Spatial Optimization and Mode Analysis of Primary Industry Structure in Yellow River Delta

Introduction Coastal zones in bay cities are characterized by high population density, concentrated economic activities, and integrated socio-ecological systems. The dynamic interaction between industrial structural evolution and coastal development in such areas exerts profound impacts on both regional economic growth and ecological sustainability, making it critical to clarify their correlation. Methods By integrating historical marine maps (1958–2020) and remote sensing images (1986–2020) of Xiamen Bay, we extracted the coastline length and utilization data of Xiamen (a typical bay city). Artificial coastlines were categorized into four types based on their functional attributes. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was then applied to analyze the relationships between coastline length, utilization type, and urbanization indicators, linking these variables to the structure of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. Results and Discussion The results indicate that: 1) From 1958 to 2020, the natural coastline length of Xiamen Bay decreased by 283.57 km, accompanied by continuous expansion of artificial coastlines. Specifically, First-type artificial coastline increased by 152.73 km (1958–2002) but decreased by 134.48 km (2002–2020); Second and third type coastlines expanded by 117.07 km and 154.61 km respectively; Fourth-type coastline emerged after 2002 and reached 23.23 km in 2020. 2) At the regional scale, First-type coastline expansion showed a phased positive correlation with the primary industry; Second and third type coastline development was positively correlated with the secondary and tertiary industries (but negatively correlated with the primary industry). 3) The evolution of Xiamen’s coastal zone has shifted from a single economic benefit orientation to a synergistic “economic–ecological–social” model, corresponding to four stages: agricultural reclamation-dominated, initial export-oriented economy, bay-type city construction, and high-quality development transition. Notably, this shift is closely tied to industrial structure adjustments, providing a reference for bay cities to balance economic growth and coastal ecological protection.

Based on the energy consumption data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2021, this paper estimates and predicts the total carbon emissions of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2035 using ARIMA model and BP neural network model. ArcGIS and standard elliptic difference are used to visually analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics, and LMDI model is further used to decompose the driving factors affecting carbon emissions. The results show that: (1) China's total carbon emissions increased year by year from 2000 to 2035, but the growth rate of carbon emissions decreased gradually; The carbon emission structure is "secondary industry > residents' livelihood > tertiary industry > primary industry". the growth rate of carbon in secondary industry and residents' livelihood is relatively fast, while the change trend of primary industry and tertiary industry is relatively small. (2) the spatial distribution of carbon emissions in China's provinces presents a typical "eastern > central > western" and "northern > southern" distribution pattern, with the carbon emission center moving to the northwest; (3) The regions with higher development level of digital economy, industrial structure and new quality productivity have relatively less carbon emissions, with significant group difference effect; (4) Energy consumption intensity effect is the main factor to drive the continuous growth of carbon emissions, per capital GDP and energy consumption structure effect are the main factors to curb carbon emissions, and the impact of industrial structure and population size effect is relatively small. Based on the research conclusions, policy suggestions are put forward from the aspects of energy structure, industrial structure, new quality productivity and digital economy.

Using the data at the county level and the regional gravity center model, we calculated six key socio-economic gravity centers, namely population, GDP, output values of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and arable land area in the Tarim River Basin for each year from 1980 to 2009. We inspected the spatial dynamics of these centers and found that the gravity centers of population and economy evolved simultaneously. The disproportional growth between the population and the economy is also analyzed. The results show that: 1) The gravity centers of the GDP, the output values of the main three industries and arable land area show migration trending from southwest to northeast, while the population gravity center shows an excessive growth in the southwest during the same time period. The migration amplitude of the GDP and output values of primary industry, secondary industry, tertiary industry are measurably higher than that of the population. 2) The population gravity center has a negative correlation with the gravity centers of secondary and tertiary industries output values in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions, and a positive correlation with that of primary industry output value in the longitudinal direction. Based on the analysis of correlation coefficient and offset distance, the imbalance between the population and the economy has increased since the 1980s, with regional economic differences now exceeding the international cordon.

In view of the complexity and non-linearity of energy consumption system and the status quo of the development of energy in Qinghai Province,the relations between energy consumption and industrial structure is analyzed by using the quantitative analysis of grey relation degree by using the grey system theory.The relevancy degree among the primary industry,the secondary industry and the tertiary industry and living energy consumption are obtained,and then the trend of energy consumption in the following several years can be predicted.The results show that the secondary industry has the largest relevancy degree to the total energy consumption.In the end,according to the results of the research,several suggestions on how to saving energy are put forward.Firstly,the government should improve the high-tech industry and restrict the development of high-consumption and high-pollution industries.Secondly,the government should promote the low-carbon way of life;promote energy saving and control the energy consumption of the department of life.Thirdly,clean production should be actively promoted in the tertiary industry and the circular economy should be vigorously expanded.

Based on the statistical data during the period from 2000 to 2008 released by Henan Statistical Bureau in China, this paper applied the grey relational analysis to analyze the relationship between industrial structure including primary industry, secondary industry, tertiary industry and economic growth in Henan province in China. After detailed research, some results have been concluded for Henan province, the first of which is the relationship between industrial structure and economic growth during the period from 2000 to 2008 is very close, and the primary industry is the most important causation that brings about economic growth, the second of which is that tertiary industry played lager important significance than secondary industry during the economic growth in Henan province in China. Research results could provide valuable information for policy makers in government in their efforts to make appropriate economic polices.

Urbanization is the integrated symbol for levels of economic development and social modernization. This paper analyzes the urbanization dynamic mechanism, maintains the idea that the initial, fundamental and subsequent dynamic mechanism driving modernization are the development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries respectively. On these bases, this paper establishes relevant error correction models for GDP of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and urbanization development in Jiangxi by applying co-integration analysis, then conduct the Granger causality test. The results show that the urbanization level develops collaboratively with the primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

本文运用偏离–份额方法，采用行业数据资料，对山西省2007~2013年的产业结构进行分析。研究表明：① 山西省的产业结构发展不均衡。2007~2008年和2009~2010年这两个时期，山西省的经济增长快，产业结构优化，大部分产业部门属于朝阳产业，且在市场中具有很强的竞争力。② 山西省第一产业，农业发展最快，受气候影响，经济发展不稳定；③ 山西省第二产业中煤炭开采和洗选业是主导产业，由于产业缺乏创新，导致竞争力水平低下，产业结构优势下降；④ 山西省第三产业中，金融业、房地产业和其他服务业发展较快，有利于改善山西省以重工业为主的产业结构，推动山西省经济持续快速发展。 Taking the shift-share method and using industry‘s data, the paper anglicized 2007-2013 industrial structure in Shanxi Province. These conclusions are as follows: ① The development of industrial structure is imbalanced in Shanxi. Between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010, Shanxi has a rapid economic growth; the industrial structure is also in optimization; most industries are full of hoping and also have a strong competitive edge in the market. ② The agriculture is the primary industry in Shanxi, which is of the fastest growing, however, it is affected by climate resulting in the development of economic instability; ③ secondary industry in Shanxi, containing coal mining and washing industry, which is the leading industry, lacks industrial innovation, which leads to the low level of competitiveness; industrial structural advantages decrease; ④ During the tertiary industry in Shanxi, finance, real estate and other service industries develop rapidly, which is in favor of improving the heavy industrial structure in Shanxi Province, promoting the sustainable and rapid economic development in Shanxi Province.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth. In particular, the authors examine the impact of financial development on the growth of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in China. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regressions are applied on a set of data from China for the period 1978 to 2013 to determine the effects of financial development on economic growth, while controlling for other macroeconomic variables, namely labor force, capital growth, inflation rate and export growth. The empirical results show that financial development has a negative effect on economic growth in general, but on the growth of the tertiary industry in particular. By contrast, it is found that financial development has no significant effect on the primary and secondary industries. The findings offer policymakers some useful insights that more attention may need to be paid on developing capital markets and providing more investment choices/opportunities for Chinese households. This paper is different from most of the previous studies as it uses up-to-date data (1978-2013) from China capturing the effects of financial development on economic growth in addition to other macroeconomic factors.

Prolonged sitting is a health risk for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality, independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Epidemiological evaluation of occupational sitting has received little attention, even though it may have a potential impact on workers' health. We prospectively examined the association between occupational sitting time and all-cause mortality. Community-dwelling, Japanese workers aged 50-74 years who responded to a questionnaire in 2000-2003 were followed for all-cause mortality through 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to calculate hazard ratios (HR) of all-cause mortality among middle (1- to <3 hours/day) or longer (≥3 hours/day) occupationally sedentary subjects by gender or types of engaging industry ("primary industry" and "secondary or tertiary industry"). During 368,120 person-years of follow-up (average follow-up period, 10.1 years) for the 36,516 subjects, 2209 deaths were identified. Among workers in primary industry, longer duration of occupational sitting was significantly or marginally associated with higher mortality [HR 1.23, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.00-1.51 among men; HR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97-1.84 among women]. No associations were found among secondary or tertiary industry workers (men: HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.01; women: HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.77-1.39). Occupational sitting time increased all-cause mortality among primary industry workers, however similar relationships were not observed for secondary-tertiary workers. Future studies are needed to confirm detailed dose-response relationships by using objective measures. In addition, studies using cause-specific mortality data would be important to clarify the physiological underlying mechanism.

Ecological and cultural forestry need to be integrated for successful rural revitalization. A proper rural revitalization strategy should be linked to the value of the eco-cultural forestry industry. To adjust and optimize the structure of this industry, we need to develop the primary and tertiary industries and structurally optimize the secondary industry. The sustainable development of forestry requires us to promote the unity of the ecological, social, and economic benefits of forestry. By unifying ecological forestry and the cultural industry, we can capture consumer market trends, enhance industrial development policies, and increase the training of high-level talents to better deal with the danger of industrial hollowing out and resolve the embarrassment of the low end of the value chain. By integrating and promoting the two systems of ecological forestry and the cultural industry, we can converge their respective values and allow more nuanced value cognition when exploring the development paths of industry integration. In the period of overall transfer of forestry development strategy, it is of great significance to develop a forestry economy according to the evolution law of forestry industry, give full play to the advantages of forestry ecological culture resources, and vigorously develop forestry ecological culture industry under the background of rural revitalization strategy. Based on the integration of forestry industry, the aim of this study is to summarize the forestry ecological culture industry development mechanism, summarize the value of forestry ecological culture industry development strategy, put forward building a new era forestry ecological culture industry system, capture the consumer market trend, optimize industrial development policy, increase the high-level talent training industry integration development path, improve rural ecological advantages into ecological economic advantages, provide more and better green ecological products and services, promote the ecological and economic virtuous cycle, and realize the sustainable development of the forestry economy.

Provincial allocation of carbon emission reduction targets in China: An approach based on improved fuzzy cluster and Shapley value decomposition

Following the IPCC guidelines (2006), the total carbon emissions (2005-2009) from energy consumption and the carbon emissions in three sectors (primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry) in Beijing were estimated. Results show that (1) the carbon intensity decreased year by year, and (2) the total carbon emissions and carbon emissions per capita tended to fall down when they reached to the highpoints in 2007. In order to find the path of carbon emissions reduction in the future, present paper introduced and estimated the factors (industrial structure, energy structure and energy efficiency) which had impact on the carbon emissions of Beijing.

Chapter 11 - Industrial Engineering

The non-linear effect of daily weather on economic performance: Evidence from China

Our purpose is to analyse the speed and contribution of the educational scientific and technological progress in the development of the primary forestry industry. In order to research the role of the educational scientific and technological progress in the development of the primary forestry industry more scientifically, the article employs the modified multi-factor two-level CES production function model, and the data from 31 provinces over 19 years (1994-2012), to measure and calculate the speed and contribution of the educational scientific and technological progress in the development of the primary forestry industry from the two dimensions, time and space. The speed of educational scientific and technological progress in the primary forestry industry was 2.8% from 1994 to 2012, and the contribution rate of educational scientific and technological progress to the development of the primary forestry industry was 49.6%. Through the measuring and calculating of different periods, it is found that there were big differences between different periods regarding to the contribution of the educational scientific and technological progress to the development of the primary forestry industry, and the contribution grew quickly in the last few years. Through the measuring and calculating of different areas, it is found that there were huge differences between different areas regarding to the contribution of the educational scientific and technological progress to the development of the primary forestry industry, due to the difference in nature, society and economic environment. Along with the development of the economy, the structure of the forestry industry needs important changes. The dominating status of the primary forestry industry in the forestry industry should be strengthened. The educational science and technology investment of the primary forestry industry should be boosted, to lead the development of the primary forestry industry onto a path relying on the progress of educational science and technology. In the process of making the development policy and investment policy on the primary forestry industry, it shall not impose uniformity in all cases. On the contrary, the policy shall vary according to the different situations; and it is noticed that the comparative advantages of different areas with different social economic and natural resources shall be exerted.