Spectrum of 𝑋 satisfying 0≤𝑋^{𝑝}≤𝑋

In this paper, we consider linear spaces and algebras with real scalars. It is well known that if X is a Banach space and is the set of all bounded linear operators which map X into itself, then is a Banach algebra. In this paper we shall show that can be partially ordered so that it becomes a partially ordered algebra in which norm convergence is equivalent to order convergence. This motivates a study of Banach algebras of operators in which one uses the order structure to obtain various results. In addition, it encourages a study of partially ordered algebras in general, since our result shows that among such algebras one finds all real Banach algebras of operators. Of course, there are many other real algebras which are naturally partially ordered and which have been studied from that point of view.

Real analysis and linear algebra

It is well-known that sums and products of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, and the holomorphic functions on a complex manifold form a commutative algebra over C . The study of complex manifolds using algebras of holomorphic functions upon them is called complex algebraic geometry. The purpose of this paper is to develop an analogue of complex algebraic geometry, in which the complex numbers C are replaced by the quaternions H . The natural quaternionic analogue of a complex manifold is called a hypercomplex manifold. A class of H -valued functions on hypercomplex manifolds will be defined, called q-holomorphic functions, that are analogues of holomorphic functions on complex manifolds. Now, the set of holomorphic functions on a complex manifold is a commutative algebra over C . Therefore one asks: does the set of q-holomorphic functions on a hypercomplex manifold have an analogous algebraic structure, and if so, what is it? We shall show that the q-holomorphic functions on a (noncompact) hypercomplex manifold do indeed possess a rich algebraic structure. To describe it, we shall introduce a theory of quaternionic algebra, which is a quaternionic analogue of real linear algebra. This theory is built on three building blocks: AH-modules, the analogues of vector spaces, AH-morphisms, the analogues of linear maps, and the quaternionic tensor product, the analogue of tensor product of real vector spaces. As far as the author can tell, these ideas seem to be new. They enable us to construct algebraic structures over H as though H were a commutative field. Quaternionic algebra describes the algebraic structure of hypercomplex manifolds in a remarkable way, and it seems to be the natural language of hypercomplex algebraic geometry, the algebraic geometry of hypercomplex manifolds. We believe that quaternionic algebra is worth studying for its own sake. It has many similarities with linear algebra over R or C , which is why the analogies between complex and quaternionic theories work so well, but there are also deep differences, which give quaternionic algebra a flavour all of its own. Quillen [12] has given a sheaf-theoretic interpretation of the ideas of quaternionic algebra, based on a previous version of this paper. He finds a contravariant equivalence between a class of AH-modules and regular sheaves on a real form of CP. Regular sheaves on CP are equivalent to representations of the Kronecker quiver, and out of such a representation Quillen constructs an AH-module. Under Quillen’s equivalence stable AH-modules correspond to regular vector bundles over the real form of CP.

In structural dynamics, mass lumping techniques are commonly employed for improving the efficiency of explicit time integration schemes and increasing their critical time step constrained by the largest discrete frequency of the system. For immersogeometric methods, Leidinger [28] first showed in 2020 that for sufficiently smooth spline discretizations, the largest frequency was not affected by small trimmed elements if the mass matrix was lumped, a finding later supported by several independent numerical studies. This article provides a rigorous theoretical analysis aimed at unraveling this property. By combining linear algebra with functional analysis, we derive sharp analytical estimates capturing the behavior of the largest discrete frequency for lumped mass approximations and various trimming configurations. Additionally, we also provide estimates for the smallest discrete frequency, which has lately drawn closer scrutiny. Our estimates are then confirmed numerically for 1D and 2D problems.

This paper is dealed with a special local ring A and modules over A. Some properties of modules, that are constructed over the real plural algebra, are investigated. Moreover a module is constructed over the linear algebra of matrix M mm (ℝ) and one of its basis is found.

This paper is a review of results of studies of affine transformations in generalized spaces over real linear algebras over the past 15-20 years.

In the paper, we nd the connection between solutions of the classical YangBaxter equation with an ad-invariant symmetric part and RotaBaxter operators of special type on a real general linear algebra gl n (R).Using this connection, we classify solutions of the classical YangBaxter equation with an ad-invariant symmetric part on gl 2 (C) using the classication of RotaBaxter operators of nonzero weight on gl 2 (C) and a classication of RotaBaxter operators of weight 0 on sl 2 (C).