Software Defined Networking for Communication and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a symbol of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) by integrating physical and computational processes which can associate with humans in various ways. In short, the relationship between Cyber networks and the physical component is known as CPS, which is assisting to incorporate the world and influencing our ordinary life significantly. In terms of practical utilization of CPS interacting abundant difficulties. Currently, CPS is involved in modern society very vastly with many uptrend perspectives. All the new technologies by using CPS are accelerating our journey of innovation. In this paper, we have explained the research areas of 14 important domains of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) including aircraft transportation systems, battlefield surveillance, chemical production, energy, agriculture (food supply), healthcare, education, industrial automation, manufacturing, mobile devices, robotics, transportation, and vehicular. We also demonstrated the challenges and future direction of each paper of all domains. Almost all articles have limitations on security, data privacy, and safety. Several projects and new dimensions are mentioned where CPS is the key integration. Consequently, the researchers and academicians will be benefited to update the CPS workspace and it will help them with more research on a specific topic of CPS. 158 papers are studied in this survey as well as among these, 98 papers are directly studied with the 14 domains with challenges and future instruction which is the first survey paper as per the knowledge of authors.

Cyber-physical systems are a kind of emerging large-scale distributed systems that are integrations of computation, networking, and physical worlds. Cyber physical systems are increasing scale and complexity with the growing pervasiveness of ICT and the development of the smart worlds such as smart factory, smart robotics, smart grids, smart cities, smart vehicles, smart healthcare systems, and smart homes. The growing interconnection of physical and virtual worlds of complex cyber physical systems, and the development of increasingly sophisticated intelligence techniques, has given rise to the next generation of CPS, that is referred to as smart cyber-physical systems (sCPS) which can efficiently operate, manage and control physical world and virtual world, and offer broad range of novel applications and services. Thus, smart cyber physical systems are complex cyber physical systems endowed with intelligent abilities. The main characteristic of such a new generation of smart cyber physical systems is the ability to interact with the physical worlds and adapt to new working environments through distributed intelligent mechanisms that executing and operating at the unit (single device), cluster (groups of devices) and network level (the network of devices). The properties like uncertainties, safety, reliability, and performance requirement, spatial-temporal requirement, and adaptation ability are very important, modeling smart cyber-physical systems must face these challenges and satisfy these specific requiremnts. In order to specify and model such kind of systems, we propose a new paradigm for specifying and modeling smart cyber physical systems based on software defined approach using Modelicaml. Software defined approach is a new way that help abstract the real world and virtual world with software components, this approach can simplify system specification, modeling and design. The main aim of ModelicaML is to enable an efficient and effective way to use Modelica, UML and SysML models reusing notations that are also used for software modeling based on software defined approach. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with a case study of Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork.

This paper presents definitions characterizing the concepts regarding cyber-physical systems and dependability. Cyber-physical systems incorporate computing, communication and storage capabilities with monitoring and/or control of entities in the physical world in a dependably, securely, efficiently and real-time way. The challenges of cyber-physical system research are concerning: real-time system abstractions; robustness, safety and security; QoS composition; and nor least dependability. Dependability is first introduced as a global concept that subsumes the usual attributes of reliability, availability, safety, integrity and maintainability. The paper aims to define research challenges to achieve the dependability in cyber-physical hydropower systems. The significant challenge of the dependability in cyber-physical hydropower systems is evaluation of the system behavior in terms of interdependencies between cyber and physical components of the system.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) integrate computation with physical processes. For the last years, CPS have been in the focus of research and are getting adopted in multiple domains like health care, automotive and smart factories. The use of CPS promises dynamic adaption of systems to changing environmental and economic conditions through autonomous CPS decisions based on the physical process. In industrial process automation, research and adoption of CPS have to account for the severe safety restrictions that dominate the system design in this domain. To transfer the benefits of CPS application to process automation, the CPS must be able to formally verify the safety of its autonomous reconfiguration decisions. This paper proposes a domain model for safety-critical CPS in industrial process automation to serve as foundation for formal CPS algorithms.

Construction of approximate reasoning model for dynamic CPS network and system parameter identification

Guest Editorial

CPS is complex distributed systems, which contain computing, communications, and control. CPS is a product of the combination of physical world and the cyber world. The cyber world needs a lot of physical equipment to deal with perception and communication, then collect and transfer the information in the real environment, and by computation to forecast what might happen in future real environment, at last through the control strategy to achieve the optimal solution. In short, cyber physical system is the complex systems combination with computation system, sensory system and control system. Cyber physical system through more extensive connection, the physical world more thorough cognition, more effectively control the physical world, make the information world and the physical world closer integration, realize coordination awareness and control of the physical world. The paper through the analysis of the human perception system, build a cyber-physical fusion system based on human perception architecture.

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs), which integrate sensing, computation, and control, are widely deployed in safety-critical applications such as industrial monitoring and predictive maintenance. Industrial fault diagnosis systems (IFDSs), as a representative CPS, enable intelligent health monitoring but are increasingly vulnerable to stealthy adversarial attacks—carefully crafted input perturbations that mislead models while remaining imperceptible. These attacks compromise system safety, highlighting the urgent need for learning-based security control in CPS. This article proposes multilayered noisy mixup (MLNM)-frequency shift (FrSh), a theoretically grounded adversarial defense framework for IFDS under real-world conditions involving nonstationary signals and class imbalance. The framework integrates two components: multilayered noisy mixup (MLNM) and frequency shift (FrSh). MLNM injects structured additive and multiplicative noise during training and is theoretically proven to introduce first- and second-order regularization terms in the loss function, enhancing generalization and gradient stability. FrSh performs spectrum-aware transformations that preserve conjugate symmetry and spectral integrity, with formal guarantees of aliasing-free, reversible frequency mapping, facilitating effective learning of high-frequency diagnostic features. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that MLNM-FrSh significantly improves adversarial robustness and standard accuracy compared to state-of-the-art baselines. This work contributes a reliable and theoretically principled solution for attack-resilient fault diagnosis, advancing the broader goal of intelligent security control in CPS.

Autonomous systems have become more and more important in today's transport sector. They often operate in dynamic environments in which unpredictable events may occur at any time. These events may affect the safe operation of vehicles, calling for highly efficient control software technologies to reason about and react on their appearance. A crucial efficiency parameter is timeliness as vehicles often operate under high speed. The contribution of this paper is the presentation and analysis of design aspects of dynamic control software in the context of an autonomous train experiment. This is achieved through a self-adaptation software framework intended for autonomous trains and built on a demonstrator using Lego Mindstorms. The main mission of the framework is to collect context information, reason about it, and adapt the train behavior accordingly. The adaptation framework is implemented using the development tool Reactive Blocks and tested on the demonstrator. The evaluation results provide useful insights into the performance of the framework, particularly about the time needed to reason about the context and to carry out reconfigurations.

Cyber physical systems (CPS) is the integration of three processes: physical process, communication process and computation process. Due to the high demand of safety and real- time feature, CPS requires massive real-time spatial and temporal messages. Therefore, representation and demonstration of spatio- temporal information is vital in every stage, such as specification, design, operation, control, and supervision of CPS. In this paper, we propose a method combining clock theory and RCC-8 together indicating spatio-temporal information of CPS, and we present spatio-temporal sequence diagram for change tracking under the specific scene. We take vehicle system as instance to see how the method work in description of spatio-temporal information between vehicles and vehicles, vehicles and people, vehicle and surroundings in different situations.

Security and Privacy Aspect of Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) are both software and hardware intense systems which are integrated into the digital world. An increasingly relevant application area for CPSs are software-driven industrial Production Automation Systems. A major driver of these Cyber Physical Production Systems is the need to integrate intelligent and smart functionalities into the production process at runtime that can run in the cyber world and do not radically change the underlying control flow of the physical plant. To gather the necessary knowledge for smart functionalities both cyber and physical parts must be captured, kept and analyzed together in a suitable CPS architecture – also despite frequent evolutionary changes during their whole (usually relative long) life span. This paper addresses this problem by presenting a service-component architecture for smart service-oriented CPSs which can manage implicit knowledge by acquiring, handling and analyzing domain specific service-components with respect to the CPS context.

Industry 4.0 denotes a recent trend that aims at exploiting Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), based on IoT (Internet of Things) and cloud computing technologies, to obtain increased degrees of cooperation and communication in production systems, thus leading to what is referred to as Cyber Physical Production Systems (CPPS) or “Smart Factories”.

In a time when technology changes continuously, where things you need today to run a certain system, might not be needed tomorrow anymore, security is a constant requirement. No matter what systems we have, or how we structure them, no matter what means of digital communication we use, we are always interested in aspects like security, safety, privacy. An example of the ever-advancing technology are cyber-physical systems. We propose a complex security architecture that integrates several consecrated methods such as cryptography, steganography and digital signatures. This architecture is designed to not only ensure security of communication by transforming data into secret code, it is also designed to control access to the system and detect and prevent cyber attacks.

Recent developments in computer and communication technologies are leading to an increasingly networked and wireless world. This raises new challenging questions in the context of control for cyber-physical systems (CPS), especially when the computation, communication, energy and actuation resources (for control) of the system are limited and/or shared by multiple control tasks. These limitations obstruct the use of classical design techniques for feedback control algorithms and call for new resource-aware control paradigms. These new resource-aware control systems typically have to take both discrete decisions (which task is allowed to use the resource) and continuous decisions (which continuous control input is generated for the task). In this talk two approaches are presented to address this hybrid co-design problem. Both approaches result in control algorithms that exploit real-time measurement information available on the state of the CPS and decide dynamically on the actions to take. This leads to the situation that individual control tasks are no longer executed in classical periodic time-triggered patterns, but in aperiodic patterns with varying inter-execution times. By abandoning the periodic scheduling of control tasks, the aim is to realise better trade-offs between the overall performance of the CPS and the required resource utilisation. The approaches are illustrated by various applications. interesting challenges for the future are discussed as well.