Solitons supported by complexPT-symmetric Gaussian potentials

Fundamental, dipole, and vortex solitons in fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a parity-time-symmetric periodic potential

Optical solitons in the parity-time (PT)-symmetric Bessel complex potential are studied, including the linear case, and self-focusing and self-defocusing nonlinear cases. For the linear case, the PT-symmetric breaking points, eigenvalues and the eigenfunction for different modulated depths of the PT-symmetric Bessel complex potential are obtained numerically. The PT-symmetric breaking points increase linearly with increasing the real part of the modulated depths of the PT potential. Below the PT-symmetric breaking points, the eigenfunctions of linear modes are symmetrical; however, the symmetries of the eigenfunction break above the PT-symmetric breaking points. For nonlinear cases, the existence and stability of fundamental and multipole solitons are studied in self-focusing and self-defocusing media. The eigenvalue for the linear case is equal to the critical propagation constant bc of the existing soliton. Fundamental solitons are stable in the whole region and multipole solitons are stable with the propagation constants being close to bc both for self-focusing and self-defocusing nonlinearities. The range of solitons’ stability decreases with an increase of the number of the intensity peaks of the solitons.

Fundamental and multipole solitons supported by one-dimensional multilayer photonic crystals potentials

We study wave propagation in a two-dimensional photonic lattice with focusing Kerr nonlinearity, and report on the existence of various nonlinear localized structures in the form of fundamental, dipole, and vortex solitons. First, the linear bandgap structure induced by the two-dimensional photonic crystal is determined, and solitons are found to exist in the photonic bandgap. Next, structures of these solitons and their stability properties are analyzed in detail. When the propagation constant is not close to the edge of the bandgap, the fundamental soliton is largely confined to one lattice site; the dipole soliton consists of two π-out-of-phase, Gaussian-like humps, whereas the vortex comprises four fundamental modes superimposed in a square configuration with a phase structure that is topologically equivalent to the conventional homogeneous-bulk vortex. At high lattice potential, all these soliton states are stable against small perturbations. However, among the three states, the fundamental solitons are the most robust, whereas vortices are the least. If the propagation constant is close to the edge of the bandgap, then all three soliton states spread over many lattice sites and become linearly unstable as a result of the Vakhitov–Kolokolov instability.

The symmetry breaking of solitons in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic-quintic competing nonlinearity and parity-time symmetric potential is studied. At first, a new asymmetric branch separates from the fundamental symmetric soliton at the first power critical point, and then, the asymmetric branch passes through the branch of the fundamental symmetric soliton and finally merges into the branch of the fundamental symmetric soliton at the second power critical point, while the power of the soliton increases. This leads to the symmetry breaking and double-loop bifurcation of fundamental symmetric solitons. From the power-propagation constant curves of solitons, symmetric fundamental and tripole solitons, asymmetric solitons can also exist. The stability of symmetric fundamental solitons, asymmetric solitons, and symmetric tripole solitons is discussed by the linear stability analysis and direct simulation. Results indicate that symmetric fundamental solitons and symmetric tripole solitons tend to be stable with the increase in the soliton power. Asymmetric solitons are unstable in both high and low power regions. Moreover, with the increase in saturable nonlinearity, the stability region of fundamental symmetric solitons and symmetric tripole solitons becomes wider.

Defect modes are studied in parity-time (PT) symmetric periodic complex potentials for both positive and negative defects. Such new kinds of linear localized modes may conserve their energy or endure gain or loss upon propagating. The existence domain of the conserved modes would be prolonged by positive defects or shortened by negative defects, and the dissipative modes would appear before the phase transition point of the PT symmetric potential at stronger negative defects.

We develop a general classification of the infinite number of families of solitons and soliton complexes in the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii/nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a nonlinear lattice pseudopotential, i.e., periodically modulated coefficient in front of the cubic term, which takes both positive and negative local values. This model finds direct implementations in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and nonlinear optics. The most essential finding is the existence of two branches of dipole solitons (DSs), which feature an antisymmetric shape, being essentially squeezed into a single cell of the nonlinear lattice. This soliton species was not previously considered in nonlinear lattices. We demonstrate that one branch of the DS family (namely, which obeys the Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion) is stable, while unstable DSs spontaneously transform into stable fundamental solitons (FSs). The results are obtained in numerical and approximate analytical forms, the latter based on the variational approximation. Some stable bound states of FSs are found too.

This paper deals with the study of optical solitons in the presence of new linear and nonlinear parity-time [Formula: see text]-symmetric modulation lattices. The nonlinear medium is a derivative term with arbitrary power. Inverse engineering scheme is utilized to retrieve bright, dark, dipole and singular soliton solutions. These solutions are presented for four new [Formula: see text]-symmetric potentials. The results reveal that optical bright, dark and dipole solitons can exist for those new physical settings.

Symmetric and asymmetric solitons and vortices in linearly coupled two-dimensional waveguides with the cubic-quintic nonlinearity

Two dimensional gap solitons in self-defocusing media with PT-symmetric superlattice

We investigate the effect of parity-time ()-symmetric complex potentials on the transmission in a non-Hermitian system, which consists of an infinite dimerized chain and two side-coupled defects with -symmetric complex on-site potentials. It is found that the -symmetric imaginary potentials have pronounced effects on the transmission behavior of such a system, including the shift of the normal antiresonance and the occurrence or disappearance of the Fano resonance. These phenomena depend significantly on the coupling manners and strengths between the defects and the dimerized chain. Our study can be helpful in understanding the influences of the symmetry of the dimerized systems on transmission properties.

We introduce a one-dimensional phenomenological model of a nonlocal medium featuring focusing cubic and defocusing quintic nonlocal optical nonlinearities. By means of numerical methods, we find families of solitons of two types, even-parity (fundamental) and dipole-mode (odd-parity) ones. Stability of the solitons is explored by means of computation of eigenvalues associated with modes of small perturbations, and tested in direct simulations. We find that the stability of the fundamental solitons strictly follows the Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion, whereas the dipole solitons can be destabilized through a Hamiltonian-Hopf bifurcation. The solitons of both types may be stable in the nonlocal model with only quintic self-attractive nonlinearity, in contrast with the instability of all solitons in the local version of the quintic model.

We introduce a continuous one-dimensional non-Hermitian matrix gauge potential and study its effect on dynamics of a two-component field. The model is emulated by a system of evanescently coupled nonlinear waveguides with distributed gain and losses. The considered gauge fields lead to a variety of unusual physical phenomena in both linear and nonlinear regimes. In the linear regime, the field may undergo superexponential convective amplification. A total power of an input Gaussian beam may exhibit a finite-distance blowup, which manifests itself in absolute delocalization of the beam at a finite propagation distance, where the amplitude of the field remains finite. The defocusing Kerr nonlinearity initially enhances superexponential amplification, while at larger distances it suppresses the growth of the total power. The focusing nonlinearity at small distances slows down the power growth and eventually leads to the development of the modulational instability. Complex periodic gauge fields lead to the formation of families of stable fundamental and dipole solitons.

We present exact analytical results for bright and dark solitons in a type of one-dimensional spatially inhomogeneous nonlinearity. We show that the competition between a homogeneous self-defocusing (SDF) nonlinearity and a localized self-focusing (SF) nonlinearity supports stable fundamental bright solitons. For a specific choice of the nonlinear parameters, exact analytical solutions for fundamental bright solitons have been obtained. By applying both variational approximation and Vakhitov-Kolokolov stability criterion, it is found that exact fundamental bright solitons are stable. Our analytical results are also confirmed numerically. Additionally, we show that a homogeneous SF nonlinearity modulated by a localized SF nonlinearity allows the existence of exact dark solitons, for certain special cases of nonlinear parameters. By making use of linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulation, it is found that these exact dark solitons are linearly unstable.

The existence and stability of vector solitons in non-parity-time (PT)-symmetric complex potentials are investigated. We study the vector soliton family, in which the propagation constants of the two components are different. It is found that vector solitons can be stable below and above the phase transition of the non-PT-symmetric complex potentials. Below the phase transition, vector solitons are stable in the low power region. Above the phase transition, there are two continuous stable intervals in the existence region. The profiles of two components of these vector solitons show the asymmetry and we also study the transverse power flow in the two components of these vector solitons in the non-PT-symmetric complex potentials.