity pose severe problems and have been addressed through specialized powerdomain constructions which depend on the particular view of the logician. In this paper, we argue that definite equivalences introduced by Smolka can serve as the formal basis for arbitrarily formalized typed feature structures and typed feature-based grammars/lexicons, as employed in, e.g., TFS or TDL. The idea here is that type definitions in such systems can be transformed into an equivalent definite program, whereas the meaning of the definite program then is identified with the denotation of the type system. Now, models of a definite program P can be characterized by the set of ground atoms which are logical consequences of the definite program. These models are ordered by subset inclusion and, for reasons that will become clear, we propose the greatest model as the intended interpretation of P, or equivalent, as the denotation of the associated type system. Our transformational approach has also a great impact on nonmonotonically defined types, since under this interpretation, we can view the type hierarchy as a pure transport medium, allowing us to get rid of the transitivity of type information (inheritance), and yielding a perfectly monotonic definite program.

Placebo Studies in Developing Countries: Ethical, but not Ideal

We derive an adaptive solver for random elliptic boundary value problems, using techniques from adaptive wavelet methods. Substituting wavelets by polynomials of the random parameters leads to a modular solver for the parameter dependence, which combines with any discretization on the spatial domain. We show optimality properties of this solver, and present numerical computations. Introduction Stochastic Galerkin methods have emerged in the past decade as an efficient solution procedure for boundary value problems depending on random data, see [DBO01, XK02, BTZ04, WK05, MK05, FST05, WK06, TS07, BS09, BAS10]. These methods approximate the random solution by a Galerkin projection onto a finite dimensional space of random fields. This requires the solution of a single coupled system of deterministic equations for the coefficients of the Galerkin projection with respect to a predefined set of basis functions on the parameter domain. A major remaining obstacle is the construction of suitable spaces in which to compute approximate solutions. These should be adapted to the stochastic structure of the equation. Simple tensor product constructions are infeasible due to the high dimensionality of the parameter domain in case of input random fields with low regularity. Parallel to but independently from the development of stochastic Galerkin methods, a new class of adaptive methods has emerged, which are set not in the continuous framework of a boundary value problem, but rather on the level of coefficients with respect to a hierarchic Riesz basis, such as a wavelet basis. Due to the norm equivalences constitutive of Riesz bases, errors and residuals in appropriate sequence spaces are equivalent to those in physically meaningful function spaces. This permits adaptive wavelet methods to be applied directly to a large class of equations, provided that a suitable Riesz basis is available. For symmetric elliptic problems, the error of the Galerkin projection onto the span of a set of coefficients can be estimated using a sufficiently accurate approximation of the ∗Research supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant No. 200021-120290/1.

Syntax and semantics are proposed for realtime (i.e., continuous-time) regular expressions, which extend and generalize existing SVA regular expressions. The extensions are motivated by practical needs for AMS circuit verification and were developed as part of the authors' contribution to analog assertions work in the Accellera committee standardizing Verilog-AMS. Given a suitable notion of sampling, we prove that the realtime semantics provided for the existing SVA clocked digital regular expressions is equivalent to the original discrete semantics. As a result, the existing digital operators can intermix freely with the new realtime operators, which is a major contribution of our framework. We also investigate the theoretical relationship between our framework and the timed regular expressions of Asarin, Caspi, and Maler. We provide a semantically faithful embedding of timed regular expressions into our realtime regular expressions, as well as a construction of timed automata recognizers for our realtime regular expressions. These constructions show that our realtime regular expressions are no less expressive than the timed regular expressions of [1] and no more expressive than the generalized timed regular expressions of [2]. The automata recognizers also provide the basis for an implementation strategy for our framework.

This paper presents a study of English-Indonesian translation of the humorous utterances in Walt Disney’s Donald Duck comics. Twenty one Indonesian translated comics of the 2008 issues and their original English versions were used as the source of data. A total of 480 humorous English utterances were identified and verified by 4 native English speakers. These 480 English utterances and their translations were used as the data. Analyses of the collected data were then made to see the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the humorous utterances and to see the resulted pragmatic equivalence viewed from the equivalence of pragmatic force between the source text (ST) and target text (TT), involving implicture analysis of the utterances. The findings of the research reveal that 647 uses of translation techniques are made to translate the 480 utterances, as more than one techniques are used in some of the utterances. Seventeen out of 18 translation techniques proposed by Molina & Albir (2002) are chosen by the translator. It is also found out that the translator’s choice of translation techniques has resulted in 96.87% of the translated humorous utterances being equivalent in their pragmatic force, compared to the original English utterances. The use of such translation techniques as generalization, established equivalent, linguistic compression, amplification, literal translation, compensation, linguistic amplification, variation, particularization, borrowing, transposition, description, and calque has resulted in equivalent pragmatic force between ST and TT. Only minor portion (3.13%) of the translated text is not equivalent in its pragmatic force, and this is caused by the use of amplification, discursive creation, reduction, adaptation, and modulation techniques. The high rate of pragmatic equivalence shows the translator’s success in translating the text. Key words : implicature, pragmatic force, pragmatic equivalence, translation technique

It is commonly supposed that an utterance of a demonstrative, such as “that”, refers to a given object only if the speaker intends it to refer to that object. This paper poses three challenges to this theory. First, the theory threatens to beg the question by defining the content of the speaker’s intention in terms of reference. Second, the theory makes psychologically implausible demands on the speaker. Third, the theory entails that there can be no demonstratives in thought.

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) is a brief test for the measurement of verbal memory and learning that is frequently used in neuropsychological testing. The HVLT-R is available in six equivalent forms and is recommended for repeatable neuropsychological testing beacuse it avoids the learning effect at retest. Moreover, it is a valid and reliable screening test for mild dementia and is well tolerated by patients. In light of the asbsence of a Greek standardised version, we aimed to provide normative data for a sample of community-dwelling Greek adults and adolescents. The research team recruited healthy individuals of a broad age range with various education levels. Individuals were informed for the purpose of the study and were interviewed for their medical history and their ethnicity and maternal language. Individuals with a positive psychiatric and/or neurological history or history of substance abuse, foreigners and immigrants whose dominant language was not the Greek language as well as individuals with a score <24 in the Mini Mental Status Examination and those with uncorrected vision or hearing or prior knowledge of the test, were excluded from the study. Form 6 of the HVLT-R was translated and adapted taking into account the Greek lexical and semantic characteristics of the items. Two hundred and twelve healthy Greek participants enrolled in the study (age 40.3±15.7, 88 males, education in years 13.9±2.7). The HVLT-R was administered as part of a broad neuropsychological battery. Statistical analyses included multiple regression analyses as well as descriptive and relative descriptive analyses. We set the alpha level at 5%. Education proved to be a significant predictor in all HVLT-R indices. Age was a significant factor for most of scores, while female participants showed significantly better performance in the Trial 2 of the test. Normative data were stratified by education level, age and sex. Four age groups were formed: 16-26, 27-40, 41-52, 53-86 years old. Of the four age groups, the 27-40 year old age group showed the optimal performance (Figure 1). Future directions include sample collection to separate participants over 53 years old, validation of the test to provide values of sensitivity and specificity, translation and adaptation of the other forms of the test and comparison of performance with age and education matched patient groups.

Many engineering applications face the problem of bounding the expected value of a quantity of interest (performance, risk, cost, etc.) that depends on stochastic uncertainties whose probability distribution is not known exactly. Optimal uncertainty quantification (OUQ) is a framework that aims at obtaining the best bound in these situations by explicitly incorporating available information about the distribution. Unfortunately, this often leads to non-convex optimization problems that are numerically expensive to solve. This thesis emphasizes on efficient numerical algorithms for OUQ problems. It begins by investigating several classes of OUQ problems that can be reformulated as convex optimization problems. Conditions on the objective function and information constraints under which a convex formulation exists are presented. Since the size of the optimization problem can become quite large, solutions for scaling up are also discussed. Finally, the capability of analyzing a practical system through such convex formulations is demonstrated by a numerical example of energy storage placement in power grids. When an equivalent convex formulation is unavailable, it is possible to find a convex problem that provides a meaningful bound for the original problem, also known as a convex relaxation. As an example, the thesis investigates the setting used in Hoeffding's inequality. The naive formulation requires solving a collection of non-convex polynomial optimization problems whose number grows doubly exponentially. After structures such as symmetry are exploited, it is shown that both the number and the size of the polynomial optimization problems can be reduced significantly. Each polynomial optimization problem is then bounded by its convex relaxation using sums-of-squares. These bounds are found to be tight in all the numerical examples tested in the thesis and are significantly better than Hoeffding's bounds.

The goal of the present study was to select a set of highly imaginable and concrete words that can be used in age-comparable memory research. The selection process included two steps. First, 10 children aged 7-9 years rated 400 high-imagery, concrete, and meaningful words selected from an existing corpus of 1082 spoken words (Singer et al., 2003) on a three-point scale of comprehensibility. Second, two independent raters further selected words to reduce the likelihood of lexical error during recall. As a result, 413 words were retained as stimulus materials for age-comparative investigations of episodic memory performance.

VHDL signals and wait statements provide great ezpressiue power for behavioral specification. However, due to their climulation semantics, most high-level synthesis tools severely restrict their use, eliminating much of their power. Thus, there exists a need for a tool to bridge the gap between an arbitrary VHDL behavioral specification and existing synthesis tools. In this paper, we introduce a set of transformations to convert a VHDL description with signals and wait statements to equivalent constructs that are easily handled by high-level synthesis. The proposed transformations greatly enlarge the synthesizable VHDL subset, thus increasing the usefulness and practicality of the language as an input to high-level synthesis tools. These same transformations can also serve as a basis for converting a VHDL process to a form suitable for generation of software.

Este trabajo presenta un análisis del conocimiento receptivo y/o productivo de las unidades léxicas que 150 aprendices de español como segunda lengua, de nivel B1, demuestran poseer una vez que las han incorporado a su lexicón mental gracias a una determinada actividad, bien sea esta de reconocimiento (selección de la definición correcta o del ejemplo que incluya el equivalente semántico de la palabra estímulo) o de producción (escritura de oraciones que respondan a las preguntas planteadas y que contengan la palabra estímulo). Los resultados indican que la actividad productiva es la más eficaz, ya que los sujetos que practican con ella obtienen mayor número de aciertos tanto en las tareas que les exigen conocimiento receptivo (secciones 1 y 2 del postest) como productivo (sección 3); en el otro extremo, la actividad menos eficaz es la selección de definiciones (actividad receptiva). Desde el punto de vista estadístico, la diferencia del efecto de la práctica con definiciones y con la escritura es significativa en las tres secciones del postest; en cambio, el efecto de las dos actividades de selección, las receptivas, no es significativamente diferente en ninguna de las partes del postest. A la hora de seleccionar las actividades encaminadas al aprendizaje del vocabulario es conveniente tener presente el grado de dominio que precise el estudiante, pues conocer una palabra engloba numerosos aspectos y el aprendizaje es un proceso acumulativo, que no se completa con una única exposición a la unidad léxica.

The present paper employs Lambert and van Gorp’s descriptive model of analysis and Theo Herman’s polysystem theory, in order to examine George Seferis’ translations included in the volume Antigrafes. It begins with an examination of the translator’s introductory remarks on his translation and proceeds with a discussion of Seferis’ selection and arrangement of the texts and the results of these choices (macro-level analysis). After that, the target-text is analyzed at the level of lexis, grammar and syntax (micro-level). Stylistic and semantic shifts are discussed here together with an attempt to form hypotheses regarding the reasons behind the translator’s choices. Finally the target-text is examined in the systemic context. Hypotheses formed at the previous stage are tested against the poet-translator’s original work as well as the home system’s literary production. The basic assumption of the present approach is that, examined in the socio-historical and cultural environments that host them, Antigrafes appear to be an anthology in disguise, a kind of modest, undercover equivalent to the Poundian ABC of Reading

Despite the high potential of geothermal reservoirs in Meshkinshahr, we only see the government entering the electricity extraction of geothermal energy because the cost of the Meshkinshahr geothermal electricity is higher than the balanced price of the electricity market and the private sector is disadvantaged for entering it. So, the government has adopted a feed in tariff policy for geothermal electricity to encourage private sector investors. This research is aimed at financial appraisal of Maskinshahr geothermal power plant with the assumption of feed in tariff by the government with Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost methods. Equivalent Uniform Annual Benefit is obtained from feed in tariff of government and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost is determined based on technical and economic components of the geothermal power plant and macroeconomic parameters. The results of the data analysis show that the construction of the geothermal power plant is fully justified with the 14% reduction rate, but if the investor's minimum expected rate exceeds 54%, the construction of the power plant has no economic justification. Also, if the construction of Meshkinshahr geothermal plant takes more than 13 years and 5 months like the government project, the generation of geothermal power is not cost-effective.

According to prospects of international organisations like OECD and FAO, Ukraine will be one of the important suppliers of agricultural products on the world market in the coming decade. Thus, Ukrainian agricultural production and exports are important elements in sustaining global food security. However, the country threatens global food security as well as its own agricultural development when applying grain export restrictions, as happened several times in recent years. Therefore, any impediments to grain trade in the country should be carefully inspected. In this paper we analyse recent developments of Ukrainian agricultural policy influencing grain trade. We show that any export restriction brings large welfare losses compared to a free trade situation. We support our claim by a comparative analysis of the different export policies applied by the Ukrainian government on the domestic wheat market between 2006 and 2014. Additionally, we suggest and discuss alternative policy responses to realise the policy goal of domestic food security. As the policies applied, export tax, export quota and tax reimbursement, cannot be compared directly we quantify the tax equivalent of each trade policy measure. Under a set of specific assumptions the tax equivalent can be used to compare the effects of policies theoretically and empirically. Our findings go along with theory and show that export quotas in 2006 and in 2010 had a more restrictive effect on export than export taxes in 2011. Effects of non-reimbursement of VAT are very close to the effects of export tax in 2011 (at the level of 9%), mainly because most of the time these two measures were implemented simultaneously. We also calculated tariff equivalent of VAT non-reimbursement excluding the period of export taxes. Based on these results, the measure corresponds to a slight decline of the tariff equivalent in absolute terms. As an alternative policy option for the Ukrainian government to respond more efficiently to increasing world market prices in the future it is advised to use consumer-oriented measures for the most vulnerable groups of people instead of distorting market mechanisms.

The bacteria that often cause infectious diarrhea are Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Excessive and less rational use of antibiotics in diarrhea cases encourages the development of multi drug pathogen resistance. Propolis is one solution to overcome diarrheal infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the antibacterial effects of propolis extract on Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria in in vitro testing with various concentrations. Research in laboratory experiments in vitro. The sample in this study was the bacteria Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae with the stages of research starting from the extraction process carried out using a multilevel extraction method. The results showed that the smallest concentration of n-hexane fraction which still inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria was 250 µg / ml and this concentration was expressed as KHM value. The equality test of 250 µg / ml n-hexane propolis fraction was equivalent to 4.0 µg / ml ciprofloxacin to Escherichia coli and equivalent to 4.6 µg / ml ciprofloxacin against Shigella dysenteriae, while the equality test concentration of 250 µg / ml ethyl acetate propolis equivalent to 5.2 µg / ml of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli and equivalent to 4.5 µg / ml of ciprofloxacin against Shigella dysenteriae. The conclusion of this study is that n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate propolis have antibacterial effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate propolis fractions have lower antibacterial activity compared to ciprofloxacin in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Antibacterial compounds contained in the n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate propolis are flavonoids and phenol