Speculative Augmentation in Federal Air Pollution Policy-Making

Abbas A. M., Graham J. H. & Magnus O. (2006) International Financial Reporting Standards workbook and guide. Adzongo, A. A., & Agbo, H. E. (2020). Financial Reporting and Accountability in Public Tertiary Institutions in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 6(1), 1-12. Agada, J. O. (2020). Financial Reporting and Accountability in Public Tertiary Institutions in Benue State, Nigeria (Ph.D. Thesis). Benue State University. Akiga, P. A., & Ochai, A. O. (2020). Financial Reporting and Accountability in Public Tertiary Institutions in Benue State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Accounting and Finance, 12-14. Beest, F. V., Braam, G. & Boelens, S. (2009). Quality of Financial Reporting: measuring qualitative characteristics, Accessed online on http://www.ru.nl/nice/workingpapers on 12/6/2017. Bizavings, (2016). Importance of Transparency in Financial reporting. Retrieved from:http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/29036/business_and_finance/the_Impo rtance_of_transparency_in_financial_reporting.html Edeh, C. I., Akinola, R., & Uzoh, M. (2023). Financial accountability and transparency in Nigeria University: Challenges and prospects. African Journal of Educational Management, 18(1), 43-56. Iorliam, A. M., & Okolo, J. U. (2019). The Impact of Financial Reporting on Transparency and Accountability in Nigerian Public Universities: A Study of Benue State University. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Financial Management, 20-22. Ikyo, P. O., & Ochai, A. O. (2019). The Impact of Financial Reporting on Transparency and Accountability in Nigerian Public Universities: A Study of Benue State University. International Journal of Financial Research, 10(3), 148-158. Igba, P. O. (2019). The Impact of Financial Reporting on Transparency and Accountability in Public Universities in Benue State, Nigeria ((link unavailable) Thesis). University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Ode, E. J., & Okolo, J. U. (2018). Financial Reporting Quality and Accountability in Public Institutions in Nigeria: Evidence from Benue State. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 16(1), 55-70. Ogundipe, O., & Olufemi, A. (2021). Policy reforms and the role of financial reporting in enhancing transparency in Nigerian higher education. Policy and Governance Review, 5(4), 112-124. Ogunleye, J. A., Sanni, B., & Adeyemi, T. (2020). Financial reporting quality and accountability in Public tertiary institutions in Benue State. Journal of African Studies in Education, 5(2), 55-70. Olayemi, K. (2022). Financial disclosure and accountability in Public tertiary institutions in Benue State. West African Journal of Business and Management, 14(1), 32-45. Onalo, U., LIzam, M., & Kaseri, A., (2014). International Financial Reporting Standards and the Quality of Banks Financial Statement Information: Evidence from an Emerging Market- Nigeria, European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3, (8):243-255. Nwafor, A., & Onah, G. (2021). Financial reporting and accountability in Nigerian public universities. International Journal of Management Studies, 9(2), 68-85. Stainbank, L. J. (2014). Factors Influencing the Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards by African Countries, South African Journal of Accounting Research, 28 (1): 79-95.

The purpose of the study had been aimed to further the understanding in exploring the relevance performance of the monopoly stock of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) to assess the stock performance return in comparison against the Malaysian stock market with reference towards the measurement of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) market index performance as the benchmark. With reference to the previous studies, there is relevance support to identify the tendency of the findings to suggest the higher performance for the major stocks like TNB stock where the business model of TNB being monopolizing the industry creating the upper hand for the stability in driving the revenue and profit leading to higher value in the stock price. The methodology of the research had further the quantitative analysis study using the historical data of 10years from 2014 to 2023 to identify the potential pattern and trend to assess the comparison for the performance and trading trend for both the TNB stock and market index of KLSE. The outcome of the research had suggested the sufficient evidence to identify the higher average return for the TNB stock over the negative return average being achieved by the KLSE market index putting clear picture on the higher performance of the monopoly TNB stock. In addition, the growth of the trading volume trend had suggested that the investors are being higher confidence towards the growth of the TNB stock where the growth of the trading volume for TNB stock is higher than the trading volume for KLSE market index and even exceeding the average return for the TNB stock. This had been in alignment with the previous study where the outcome for the study had created the significant contribution towards the academic and investors to invest in the monopoly stock like TNB and extending the potential area of study for the future research. References Abdullahi, I.B. (2020). ‘Effect of Unstable Macroeconomic Indicators on Banking Sector Stock Price Behaviour in Nigerian Stock Market’, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(2), 1-5. Adeyeye, P.O., Aluko, O.A. & Migiro, S.O. (2018). ‘The global financial crisis and stock price behaviour: time evidence from Nigeria’, Global Business and Economics Review, 20(3), 373-387. Al-Awadhi, A.M., Alsaifi, K., Al-Awadhi, A. & Alhammadi, S. (2020). ‘Death and contagious infectious diseases: Impact of the COVID-19 virus on stock market returns’, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27. Alsabban, S. & Alarfaj, O. (2020). ‘An Empirical Analysis of Behavioral Finance in the Saudi Stock Market: Evidence of Overconfidence Behavior’, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(1), 73-86. Altig, D., Baker, S., Barrero, J.M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., Davis, S.J., Leather, J., Meyer, B., Mihaylov, E., Mizen, P., Parker, N., Renault, T., Smietanka, P. & Thwaites, G. (2020). ‘Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Journal of Public Economics, 191. Apuke, O.D. (2017). ‘Quantitative Research Methods A Synopsis Approach’, Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Kuwait Chapter), 6(10). Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic Impacts of Post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Bhuva, K.K., Mankad, Y.B. & Bhatt, P.B. (2017). ‘Validity of Capital Asset Pricing Model & Stability of Systematic Risk (Beta) of FMCG - A Study on Indian Stock Market’, Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 4(2), 69-73. Chien, M., Lee, C., Hu, T. & Hu, H. (2015). ‘Dynamic Asian stock market convergence: Evidence from dynamic cointegration analysis among China and ASEAN-5’, Economic Modelling, 51, 84-98. Cooper, D. & Schindler, P. (2014). Business Research Methods, 12th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Boston. Grønholdt, L., Martensen, A., Jørgensen, S. & Jensen, P. (2015). ‘Customer experience management and business performance’, International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 7(1), 90-106. He, P., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y. & Li, T. (2020). ‘COVID–19’s Impact on Stock Prices across Different Sectors- an Event Study Based on the Chinese Stock Market’, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56, 2198-2212. Iqbal, H. & Riaz, T. (2015). ‘THE EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCKS RETURNS, TRADING VOLUME AND VOLATILITY: EVIDENCE FROM STOCK MARKET OF UNITED KINGDOM’, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(13), 180-192. Javanmard, H. & Hasani, H. (2017). ‘The Impact of Market Orientation Indices, Marketing Innovation, and Competitive Advantages on the Business Performance in Distributer Enterprises’, The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business, 8(1), 23-31. Jin, X. (2016). ‘The impact of 2008 financial crisis on the efficiency and contagion of Asian stock markets: A Hurst exponent approach’, Finance Research Letters, 167-175. Lew, C., & Saville, A. (2021). Game-based learning: Teaching principles of economics and investment finance through Monopoly. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 100567. Pasha, M. A., Ramzan, M., & Asif, M. (2019). Impact of Economic Value Added Dynamics on Stock Prices Fact or Fallacy: New Evidence from Nested Panel Analysis. Global Social Sciences Review, 4(3), 135-147. Ruhani, F., Ahmad, T.S.T. & Islam, M.A. (2018). ‘Theories Explaining Stock Price Behavior: A Review of the Literature’, International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 2(2), 51-64. Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, 7th edn, Wiley, New York. Setiawan, C. A., & Rosa, T. (2023). The Analysis of The Effect of Return of Investment (ROI) on Stock Price and Financial Performance of a Company. Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics, and Business (ANALYSIS), 1(1), 20-29. Sharela, B.F. (2016). ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Case Study Research Method on Social Science: Accounting Perspective’, International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 10(12), pp. 3849-3854. Sheta, A.F., Ahmed, S.E.M. & Faris, H. (2015). ‘A Comparison between Regression, Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines for Predicting Stock Market Index’, International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence, 4(7), 55-63. Solares, E., De-León-Gómez, V., Salas, F. G., & Díaz, R. (2022). A comprehensive decision support system for stock investment decisions. Expert Systems with Applications, 210, 118485. Spelta, A., Flori, A., Pecora, N., Buldyrev, S. & Pammolli, F. (2020). ‘A behavioral approach to instability pathways in financial markets’, Nature Communications, 11. Vasileiou, E. (2021). ‘Behavioral finance and market efficiency in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: does fear drive the market?’, International Review of Applied Economics, 35(2), 224-241. Vergara-Fernández, M., Heilmann, C. & Szymanowska, M. (2023). ‘Describing model relations: The case of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) family in financial economics’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 97, 91-100. Vinodkumar, N. & AlJasser, H.K. (2020). ‘Financial evaluation of Tadawul All Share Index (TASI) listed stocks using Capital Asset Pricing Model’, Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 17(2), 69-75. Vintila, G., Gherghina, S.C. & Toader, D.A. (2019). ‘Exploring the Determinants of Financial Structure in the Technology Industry: Panel Data Evidence from the New York Stock Exchange Listed Companies’, Journal of Risk Financial Management, 12(4). Wahyuny, T. & Gunarsih, T. (2020). ‘COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY BETWEEN CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM) AND ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY (APT) IN PREDICTING STOCK RETURN (CASE STUDY: MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE FOR THE 2015-2018 PERIOD)’, Journal of Applied Economics in Developing Countries, 5(1), 23-30. Wibowo, A. & Darmanto, S. (2020). ‘Empirical Test of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): Evidence from Indonesia Capital Market, International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 7(5), 172-177.

Political Cynicism: Measurement and Meaning

China's national policy formulation undergone economic transformation and shaped the making of policies in promotion of private business and stock market regulation. China's distinctive process of central-local interaction in policy generation is one of its core strengths in reforming its economy.

A long history of literature describes how stories are central to how humans understand and communicate about the world around them. The NPF applies these discoveries to the policy process, whereby narratives are meaning-making tools used to capture attention and influence policy outcomes. Conceived at the Portneuf School of Narrative in the early part of the century and formally named in 2010, the Narrative Policy Framework’s (NPF) initial purpose was to scientifically understand the relationship between narratives and the policy process. Since its seminal naming, the NPF’s charter has expanded to non-scientific approaches (Gray & Jones, 2015; Jones and Radaelli, 2015), to science and policy communication, as well as proclaiming normative commitments to both science and democracy. Recently, guideline publications have also been produced that provide detailed instructions about how to conduct NPF research. Along the way several summary pieces have chronicled the NPF’s development. Two of these NPF assessments were part of larger collections of NPF studies, including the 2014 edited volume The Science of Stories and a special NPF symposium issue featured in the Policy Studies Journal. On par with NPF collections emerging every four years, here we offer a third collection of NPF studies that represent some of the best NPF studies to date.

Nowadays, the role of social media in politics becomes more crucial due to the increasing importance of political communication and network technologies. Some scholars have confirmed that social media can be applied as an effective and efficient political communication instrument. However, many criticisms and challenges should be considered in social media use, particularly in regards to its informality and irregularity in the political system. This paper presents a comprehensive discussion on the dynamics of social media in politics, surrounding its applications in the policy process, critiques of its existence, as well as various challenges that might be encountered in the future. By adopting the term of 'three development stages' which are intrapreneurship, order from chaos, and the institutionalisation stage; and by reviewing various researches that have been done before, this paper argues that the 'institutionalisation' of social media becomes the main issue for the future of social media in politics.

All prescriptions of behavior for individuals require enforcement. Usually the obligation to behave in a prescribed way is entered into voluntarily by explicit or implicit contract. For example, I promise to teach certain classes with designated frequency and to discuss matters which I, and possibly others, believe are relevant to the course titles. By negotiation, and in the event of its failure, by legal action, I and my employer seek to enforce the contract of employment against large departures from the promised behavior. Performance of some kinds of behavior is difficult or impossible to enforce-such as promises to be creative, noble, or steadfast in crisis-and as a result such contractual promises are either not made or enforced only when there is an uncontroversially flagrant violation. The influence upon contract, and upon economic organization generally, of the costs of enforcing various kinds of contracts has received virtually no study by economists, despite its immense potential explanatory power. When the prescribed behavior is fixed unilaterally rather than by individual agreement, we have the regulation or law, and enforcement of these unilateral rules is the subject of the present essay. Departures of actual from prescribed behavior are crimes or violations, although one could wish for a less formidable description than "criminal" to describe many of the trifling offenses or the offenses against unjust laws. My primary purpose is to construct a theory of rational enforcement, a theory which owes much to Gary Becker's major article on the subject (1968). In the conclusion the problem of explanation, as distinguished from prescription, will be commented upon.

Previous articleNext article No AccessArticlesPresidential Vetoes from Washington to NixonJong R. LeeJong R. Lee Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 37, Number 2May, 1975 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381600041268 Views: 28Total views on this site Citations: 27Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1975 Southern Political Science AssociationPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Philipp K?ker Introduction, (May 2017): 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51914-2_1Philipp Köker Determinants of Presidential Activism, (May 2017): 23–54.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51914-2_2Philipp Köker The Use of Presidential Vetoes in Central and Eastern Europe, (May 2017): 55–90.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51914-2_3Philipp Köker Patterns and Specifics: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Findings on Presidential Activism, (May 2017): 211–243.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51914-2_7Tobias T. Gibson, Lake Moore Institutional Presidency, (Jul 2016): 1–6.https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EPAP3-120052595Dave Bridge Return to Spender: The Electoral Connection’s Effect on Veto Challenges and Overrides, The Forum 13, no.22 (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2015-0017Dean Keith Simonton The Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders: Quantitative Multiple-Case Assessments, (Jan 2014): 53–69.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137472038_4B. DAN WOOD Pontificating About Moe's Pontifications, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39, no.44 (Dec 2009): 805–818.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03708.xChristopher S. Kelley, Bryan W. Marshall Assessing Presidential Power, American Politics Research 37, no.33 (Oct 2008): 508–533.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X08324426Nolan McCarty Presidential Vetoes in the Early Republic: Changing Constitutional Norms or Electoral Reform?, The Journal of Politics 71, no.22 (Jul 2015): 369–384.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090331Carl E. Klarner, Andrew Karch Why Do Governors Issue Vetoes? The Impact of Individual and Institutional Influences, Political Research Quarterly 61, no.44 (Dec 2008): 574–584.https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908314200Eric Magar Executive Vetoes as Electoral Stunts: A Model with Testable Predictions, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1486804Eric Magar The Incidence of Executive Vetoes in Comparative Perspective: The Case of American State Governments, 1979-1999, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1491112David R. Mayhew Suggested Guidelines for Periodization, Polity 37, no.44 (Nov 2016): 531–535.https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.polity.2300025 John B. Gilmour Institutional and Individual Influences on the President's Veto, The Journal of Politics 64, no.11 (Oct 2015): 198–218.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00124Richard S. Conley Presidential Influence and Minority Party Liaison on Veto Overrides, American Politics Research 30, no.11 (Jul 2016): 34–65.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X02030001002Richard S. Conley, Amie Kreppel Toward a New Typology of Vetoes and Overrides, Political Research Quarterly 54, no.44 (Dec 2001): 831–852.https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400408Todd Shields, Chi Huang Executive Vetoes, American Politics Quarterly 25, no.44 (Nov 2016): 431–457.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9702500402George A. Krause, David B. Cohen Presidential Use of Executive Orders, 1953-1994, American Politics Quarterly 25, no.44 (Nov 2016): 458–481.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9702500403Todd G. Shields, Chi Huang Presidential Vetoes: An Event Count Model, Political Research Quarterly 48, no.33 (Sep 1995): 559–572.https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299504800305Samuel B. Hoff The Presidential Pocket Veto: Its Use and Legality, Journal of Policy History 6, no.22 (Oct 2011): 188–208.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030600003717Samuel B. Hoff Saying No, American Politics Quarterly 19, no.33 (Nov 2016): 310–323.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9101900303Donald A. Gross GOVERNORS AND POLICYMAKING: THEORETICAL CONCERNS AND ANALYTIC APPROACHES, Policy Studies Journal 17, no.44 (Jun 1989): 764–787.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1989.tb00818.xEric B. Herzik, Charles W. Wiggins GOVERNORS VS. LEGISLATURES: VETOES, OVERRIDES, AND POLICY MAKING IN THE AMERICAN STATES1, Policy Studies Journal 17, no.44 (Jun 1989): 841–862.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1989.tb00822.xDean Keith Simonton Presidential Inflexibility and Veto Behavior: Two Individual-Situational Interactions, Journal of Personality 55, no.11 (Mar 1987): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00425.xDean Keith Simonton The vice-presidential succession effect: Individual or situational basis?, Political Behavior 7, no.11 (Jan 1985): 79–99.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987263 Gary W. Copeland When Congress and the President Collide: Why Presidents Veto Legislation, The Journal of Politics 45, no.33 (Oct 2015): 696–710.https://doi.org/10.2307/2130711

This study assesses what causes American states to assume the authority to administer federal environmental programs within their borders, rather than leave implementation to the Environmental Protection Agency. Some observers have argued that interstate competition for mobile capital may motivate states to seek this authority so that they may reduce the regulatory burdens imposed on industrial polluters. Other scholars highlight the importance of intrastate political and economic factors or vertical influences emanating from federal officials. I argue that the relative importance of each of these classes of explanations will vary across environmental policy arenas, depending on the amount of implementation discretion that federal programs provide to state agencies. Results from event history analyses of two major environmental programs are generally, though not entirely, consistent with this theory.

Existing studies on environmental policy implementation in China have largely been focused on the inadequacy of environmental policy implementation at local levels and the adversarial campaign‐style enforcement used to remedy it, while overlooked other approaches to addressing environmental issues. We present a case in which a consensual approach was used to control water pollution and identify key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach. The research unit is the process of water pollution control in Shandong Province from 2002 to 2011. During the case period, the pulp and paper industry (the leading polluting source) was regulated with gradually tightened water pollution discharge standards which were made and implemented in a consensual way, surface water quality was greatly improved, and the economic output of the regulated industry grew rapidly. Key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach include the presence of a capable policy entrepreneur who played an important role in policy innovation, forging consensus building in policy making and facilitating consensual policy implementation; the deep and wide involvement of the regulated firms in the policy making process which allowed them to share know‐how and express preferences; and the strong political support from provincial higher‐ups which signaled strong political wills. The findings enrich our understanding of environmental policy enforcement in China by adding a set of internal factors to a literature pool focusing more on the the influence of such external factors as institutional incentiveson policy processes and outcomes.

Previous articleNext article No AccessDistributional Consequences of the Russian Price LiberalizationJonathan Morduch, Karen Brooks, and Yakov M. UrinsonJonathan Morduch Search for more articles by this author , Karen Brooks Search for more articles by this author , and Yakov M. Urinson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 42, Number 3Apr., 1994 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452098 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1994 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Roy Bahl, Sally Wallace Fiscal decentralization and fiscal equalization within regions: the case of Russia, Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 18, no.11 (Mar 2006): 27–58.https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-18-01-2006-B002Jouni Paavola Environment and Development: Dissecting the Connections, Forum for Development Studies 29, no.11 (Jun 2002): 5–31.https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2002.9666185Michael Alexeev, James Leitzel Income distribution and price controls: Targeting a social safety net during economic transition, European Economic Review 45, no.99 (Oct 2001): 1647–1663.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(00)00089-1Diane M. Duffy An Assessment of Health Policy Reform in Russia, Policy Studies Journal 25, no.44 (Dec 1997): 535–556.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1997.tb00039.xKeith Hoggart All washed up and nowhere to go? Public policy and geographical research, Progress in Human Geography 20, no.11 (Jul 2016): 110–122.https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259602000108

Mitigating air pollution: planetary health awaits a cosmopolitan moment

The key role played by the Spanish central state in the policy process emerges from the analysis in this book of Spain during its EC accession negotiations and EC/EU membership. The dynamic approach adopted for the study of the Spanish case has made it possible to look beyond the role of the central state and examine new constellations of actors and interactive processes which previous academic work on Spain has tended to underplay. The conclusions of the chapter on the EC accession negotiations supports the general view in the literature that the central state retained a high level of autonomy in the process, while taking into account the input of a range of other domestic actors. However, the analysis also highlights key changes in the institutional framework for policy-making in Spain during EC/EU membership which suggest that a new policy-making context was developing. In view of the greater focus on the central state of existing literature on Spain, detailed empirical work was carried out to explore further relations between the Spanish central state and other key domestic actors in selected policy settings. The case studies of cohesion policy and fisheries illustrate the changing opportunity structures at domestic and EU levels which have enabled other domestic actors to increase their input to the policy process in particular policy areas. Ladrech (1994, p. 85) highlights the importance of differences in the capacity of domestic actors to exploit the opportunities for greater input, ‘some fearing a loss of autonomy, others perceiving an opportunity’.KeywordsCentral GovernmentCentral StatePolicy ProcessRegional AuthorityPolicy AreaThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Introduction More than a decade ago, the World Bank argued that “underlying the litany of Africa’s development problems is a crisis of governance.” Poor quality institutions, weak rule of law, an absence of accountability, tight controls over information, and high levels of corruption still characterize many African states today. Aid levels have been reduced in many parts of Africa during the past decade. Yet in many of the countries with poor governance records, aid continues to contribute a very high percentage of government budgets. This article explores the institutional impact of these high levels of aid and the way that large amounts of aid are delivered. There are many reasons why governance is poor in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Colonialism did little to develop strong, indigenously rooted institutions that could tackle the development demands of modern states. Economic crisis and unsustainable debt, civil wars, and political instability have all taken their toll over the past 2 decades and more. It is difficult to separate the impact of these problems from the possible impact of foreign aid, which is often high in countries that suffer from precisely these problems. Theory provides conflicting guidance here. On the one hand, aid can release governments from binding revenue constraints, enabling them to strengthen domestic institutions and pay higher salaries to civil servants. Aid can provide training and technical assistance to build legal systems and accounting offices. In many countries, aid personnel (sometimes expatriate) manage important government programs, and the infusion of resources and technical assistance can give an important boost to the efficiency and effectiveness of governance, if only in a partial sense. Yet despite these likely benefits, it is also possible that, continued over

Previous articleNext article No AccessResearch NotesResponse to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy ResponsivenessMichael G. Hagen, Edward L. Lascher, Jr., and John F. CamobrecoMichael G. Hagen Search for more articles by this author , Edward L. Lascher, Jr. Search for more articles by this author , and John F. Camobreco Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 63, Number 4Nov., 2001 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00110 Views: 43Total views on this site Citations: 18Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2001 Southern Political Science AssociationPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Gook Jin Kim, Suk Joon Hwang, Frances S. Berry Explaining the strictness of medical marijuanaregulations in states, The Social Science Journal 58, no.22 (Feb 2020): 186–205.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.003Arjun Vishwanath Electoral Institutions and Substantive Representation in Local Politics: The Effects of Ranked Choice Voting, SSRN Electronic Journal 105 (Jan 2021).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3802566Arndt Leininger Direct Democracy in Europe: Potentials and Pitfalls, Global Policy 6 (Jun 2015): 17–27.https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12224Patrick Flavin Income Inequality and Policy Representation in the American States, American Politics Research 40, no.11 (Aug 2011): 29–59.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X11416920R. Y. Shapiro Public Opinion and American Democracy, Public Opinion Quarterly 75, no.55 (Dec 2011): 982–1017.https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr053John D. Griffin, Patrick Flavin How Citizens and Their Legislators Prioritize Spheres of Representation, Political Research Quarterly 64, no.33 (Aug 2010): 520–533.https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910373552Simon Hug Policy consequences of direct legislation theory, empirical models and evidence, Quality & Quantity 45, no.33 (Mar 2010): 559–578.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-010-9313-0Gregory B Lewis, Charles W Gossett Why Did Californians Pass Proposition 8? Stability and Change in Public Support for Same-Sex Marriage, California Journal of Politics and Policy 3, no.11 (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-4370.1130Joshua J. Dyck, Edward L. Lascher Direct Democracy and Political Efficacy Reconsidered, Political Behavior 31, no.33 (Dec 2008): 401–427.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9081-xJames Monogan, Virginia Gray, David Lowery Public Opinion, Organized Interests, and Policy Congruence in Initiative and Noninitiative U.S. States, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 9, no.33 (Jan 2021): 304–324.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000900900303D. M. Daley, D. P. Haider-Markel, A. B. Whitford Checks, Balances, and the Cost of Regulation: Evidence from the American States, Political Research Quarterly 60, no.44 (Sep 2007): 696–706.https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907307517Kevin Arceneaux, Gregory A. Huber What to Do (and Not Do) with Multicollinearity in State Politics Research, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 7, no.11 (Jan 2021): 81–101.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000700700105Melissa J. Marschall, Anirudh V.S. Ruhil Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative Reconsidered: Addressing Endogeneity, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no.44 (Aug 2016): 327–355.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500401Melissa J. Marschall, Anirudh V.S. Ruhil Of Models and Methods: A Response to Matsusaka, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no.44 (Aug 2016): 364–372.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500403Michael S. Kang , Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 4, no.33 ( 2005): 217.https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2005.4.217Shaun Bowler, Todd Donovan Measuring the Effect of Direct Democracy on State Policy: Not All Initiatives Are Created Equal, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 4, no.33 (Aug 2016): 345–363.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000400400305Daniel A. Smith, Joseph Lubinski Direct Democracy During the Progressive Era: A Crack in the Populist Veneer?, Journal of Policy History 14, no.44 (Apr 2009): 349–383.https://doi.org/10.1353/jph.2002.0026Kevin Arceneaux Direct Democracy and the Link between Public Opinion and State Abortion Policy, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 2, no.44 (Jan 2021): 372–387.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000200200403