Sources of structural change: an input-output decomposition analysis for Greece

Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations: VIII. Distribution of Income by Size

Introduction The Impacts of Structural and Technological Change: An Overview by Eileen Appelbaum & Ronald Schettkat General Changes in the Structure of the Economies Structures of Postindustrial Society or Does Mass Unemployment Disappear in the Service and Information Economy? by Fritz W. Sharpf Differential Characteristics of Employment Growth in Service Industries by Eileen Appelbaum & Peter Albin Structural Change in the United States, Past and Prospective: Its Implication for Skill and Educational Requirements by Ronald E. Kutscher Structural Change, Information Technology, and Employment: The Case of France by Pascal Petit Structural Change in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Case of Services by Frank Stille Adjusting to Technological and Structural Change Institutions Regulating the Labor Market: Support or Impediments for Structural Change? by Gunther Schmid Flexibility in the Labor Market--Internal versus External Adjustment in International Comparison by Werner Sengenberger Manufacturing Products with Microelectronics: Sectoral Strengths and the Social Construction of Actors in Britain and Germany by Adrian Campbell, Arndt Sorge, and Malcom Warner Labor Market Adjustments to Structural Change in Sweden by Lena Gonas Adjustment Processes in the Economy: Labor Market Dynamics in the Federal Republic of Germany by Ronald Schettkat Bibliography Index

This paper analyzes the effects of changes in relative commodity prices on the distribution of income among factors of production in the context of two models of a simple, two-good economy. In the first model capital is treated as a specific factor in each industry, with labor mobile between industries. The assumption of specificity determines the direction of factor income changes, with magnitudes depending on substitutability between factors and on intensities of factor use within the two industries. In the second model, capital is viewed as a quasi-fixed factor. For the short run, this model is identical to the model first considered. For the long run, this model is identical to the Stolper-Samuelson model in which the direction and magnitude of factor income changes depend solely on relative factor intensities. The difference between the short-run and long-run determinants of changes in factor incomes gives rise to a conflict between factor owners' short-run and long-run interests.

Technological change in critical metallic mineral sub-sectors and its impacts on mineral supply: Evidence from China

The environment and the impact of human activities on the environment have been at the center of attention recently, and air transportation is a contributor to environmental emissions. This paper presents a model that measures the impact of technology and policy changes on future emission levels of the air transportation. The resulting tool models the environmental performance of aircraft and the resource allocation of airlines in order to measure the fleet-wise environmental impact of changes in technology as well as to assess the degree to which policy changes on environmental metrics are achievable. The tool tracks environmental impact in three forms CO2, NOX and airport noise while assuming a benevolent monopolistic airline serves passenger demand. The results reflect key relationships between emission levels, passenger demand, ticket price and aircraft technology over a period of several years.

Modelling creative destruction: Technological diffusion and industrial structure change to 2050

Effects of power ultrasound on oxidation and structure of beef proteins during curing processing

Changes in protein structures as a result of riboflavin-induced photo-oxidation were studied for six milk proteins: alpha-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin. The milk proteins showed significant variability in sensitivity to photo-oxidation. After photo-oxidation, an increase in carbonyl content because of oxidation of tryptophan, histidine, and methionine, as well as formation of dityrosine, was observed for all proteins studied, although at very different levels. Generally, the increment was highest for alpha- and beta-casein and was lowest for lactoferrin. Loss of tryptophan because of photo-oxidation was well-correlated with the formation of the tryptophan oxidation products, N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine. Changes at the tertiary protein structure level were observed after photo-oxidation of the globular proteins, where tryptophan fluorescence emission indicated unfolding of alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin, whereas lactoferrin achieved a more compact tertiary structure. Changes in secondary structure were observed for alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin, whereas the secondary structure of lactoferrin did not change. Polymerization of alpha- and beta-casein and of lactoferrin was observed, whereas kappa-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin showed little tendency to polymerize after photo-oxidation. Lability toward photo-oxidation is discussed according to the structural stabilities of the globular proteins.

This article deals with the impact of changes in technology, notably as far as energy and materials are concerned, on the location patterns in Europe of the oil-refining and petrochemical industry.

South Asia Regional Integration in Global Production Networks as Effective Response to the Economic Crisis

This thesis investigates the spread and activity of the Internet over the years 2006-2012, an unprecedented period of growth in global internet connectivity. In stark contrast to previous general purpose technologies such as steam power or electrification the internet's diffusion process operates at a much faster pace. Whereas it took 100 years for the steam engine to reach saturation, and around 60 years for electrification, we estimate that the average time to saturation for the internet's expansion has been just 16 years (1% to 99%). Significantly, whilst the emergence of the steam engine necessitated the co-development of the engineering profession to install, use and maintain the engines, every participant in the Internet obtains (and extends) the knowledge required to utilise the internet for greater productivity. Moreover, each internet user, simply by their pattern of interaction with the internet reveals personal preferences and choices, and this, combined with the global reach and remarkably democratic foundations of the internet enables social science research of an unparalleled nature. I present a novel data set with corresponding methods to analyse the diffusion of the internet at a very disaggregated level and show it's relationship with economic progress, structural changes and innovation. The first two chapters of this thesis focuses on the extensive methods necessary to aggregate a trillion random Internet (IPv4, ICMP) probes and transform this information into useful data. This work yielded novel data join algorithms to optimise the joining process with distributed data flows. The resultant data set comprises accurately geo-located IP activity ('online'/'offline') aggregated at over 1600 locations (cities) at 15min intervals, over the period 2006-2012. The third chapter applies the data set to investigate biological, social and economic behaviour. The American Time Use Survey (ATUS), in combination with our Internet data, is used to upscale the time diary to cities worldwide. A novel machine learning method is presented to facilitate the process of predicting sleep start and sleep stop time over seven years around the globe. Furthermore, the dynamics of the Internet Protocol space regarding allocation challenges are overcome to derive comparable monthly Internet per capita measures and estimate country-specific diffusion properties. The globally consistent regional estimates are used to research the effect of the spread of the Internet on local economic outcomes. I find that the propagation of the Internet had positive effects on the economic performance of regions across industries. On the other hand, in industries where the spread of the Internet has lead to the possibility to outsource operation and results in a structural change, the spread of the Internet has adverse economic effects. The final chapter investigates how the free distribution of information over the Internet is seen as a threat by autocratic governments. First a method to identify events of Internet censorship through speed tampering is developed, and validated for Iran. Then, the method is applied to identify the limiting of the market for information during the Russian presidential election in 2012 using a difference in difference design. I find that on average the government candidate achieved a lower-bound estimate of 3.2 percentage point increase on Election Day due to subtle tampering of the Internet.

PurposeThe United Nations adopted 17 goals for sustainable development, which has been known as the 17 SDGs. Knowing how to achieve these goals will be very important for many countries. The first of the 17 is no poverty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how to realize no poverty in UN’s SDGs by focusing on structural changes based on the New Structural Economics.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explains the relationship between structural changes and people’ s income in both rural and urban areas, and then introduces how to eliminate poverty from a New Structural Economics’ perspective. Finally, it discusses what to do to make these changes a reality.FindingsTo reduce and eventually eliminate poverty, increasing personal income becomes the first step. From national perspective, structural changes are related to an income increase. In rural and urban areas alike, the structural changes will usually be accompanied by new technologies and job opportunities, which will help people improve their incomes.Originality/valueThis paper explains relationship between structural changes and poverty elimination. How to increase people’s income is also discussed according to New Structural Economics. This paper’s findings may well be valuable for research on poverty elimination in the future.

Research in this paper is oriented towards structural changes at the division level of the manufacturing industry. The goal of the research is to point at the significance of the efficient structural reforms of Serbia's manufacturing industry, more precisely to point at the size, intensity, speed and directions of the changes made in its structure. In the paper, the basic indicators of structural changes are used, namely the trend of the share of employment and the value added. The size of the changes is analyzed by the standard deviation and the dispersion of growth rates, whereas the intensity of changes is analyzed by the elasticity of the divisions' growth rates. A correlation analysis is used to determine the directions and nature of the connectedness of structural changes between divisions, whereas the direction of changes is shown by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient of their growth rates. The Structural Change Indicator is used for researching the pace and patterns of structural changes. At the division level, by applying the comparison method, differences in the directions, speed and patterns of the structural changes of the Serbian manufacturing industry are analyzed against the new EU member states for which there are comparative data (Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia). The research results indicate that growth rates were higher in those divisions in which reforms were more comprehensive, faster, more intensive and efficiently fully implemented.

Recent studies of capital-skill complementarity suffer from several important empirical limitations and a theoretical framework that treats technological change as exogenous. This paper addresses some of these limitations using a new, detailed firm-level dataset on technology usage and labor composition. Based on two-stage estimation procedures, our results imply that technological change leads to a shift in labor composition and compensation in favor of white-collar workers.

This study investigated the impact that technological changes have on the construction industry. In recent years, the construction industry has been forced to investigate ways to improve the delivery of projects. Construction projects are becoming more and more complex and clients are demanding improved products and services. The construction industry experiences inefficiency problems that are caused by the dispersed nature of the organisations in the industry. This leads to poor communication and insufficient transfer of information when it is needed. This has challenged the construction industry to be more efficient, innovative and to implement and use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools to facilitate the improvements required. However, due to the dynamic changes in technology, many organisations have implemented ICT solutions that do not meet their needs. Project managers are expected to integrate the work of all the companies involved in a project. As a result, there is a constant need for information throughout the lifecycle of a project. Therefore, communication of project information a project is critical. This study was conducted using a single method approach focusing on collecting and analysing quantitative data. The survey strategy, through the use of questionnaires, was the design used in the study. Random sampling was used to sample 20 employees out of a population of 87 employees. The findings from the literature review and the data analysis revealed that communication is a problem in the industry and exerts an influence on project management. Furthermore, the findings showed that the implementation of ICT tools greatly improves the delivery of projects, but more needs to be done to improve the adoption of ICT by employees and organisations.