South Side’s Overdevelopment: Farrell and Wright’s Extreme Youths

Regional unbalanced development refers to a common phenomenon in the process of regional development. China is currently in the process of transitioning from regional unbalanced development to balanced development. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical significance to sort out the theory of regional unbalanced development and China's practical experience. Representative regional historians and economists have explained the process of regional unbalanced development from the perspectives of historical reality and economic theory, and have developed relevant theories. Pero believed that the significant differences in the foundations of economic development among different regions led to the emergence of regional imbalances. Hirsch emphasized the necessity of imbalanced development in the early stages of economic development, while Myrdal further explained the reasons and mechanisms of uneven growth, as well as how it affects regional economic development. The main manifestations of unbalanced regional development in China currently include: uneven development in the four major regions, uneven development within regions, and uneven development between urban and rural areas. In response to the problem of unbalanced development in China, China has taken measures such as organizing and implementing the poverty alleviation campaign, deepening the implementation of regional coordinated development strategies, and promoting new urbanization centered on people to narrow the regional development gap.

Regional Planning and Development Theories

The implementation of non-equilibrium development through non-balance policy among different regions is one of the most significant characteristics of China mode. The regional development mode supported by the regional plans and policies in China is stepping into regional coordination development after the stages of the initial development of the eastern area, development of the west, revitalization in the northeast, and rise of central region. Under the government-oriented market economy system, the orientation effect that local governments pursue the administrative achievements is the important interior motive for regional development. However, the performance appraisal mainly based on GDP will easily lead to the vicious competition together with similar structure among regions, the ignorance of interregional cooperation, and the friendly interaction with external environments. Meanwhile, the present regional development evaluation methods, which emphasize interior all-side elements and their quantity matching through the index setting in terms of dimensionality and weight, face the serious conflict against the real fact of regional division based on each advantage supported by resource endowment and regional cooperation based on exchange, inter-regional arrangement and hierarchical governments. Thus, it is quite necessary to construct a more reasonable method of regional coordination development evaluation. In this paper, according to system theory and coordination theory, a two-level and five-dimension analysis framework of regional coordination development is proposed, and a evaluation model for appraising the status of coordination development of both national level and regional level from the corresponding dimension is established.

B ENNER C. (2003) Labour flexibility and regional development: the role of labour market intermediaries, Reg. Studies 37 , 621-633. As contemporary labour markets have become more complex, volatile and unpredictable, labour market intermediaries (LMIs) have played an increasingly prominent role in shaping labour flexibility and regional development. Existing theories of regional development, however, do not adequately account for this prominent role. Using Silicon Valley as a case study, this paper contributes to developing a theory of intermediaries and regional development by highlighting the role LMIs play in three important labour market functions - reducing transactions costs, building networks and managing risk. In doing this, intermediaries play a critical role in shaping the speed and character of labour market adjustment, thus contributing directly to regional development, with significant implications for regional development policy. B ENNER C. (2003) La flexibilité du travail et l'amé nagement du territoire: le rôle des intermédiaires dans le marché du travail, Reg. Studies 37 , 621-633. Au fur et à mesure que les marchés du travail sont devenus plus complexes, plus précaires et plus imprévisibles, les intermédiaires dans le marché du travail (IMT) ont joué un rôle de plus en plus important dans la dé termination de la flexibilité du travail et de l'aménagement du territoire. Toujours est-il que les théories actuelles de l'amé nagement du territoire ne tient pas compte convenablement de ce rôle important. A partir d'une étude de cas, à savoir la Silicon Valley, cet article cherche à contribuer à la construction d'une thé orie des intermédiaires et de l'aménagement du territoire tout en soulignant le rôle des IMT dans trois fonctions importantes sur le marché du travail - la réduction des frais de transaction, la construction de réseaux et la gestion du risque. De cette manière, les intermédiaires jouent un rôle primordial dans la détermination de la vitesse et de la nature de l'ajustement du marché du travail, ainsi contribuant directement à l'aménagement du territoire, d'où d'importantes conséquences pour la politique d'aménagement du territoire. B ENNER C. (2003) Flexibilität der Arbeiterschaft und regionale Entwicklung: Die Rolle der Arbeitsmarktvermittler, Reg. Studies 37 , 621-633. Da die heutigen Arbeitsmärkte komplexer, unbeständiger und unvorsehbarer geworden sind, haben Arbeitsmarktvermittler (Labour Market Intermediaries=LMIs) eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle bei der Gestaltung der Flexibilität der Arbeiterschaft und der regionalen Entwicklung gespielt. Vorhandene Theorien der Regionalentwicklung geben jedoch nur unzulängliche Auskunft über die Bedeutung ihrer Rolle. Mit Hilfe einer Fachstudie von Silicon Valley trägt dieser Aufsatz zur Entwicklung einer Theorie der Vermittler und regionaler Entwicklung bei, indem er die Rolle hervorhebt, die LMIs in drei bedeutenden Arbeitsmarktfunktionen spielen: der Reduzierung der Abwicklungskosten, der Konstruktion von Netzwerken und der Absicherung von Risiken. In dieser Kapazität spielen die Vermittler eine kritische Rolle, indem sie Tempo und Charakter der Arbeitsmarktanpassung gestalten, und so direkt zur Regionalentwicklung beitragen; dies hat signifikante Implikationen für die regionale Entwicklungspolitik.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the contribution of Regional Development Banks (BPDs) to Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and poverty reduction in Indonesia during the 2014–2023 period, with a focus on the role of third-party funds (DPK) and loan disbursement as financial intermediation mechanisms. The study is framed within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Theoretical Framework: Grounded in the theory of financial intermediation and regional economic development, this study employs both supply-leading and demand-following approaches. Concepts of financial assets and macroeconomic indicators are used to explain the relationships among financial intermediation, economic performance, and poverty outcomes. Method: Using a quantitative approach, panel data from 34 provinces were analyzed through regression to assess the influence of DPK, total assets, and total loan on GRDP and poverty levels. Data were sourced from the Indonesia Financial Services Authority (OJK), Statistics Indonesia (BPS), and BPDs financial reports (2014–2023). Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that DPK positively influences loan distribution, while total assets show no significant effect. BPD loans have a positive impact on regional economic growth and contribute to poverty reduction. Economic growth also plyas a significant role in decreasing poverty, hihglighting the strategic role of BPDs in promoting inclusive and sustainable regional development in line with SDG targets. Research Implications: This study supports the institutional strengthening and digital transformation of BPDs to enhance financial efficiency, inclusion, and their contribution to sustainable development. The results offer policy insights for aligning regional banking practices with Indonesia’s national development agenda and the global SDGs framework. Originality/Value: This research presents comprehensive empirical evidence from all Indonesian provinces, revealing the causal relationships between BPD performance, economic growth, and poverty alleviation. By situating these findings within the SDGs context, the study contributes to the discourse on the role of subnational financial institutions in sustainable regional development.

The subject of this thesis was chosen from both a professional and an academic interest in the economic development of Oregon. Prompted by proposals made to the Oregon Legislature to initiate various forms of industrial subsidy programs to disperse economic growth and population away from congested areas, this research effort seeks to provide an evaluative analysis of the effectiveness of subsidy techniques in influencing industrial location and stimulating a sustained growth process in less developed areas. Research was undertaken in two primary subjects: 1) theory of regional economic development and the effects of subsidies on the growth process; and 2) empirical evidence of the effectiveness of industrial subsidy programs on regional development in other areas. Information was obtained from the following resources: The author’s library of reference literature on economic development and the bibliographies contained therein; Professional organizations, particularly the library of the American Industrial Development Council, as well as requests for literature from various members of those organizations; University library resources, including: Bureaus of Business Research, Bibliography, 1968-1970; Public Affairs Information Service, 1965-Jan. 3, 1973; Business Periodicals Index, 1965-1972; Journal of Economic Articles, 1967-Dec., 1972; Index to Economic Literature, 1966-1970; U.S. Library of Congress, National Union Catalog, 1960-1972; Council of Planning Librarians, Bibliographies; Colorado University, Public Catalog of Norlin Library holdings; Colorado Technical Reference Center. Using information obtained from these and other sources, a method was obtained for defining and measuring the economic and social welfare objectives of a regional development program in Oregon. Geographical patterns of economic health indicators were mapped for the state This is followed by an analysis of various types of subsidies and their effects on resource allocation and gross output. It was found that wage subsidies offer optimum benefits for labor-surplus areas with less distortion of capital efficiency than do capital or price subsidies. Justification for subsidies was found to be greatest using social benefits as criteria rather than maximization of economic output. The influence of industrial subsidies on location decisions is then examined. Following an analysis of effects of subsidies on the cost structure and profit potential for the firm, financial and tax incentives are separately reviewed in case histories of subsidy programs. It was found that capital investment subsidies have had considerably more location influence than tax subsidies. In any case, however, subsidies were determined to be marginal, rather than decisive, locational factors with more basic economic criteria, such as labor availability

Due to the unique characteristics of the innovation process, the government plays an important role in its stimulation. However, the adaptation of national innovative policies to regional and local conditions is the responsibility of regional and local authorities. Sustainable development of the region will be achieved only if its stakeholders such as business, R & D units and the relevant authorities are involved. The primary task of the public authority is to coordinate activities and to create a favorable climate for economic development in the region. Both primary and secondary regional development theories define multiple sources of economic growth. The main objective of this article is to show the role of local government in the development of regional innovation policy in accordance with the secondary theories of regional development. Secondary theories are based on the following primary theories: the economic base theory of W. Sombart, the growth poles theory of F. Perroux, the A. Marshall’s industrial districts theory, the theory of industrial clusters of M.E. Porter and the J.Coleman’s theory of social capital. Due to the limitations of this article, the text describes only some secondary theories of regional development. These theories come from the economic base theory of W. Sombart and the industrial districts theory of A. Marshall.

Nemzeti Területfejlesztési Koncepció: rövidített változat

The recent upsurge of interest in regional development issues in the Czech Republic is hindered by a lack of understanding of the recent progress in regional development theories. This article provides a comparative analysis of the main theories. Several basic parameters are identified in each theory by means of which the regional development theories are classified into several groups and briefly discussed.

Given the trend of increasing imbalance in the economic development of administrative-territorial units and ensuring their innovative development, the issue of upgrading the effectiveness of the anti-crisis regional policy is becoming urgent. The research aim is to develop an econometric model for assessing the impact of asymmetries in the development of urban economies on the regional socio-economic development based on the case of Kazakhstan. The article establishes a sample of indicators of socio-economic development of cities and regions in Kazakhstan in 2014-2018. The governance indicators of the influence of the asymmetry in urban development on the regional socio-economic development in Kazakhstan have been determined based on the Granger causality test, the creation of a cognitive map and the identification of hierarchy levels. The asymmetry in regional development has been estimated applying the coefficient of variation of the relevant indicators of socio-economic development of cities and regions, taking into account the lagged variables. The developed model allows determining the convergence model of regional development, the nature of the influence of asymmetries in the development of cities on the regional economic development in the context of economic growth and recession, as well as identifying the key factors in the asymmetry of regional development. The results are based on reliable data; they are of practical importance and can serve as the basis for the elaboration of effective preventive measures for anti-crisis regional development policy, not only to neutralize asymmetries, but also to achieve economic growth under the conditions of unbalanced regional development.

Wayne Miller's photographs chronicle a black Chicago of fifty years ago: the South Side community that burgeoned as thousands of African Americans, almost exclusively from the South, settled in the city during the Great Migration of the World War II years. The black-and-white images provide a visual history of Chicago at the height of its industrial order--when the stockyards, steel mills, and factories were booming--but, more important, they capture the intimate moments in the daily lives of ordinary people. Miller was adept at becoming invisible, and his photographs are full of naked, disarming emotion. One of the first Western photographers to document the destruction of Hiroshima and the survivors of the bombing, Wayne Miller had just returned from his stint as a World War II Navy combat photographer under the direction of Edward Steichen when he received two concurrent Guggenheim fellowships to fund his Chicago project. Taken over a course of three years beginning in 1946, his photographs span city scenes from storefront church services to slaughterhouse workers in the taverns at night to a couple making love. In addition to affording a glimpse into the hopes and hardships shared by a community of migrants who had just made the long journey from the rural South to the urban North, the images collected in Chicago's South Side reflect the enormous variety of human experiences and emotions that occurred at a unique time and place in the American landscape. A few celebrities appear in these images--Paul Robeson, Ella Fitzgerald, Lena Horne, Duke Ellington. But mostly we see ordinary people--in clubs and at church, sporting events, parades. Much is on view that is of interest to the student of mid-twentieth-century black Chicago: the neighborhoods Richard Wright's Bigger Thomas traversed in Native Son, the Bronzeville limned in Gwendolyn Brooks's earliest poems, and the street life that inspired the urbanscapes of painter Archibald Motley. The kitchenette apartments that Miller so deftly memorializes are bursting with people of all ages sleeping, dressing, courting, and dreaming. One senses the intimacy between his subjects and the emotions that animate their lives. Gordon Parks's memoir of poverty and hope in the freezing tenements of the South Side supplements the photographs, while Robert Stepto's essay contextualizes the South Side in the history of postwar Chicago. Chicago's South Sideis a superb testament to the talent of the photographer, to the spirit of the people the images portray, and to the moment in American history these photographs capture.

The current reforming of local self-government, territorial organization of authorities and administrative-territorial division in Ukraine require new approaches to managing regional development. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical aspects of the concept of balanced regional development. In the study, the author applies systematic approach, theoretical generalization, method of scientific abstraction, logical-semantic method and graphical method. The results of the study show that the concept of balanced regional development should be considered through the prism of seven concepts and theories. Thus, regional development theories (individual theories of spatial organization, utilization of the region's potential and innovation and knowledge, as well as theories of social change) help to perceive the region as a coherent system with the potential for development. The concept of sustainable development emphasizes the importance of meeting the needs of today without sacrificing the needs of future generations. The concept of a smart region combines smart governance, economy, mobility, environment, people and lifestyle. The concept of new pragmatism is reminiscent of taking into account, in governing a region, the system of values "profitably, lawfully, non-immorally". In accordance with the concept of reconstructive development, it is advisable to combine the introverted, inclusive and innovative development of the region. Stakeholder theory points to the need to identify the main stakeholders and establish communication between them. At the same time, behavioral theory emphasizes the strengthening of the role of the human factor in regional development, which actualizes the study of the influence of psychological factors. As a result, the study identified balanced regional development as a long-term process of regional reconstruction with due regard to the existing potential, harmonizing stakeholder interests and establishing communication, optimal balance of environmental, social and economic goals, social justice, cohesion and responsibility. Understanding the nature and features of balanced regional development is theoretically and practically important as it is capable of enhancing the effectiveness of regional governance.

In 2015’s Combined and Uneven Development: Towards a New Theory of World-Literature , the Warwick Research Collective (WReC) proposes “reactivat[ing] the theory of combined and uneven development,” by which they mean an economic system in which capitalist formations exist alongside different, usually older, methods of economically organizing society. WReC insists that combined and uneven development is a necessary way of looking at literary and cultural production, for “capitalist development does not smooth away but rather produces unevenness, systematically and as a matter of course.” This chapter will look at the post-Good Friday Agreement literature of Belfast and the post-apartheid literature of Johannesburg to argue that these watershed moments in each city’s history have not achieved full-scale justice or reparations, but have reorganized the city along uneven capitalist development lines. The fault lines of these twenty-first-century cities are often revealed through the conjoined study of crime, imperial legacies, and economics in literature. By examining Stuart Neville’s The Twelve and Lauren Beukes’s Zoo City this chapter will argue that each city and its literature can find resonance in the theory of “combined and uneven development.”

Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies (NNS), defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and research scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evolution of China’s regional development policies can be divided into three stages: the exploration stage led by Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the expansion stage dominated by Economic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China’s regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional development as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional development have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the government to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse economic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.

Hadjimichalis C. and Hudson R. Contemporary crisis across Europe and the crisis of regional development theories, Regional Studies. This paper explores the prima facie puzzling issue of why so much contemporary theory in economic geography and regional planning – specifically New Economic Geography (NEG) and New Regionalism (NR) – has so little to say about the causes of the current post-2007 crisis and its geography globally and in Europe. It is argued here that this reflects its obsession with the regional ‘success stories’ of the 1970s and 1980s, its failure to appreciate the onset of crisis and the reasons for it in these regions in the 1990s, and its failure to appreciate the nature of capitalism as a crisis prone social system of combined and uneven development. Thus, the current economic crisis pushed dominant regional development theories into a homologous deep theoretical crisis. It is concluded that the time is ripe for a paradigm shift in theory and that this should involve a reconsideration of earlier theoretical approaches that fell out of fashion for a variety of intellectual and political reasons and of current radical social movements.