Some Generalized Special Functions and their Properties

11 - The Gamma, Beta, Pi, and Psi Functions

Numerous special functions, including the beta function, hypergeometric functions, and other orthogonal polynomials, are closely connected to the gamma function. Recently, gamma function has been enhanced by adding a new parameter. As a consequence, this gamma is called the parametric gamma function or b-gamma function. By utilizing the enhanced gamma function (or the parametric gamma function), we have present a generalization for the special function Rabotnov function. Consequently, new fractal-fractional operators (derivative and integral) involving the generalized Rabotnov function are defined. Analysis is introduced to discover the main properties of the suggested operators. Since the main challenge in the calculus of fractal-fractional operators is to design examples, we illustrate a set of examples including power series. We explore the boundedness of the recommended operators. There are many gains for checking the boundedness of fractal operators in general and fractal-fractional operators in particular. Moreover, as an application, we establish the existence and uniqueness solution of abstract fractal-fractional equation. Examples are presented at the end of the effort. Graphics and computations are observed using MATHEMATICA 13.3 software.•By using the parametric gamma function, the Rabotnov special function is generalized. New fractal-fractional operators are presented using the generalized Rabotnov function with examples;•Boundedness of these operators is investigated, where bounded operators give a strong foundation for understanding linear transformations across normed spaces, with many applications in science and mathematics.•Conditions of the existence and uniqueness of solutions of fractal-fractional differential abstract equation are established.

Considering the equations for some functions involving the first or the second derivatives of the biconfluent Heun function, we construct two expansions of the solutions of the biconfluent Heun equation in terms of incomplete Beta functions. The first series applies single Beta functions as expansion functions, while the second one involves a combination of two Beta functions. The coefficients of expansions obey four- and five-term recurrence relations, respectively. It is shown that the proposed technique is potent to produce series solutions in terms of other special functions. Two examples of such expansions in terms of the incomplete Gamma functions are presented.

This article provides an overview of the exact closed-form solutions for purely nonlinear oscillators. These solutions comprise the period of vibration and free and forced responses for one-degree-of-freedom systems. The use of special function for this purpose is demonstrated which includes: beta function, gamma function, hypergeometric function, Ateb function, Jacobi amplitude and Jacobi elliptic function.

Generating functions for the generalized Gauss hypergeometric functions

This work aimed to review the literature on probability density functions (pdf) and adjustment methods used to predict the diametric distribution of trees in native forests in Brazil, from 1973 to 2018. Articles published in scientific journals were selected, with open access, which addressed the pdf theme and adjustment methods for predicting the diameter distribution of trees in native forests. The searches were carried out on the Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and MDPI platforms. The results of the literature review showed that the Weibull, Beta and Gamma probability density functions were the most used in studies of the diametric distribution of trees in native forests in Brazil. Among them, the maximum likelihood adjustment method was the most used, followed by the percentile method. Furthermore, the Beta function, introduced by Pearson, and the Gamma function, with parameters α and β, were addressed. Furthermore, adherence tests, such as Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Reynolds, Cramér-von Mises, Chi-square and Shapiro-Wilk, were used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the pdfs.

We explore a number of functional properties of the $q$-gamma function and a class of its quotients; including the $q$-beta function. We obtain formulas for all higher logarithmic derivatives of these quotients and give precise conditions on their sign. We prove how these and other functional properties, such as the multiplication formula or the asymptotic expansion, together with the fundamental functional equation of the $q$-gamma function uniquely define those functions. We also study reciprocal "relatives" of the fundamental $q$-gamma functional equation, and prove uniqueness of solution results for them. In addition, we also use a reflection formula of Askey to derive expressions relating the classical sine function and the number $\pi$ to the $q$-gamma function. Throughout we highlight the similarities and differences between the cases $0<q<1$ and $q>1$.

This paper demonstrates several of Ostrowski-type inequalities for fuzzy number functions and investigates their connections with other inequalities. Specifically, employing the Aumann integral and the Kulisch–Miranker order, as well as the inclusion order on the space of real and compact intervals, we establish various Ostrowski-type inequalities for fuzzy-valued mappings (F·V·Ms). Furthermore, by employing diverse orders, we establish connections with the classical versions of Ostrowski-type inequalities. Additionally, we explore new ideas and results rooted in submodular measures, accompanied by examples and applications to illustrate our findings. Moreover, by using special functions, we have provided some applications of Ostrowski-type inequalities.

A combinatorial identity involving gamma function and Pochhammer symbol

In the present paper, we study the arithmetic properties of power expansions related to generalized hypergeometric differential equations and series. Defining the series f(z),g(z) in powers of z so that f(z) and \(f\left( z \right)\log z + g\left( z \right)\) satisfy a hypergeometric equation under a special choice of parameters, we prove that the series \(q\left( z \right) = ze^{{{g\left( {Cz} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{g\left( {Cz} \right)} {f\left( {Cz} \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {f\left( {Cz} \right)}}}\) in powers of z and its inversion z(q) in powers of q have integer coefficients (here the constant C depends on the parameters of the hypergeometric equation). The existence of an integral expansion z(q) for differential equations of second and third order is a classical result; for orders higher than 3 some partial results were recently established by Lian and Yau. In our proof we generalize the scheme of their arguments by using Dwork's p-adic technique.

A mode of teaching where students receive all information passively from a lecturer is ineffective in fostering of conceptual understanding of statistics. One mode of teaching which engages learners in the learning process of statistics is e-learning. This study was therefore, designed to determine the effect and challenges of e-learning on students at Mukuba University. The study employed quasi-experimental design. Sample for the study consisted of 60 third year students of mathematics studying statistics. Self-made questionnaire and statistics performance tests were used to collect data for the study. Students in the experimental group learnt Gamma and Beta Function, and Probability Distributions of Function of Random Variable using E-Learning approach while students in the control group learnt Gamma and Beta Function, and Probability Distributions of Function of Random Variable using conventional learning approach. Data for the study was analyzed using independent sample t-test statistics. The null hypothesis (H0) was tested at 5 percent significance level. The findings of the study revealed that E-Learning approach improved students' academic performance. Based on this, this study recommended that E-Learning should be used as an alternative method in teaching of statistics.

In this article , we explore the properties and relations of the hypergeometric superhyberbolic functions in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. Then we express the hypergeometric superhyberbolic functions with the help of hypergeometric functions to obtain an integral representation related to classical results within the theory of generalized hypergeometric functions. The work emphasises conditions of convergence, and special cases where the results can be expressed in a simple form and provide a unified framework for evaluating integrals involving hypergeometric functions.

This chapter presents basic definitions and characteristics of fractional calculus. Definitions and characteristics of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral and derivative, Caputo fractional derivative, Grünwald–Letnikov fractional derivative, Riesz fractional derivative, modified Riemann–Liouville derivative, and local fractional derivative have been primarily explored here. However, the Riemann–Liouville definitions of fractional differentiation play a significant role in developing fractional calculus. Because the derivative of constant is not zero, the Riemann–Liouville definition is not widely applicable. In such scenarios, the Caputo fractional derivative is more suited than the standard Riemann–Liouville derivative for applications in various engineering problems. It may be noted that the Riemann–Liouville technique is challenging to understand physically, while the Caputo approach employs integer-order initial conditions, which are easier to apply in real-world applications. This chapter also covers the Euler psi function, incomplete gamma function, beta function, incomplete beta function, Wright function, Mellin-Ross function, error function, hypergeometric functions such as Gauss, Kummer, and extended hypergeometric functions, and the H -function.

Many distributions in multivariate analysis can be expressed in a form involving hypergeometric functions $_pF_q$ of matrix argument e.g. the noncentral Wishart $(_0F_1)$ and the noncentral multivariate $F(_1F_1)$. For an exposition of distributions in this form see James [9]. The hypergeometric function $_pF_q$ has been defined by Constantine [1] as the power series representation \begin{equation*}\tag{1.1} _pF_q(a_1,\cdots, a_p; b_1,\cdots, b_q; R) = \sum^\infty_{k=0} \sum_\kappa \frac{(a_1)_\kappa\cdots(a_p)_\kappa}{(b_1)_\kappa\cdots (b_q)_\kappa} \frac{C_\kappa (R)}{k!}\end{equation*} where $a_1,\cdots, a_p, b_1,\cdots, b_q$ are real or complex constants, $(a)_\kappa = \mathbf{prod}^m_{i=1}(a - \frac{1}{2}(i - 1))_{k_i},\quad (a)_n = a(a + 1)\cdots (a + n - 1)$ and $C_\kappa(R)$ is the zonal polynomial of the $m \times m$ symmetric matrix $R$ corresponding to the partition $\kappa = (k_1, k_2,\cdots, k_m), k_1 \geqq k_2 \geqq \cdots \geqq k_m$, of the integer $k$ into not more than $m$ parts. The functions defined by (1.1) are identical with the hypergeometric functions defined by Herz [5] by means of Laplace and inverse Laplace transforms. For a detailed discussion of hypergeometric functions and zonal polynomials, the reader is referred to the papers [1] of Constantine and [7], [8], [9] of James. From a practical point of view, however, the series (1.1) may not be of great value. Although computer programs have been developed for calculating zonal polynomials up to quite high order, the series (1.1) may converge very slowly. It appears that some asymptotic expansions for such functions must be obtained. It is well known that asymptotic expansions for a function can in many cases be derived using a differential equation satisfied by the function (see e.g. Erdelyi [4]), and so, with this in mind, a study of differential equations satisfied by certain hypergeometric functions certainly seems justified. In this paper a conjecture due to A. G. Constantine is verified i.e. it is shown that the function \begin{equation*}\tag{1.2} _2F_1(a, b; c; R) = \sum^\infty_{k=0} \sum_\kappa \frac{(a)_\kappa(b)_\kappa}{(c)_\kappa} \frac{C_\kappa(R)}{K!}\end{equation*} satisfies the system of partial differential equations \begin{align*} \tag{1.3} R_i(1 &- R_i)\partial^2F/\partial R_i^2 + \{ c - \frac{1}{2}(m - 1) - (a + b + 1 - \frac{1}{2}(m - 1))R_i \\ &+\frac{1}{2} \sum^m_{j=1,j\neq i}\lbrack R_i(1 - R_i)/(R_i - R_j) \rbrack\}\partial F/\partial R_i \\ &-\frac{1}{2} \sum^m_{j=1,j\neq i} \lbrack R_j(1 - R_j)/(R_i - R_j) \rbrack\partial F/\partial R_j = abF \quad (i = 1,2, \cdots, m)\end{align*} where $R_1, R_2,\cdots, R_m$ are the latent roots of the complex symmetric $m \times m$ matrix $R$. When $m = 1$, the system (1.3) clearly reduces to the classical hypergeometric equation. It appears difficult to establish this conjecture directly, and the method used has necessitated a section devoted to a summary of the argument involved (Section 3). The main result in the paper is summarized in Theorem 3.1 of this section. Section 4 contains proofs referred to in Section 3. Using the fact that $C_\kappa (R)$ satisfies the partial differential equation (James [10])\begin{equation*}\tag{1.4} \sum^m_{i=1} R_i^2\partial^2y/\partial R_i^2 + \sum^m_{j=1,j\neq i}\lbrack R_i^2/(R_i - R_j) \rbrack\partial y/\partial R_i = \sum^m_{i=1}k_i(k_i + m - i - 1)y,\end{equation*} James and Constantine [11] have obtained the effects of certain differential operators on $C_\kappa(R)$. These results are given in Section 2 and are used in many proofs in Section 4. Section 5 is probably of most interest statistically, for here systems of partial differential equations similar to (1.3) are given for $_1F_1(a; c; R)$ and $_0F_1(c; R)$. These two functions occur often in multivariate distributions. The differential equations for $_1F_1(a; c; R)$ have been used by Constantine [3] to obtain an asymptotic expansion for the noncentral likelihood ratio criterion, and by the author [12] to obtain asymptotic distributions of Hotelling's generalized $T_0^2$ statistic, Pillai's $V^{(m)}$ criterion, and for the largest latent root of the covariance matrix. The system for $_0F_1(c; R)$ is a generalization of that given by James [6] for $_0F_1(m/2; R)$.

In this paper, we solve the Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau (DKP) equation in the presence of the Woods–Saxon potential barrier and well for spin-one particles. We derive the scattering solution in terms of the Gaussian hypergeometric function [Formula: see text], the regularized Gaussian hypergeometric function [Formula: see text], and the Gamma function [Formula: see text]. Our analysis reveals the presence of transmission resonances. To observe these resonances, we calculate and plot the transmission T and reflection R coefficients for various parameters of the Woods–Saxon potential barrier. Our results are compared with those obtained for the square potential barrier and the cusp potential barrier, which represent limiting cases of the Woods–Saxon potential barrier. Furthermore, we investigate the bound state solutions, determining the critical turning point [Formula: see text] to study particle–antiparticle creation and compute the norm N. Finally, we also compare our results with those obtained for the square potential well and the cusp potential well, confirming that pair creation occurs in both potential wells.