Spray volumes for agrochemicals applied to soybean and wheat crops

Aims: To find out the Effect of different levels of microbial enriched biochar with fertilizer doses on soil properties and yield under Soybean (Glycine max) –Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping sequence.
 Study Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD).
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at BAIF-Central Research Station, Urulikanchan, Ta. Haveli, Dist. Pune Maharashtra, India, during July 2021 to April 2022.
 Methodology: The charcoal powder is treated with the different bio fertilizers viz. Rhizobium, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), and Trichoderma. The farmyard manure at the rate of 10 tons per ha was mixed equally in all the treatments.The reduced recommended dose of chemical fertilizers in Soybean and wheat was 50% and 75%, where the microbial enriched biochar was applied to the soil at the rate of 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 tha-1 (Table-1). In the Kharif, the var. JS 335 (Soybean) and in the Rabi season, Wheat (var. Ankur Kedar) was sown in the same field. The charcoal was prepared and this wet microbial-enriched Biochar was used as per the treatment combinations in both the crops (Table 1).
 Results: In Soybean crop all the growth parameters recorded highest readings and also a higher grain yield (25.89 qha-1) and straw yield (27.49 qha-1) and in Wheat all the growth parameters recorded highest readings and also higher grain yield of (43.19 qha-1) and straw yield of (45.78 qha-1) was recorded (Table 2 & 4) in treatment T3 (Biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 + 75 % GRDF) and it is at par with GRDF.
 Conclusion: It is concluded that in (T3) the application of microbial-enriched Biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 + 75 % GRDF has given significantly higher grain yield (Soybean: 25.89 qha-1 and Wheat: 43.19 qha-1) and straw yield (Soybean: 27.49 qha-1 and wheat: 45.78 qha-1) over the GRDF in both Soybean and Wheat cropping sequence.

In a field experiment initiated in the 1972/73 rabi season (November–March) on an acidic soil in the western Himalayas of India, continuous cropping for 25 years with nitrogen fertilizer alone reduced the grain yields of maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) to almost zero. Based on five-year moving average values, the application of 100% NP resulted in a reduction of grain yields of maize and wheat crops by 67 and 19% respectively during 1994 to1998 compared with 1973 to 1977. The crops did not respond to K application during the initial years of cropping, but a significant reduction in crop yields was observed in the absence of K after five years of continuous cropping. With the integrated use of chemical fertilizers (100% NPK) and farmyard manure, the pooled grain yields of 25 years were about 4600 and 3300 kg ha−1 for maize and wheat respectively. Corresponding yields with the use of chemical fertilizers and lime (100% NPK + lime) were 4000 and 3100 kg ha−1 respectively. The use of nitrogenous fertilizer alone aggravated the problem of soil acidity by lowering the pH from 5.8 to 4.7 after 25 years. In almost all the treatments, the organic carbon content increased: a marginal decrease occurred in the 100% N and control plots. Even under optimum application rates, the available N and K status decreased with time. Again with the exception of the control plots, the contents of the Diphenyl Triamine Penta Acetic Acid-extractable micronutrients were sufficiently high for the crops in all the treatments. The available sulphur decreased with the use of di-ammonium phosphate as the P source, which drastically reduced the yields of both crops. In the N-alone treatment the weed flora also changed with the change in soil environment. There is a need to review fertilizer recommendations in this region of India.

Aim. The aim of the work was to study the effects of genes controlling the plant development rates on the speed of transition to generative development and formation of individual productivity of isogenic lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) according to the genes. Methods. The experiments were carried out in the field conditions. The periods of sprouting and earing (PSE) of wheat, the periods of sprouting and flowering (PSF) and ripening (PSR) of soybean isogenic lines and the elements of the structure of individual productivity were determined. Results. It was shown that under conditions of a natural long day (16 hours), wheat plants with genotypes VRN-A1a, VRN-D1a, PPD-A1a and PPD-D1a more rapidly passed to the earing. In soybean isogenic lines, the presence of dominant alleles of the E-series genes increased the duration of phases of PSF and PSR. The maximum indicators of productivity elements were characterized by isogenic lines, developed at a faster rate. Conclusions. The genes controlling the development rates of soft wheat and soybean crops, defining the timing of the transition to generative development, determine their productivity. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., VRN, PPD, EE genes, rates of development, productivity.

The present study aims at studying the floristic features and community types of the main weed species associated with wheat crop in Menofia Province, Egypt. Sixty stands (each 10 × 10 m) were randomly selected in five wheat farms for monthly determining the cover of weed species along the growing season of wheat. Twenty nine species belonging to 28 genera and 17 families were recorded associated with wheat crop. The most dominant families were Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae. Annual weeds were represented by 26 species, while perennials were 3 species. Therophytes were the dominant life form (26 species), while geophytes-helophytes, chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes were represented by on species (Cyperus rotundus, Solanum nigrum and Convolvulus arvensis, respectively). The application of TWINSPAN on the cover estimates of 29 associated species recorded in the 60 sampled stands in wheat, led to the recognition of 8 vegetation groups: A: Convolvulus arvensis, B: Malva parviflora, C: Polypogon monspliensis, D: Capsella pursa-pastoris, E: Euphorbia peplus, F: Chenopodium murale, G: Sonchus oleraceous, and H: Beta vulgaris. M. parviflora group had the highest values of species richness and relative concentration of dominance, while C. murale group had the lowest values of species richness, relative evenness and relative concentration of dominance. Moreover, the highest value of relative evenness was recorded in M. parviflora and C. pursa-pastoris group. The present study is the keystone for further investigation on the weed function and weed management practices.

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

Straw yield is important in soil conservation and nutrient cycling. Grain N concentration is of economic importance, and variations in yield components can be used to improve our understanding of grain yield response to environmental stimuli. Therefore, quantifying these responses in relation to soil water and N fertility is of considerable importance. A 9‐yr study was conducted in southwestern Saskatchewan on a medium textured Aridic Haploboroll using zero‐tillage management. We examined the influence of snow trapping and fertilizer management (rate, placement, and time of N application) on hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown annually. Multiple regression was used with backward elimination to relate straw yield, heads per plant, kernel weight, and grain N concentration to available water use (WU), fall soil NO3−N in 0‐0.6 m depth (SN), rate of urea fertilizer N (FN), years of consecutive cropping (Yr) and several interactions among these variables. Significant (P < 0.0001) meaningful relationships were obtained betwen straw yield (R2 = 0.78, P = 0.001), kernel wt (R2 = 0.81, P = 0.001), heads/plant (R2 = 0.36; P = 0.001) and grain N concentration (R2 = 0.56, P = 0.001) and the independent variables. In this semi‐arid region, WU was by far the most important factor influencing all characteristics. The effect of SN was often more important than that of FN. Further, the advantage of SN over FN increased with years of cropping, possibly reflecting a gradual increase in the N supplying power of this well‐managed soil. Straw yield was related to grain yield. The relationship expressed in kilograms per hectare, was SY = 285 + 0.77 GY + 0.00029 GY2, R2 = 0.85, P = 0.001, n = 1248). Grain N concentration was greater for spring than for fall‐applied N in 5 of 9 yr, and deep banding superior to broadcasting in 1 of 9 yr.

In this manuscript, an effort has been made to analyze the 19 research studies with 82 experiments being conducted in 9 countries of the world. Selected studies based on growth, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under various CO2 levels. Only the recently published real research studies (excluding models and mathematical tools based research) were considered in the study. More than 90% of research findings proved that elevated CO2 have positive impact on growth, yield, and its components. The majority of the observations confirm that the elevated CO2 improved the yield of crop due to significant increase in growth and growth parameters such as leaf area index, plant height, and leaf area duration. No doubt elevated CO2 has positive impact on various growth and yield parameters but when considering the impact of climate change (elevated temperature, drought, and increasing concentration of anthropogenic gases such as CO and CH4), the response of CO2 will become negative. Even though elevated levels of CO2 has potential to compensate the impact of other changes in climate and may create a path in future to meet the demand of burgeoning world population.

In Argentina, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is cropped over a wide range of climatic conditions. Considerable variability in the ratio of dry weight produced per unit of transpired water, usually referred to as water-use efficiency (WUE), is expected as variation in climatic factors affects photosynthesis and transpiration in different ways. Also, previous studies have shown that water supply limitations may affect WUE in wheat. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of climatic environment and water availability on WUE in wheat crops. Six experiments were conducted at different locations of the Argentine wheat belt and crop dry weight and water use were measured in periods when water use was dominated by transpiration. Three of the experiments included both irrigated and rainfed treatments. Mean daily values of (i) pan evaporation, (ii) relative humidity, (iii) potential water use, and (iv) vapor pressure deficit, were used to find a general relationship that explained effects of the climatic environment on WUE. For experiments with high water availability, daytime vapor pressure deficit was better related to WUE than the other climatic factors. WUE was greater for experiments with water limitation, probably because stomatal closure to restrict transpiration rate occurred around midday when vapor pressure deficit was highest. As a consequence, relative dry weight under water limitation was not linearly related to relative water use as proposed in previous studies. A quadratic relationship that better represented this response was derived.

Studies were conducted to screen eight sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes for their allelopathic potential against weeds and wheat crop, which customarily follows sunflower in Iraq. All sunflower genotypes significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of companion weeds and the magnitude of inhibition was genotype dependent. Among the eight genotypes tested, Sin-Altheeb and Coupon were the most weed-suppressing cultivars, and Euroflor and Shumoos were the least. A subsequent field experiment indicated that sunflower residues incorporated into the field soil significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of weeds growing in the wheat field. Sunflower genotypes Sin-Altheeb and Coupon appeared to inhibit total weed number and biomass more and significantly increased wheat yield compared with the least-suppressive genotypes (Euroflor and Shumoos). Chromatographic analyses by HPLC revealed the presence of 13 secondary metabolites in residues of the tested sunflower genotypes. All the isolated compounds appeared to be phenolic, with the exception of terpinol, which is a terpenoid derivative. The total concentration of Phytotoxins (phenolic compounds) was found to be higher in the most-suppressive potential genotypes compared with the least-suppressive genotypes.

In Argentina, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is cropped over a wide range of climatic conditions. Considerable variability in the ratio of dry weight produced per unit of transpired water, usually referred to as water‐use efficiency (WUE), is expected as variation in climatic factors affects photosynthesis and transpiration in different ways. Also, previous studies have shown that water supply limitations may affect WUE in wheat. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of climatic environment and water availability on WUE in wheat crops. Six experiments were conducted at different locations of the Argentine wheat belt and crop dry weight and water use were measured in periods when water use was dominated by transpiration. Three of the experiments included both irrigated and rainfed treatments. Mean daily values of (i) pan evaporation, (ii) relative humidity, (iii) potential water use, and (iv) vapor pressure deficit, were used to find a general relationship that explained effects of the climatic environment on WUE. For experiments with high water availability, daytime vapor pressure deficit was better related to WUE than the other climatic factors. WUE was greater for experiments with water limitation, probably because stomatal closure to restrict transpiration rate occurred around midday when vapor pressure deficit was highest. As a consequence, relative dry weight under water limitation was not linearly related to relative water use as proposed in previous studies. A quadratic relationship that better represented this response was derived.

Analyzing the synergistic impact of UAV-based technology and knapsack sprayer on weed management, yield-contributing traits, and yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for enhanced agricultural operations

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Abhilashi University Chail chowk Mandi in 2022-23 with the concept of “Studying the influence of integrated nutrient supply system, comprising inorganic fertilizers and organic manures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and comprises eight treatments viz., T1-Absolute control, T2-125% NPK, T3-100% RDN+ 25% N through vermicompost, T4-75% RDN + 25% N through vermicompost, T5-50% RDN + 25% N through vermicompost + Biofertilizer (Azotobactor), T6-75% RDN + Biofertilizer (Azotobactor), T7-75% RDN + Azotobactor + PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Biofertilizer) and T8-75% NPK + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha + Azotobactor. The highest growth of wheat crop was achieved by adopting nutrient supply system through synthetic fertilizer under treatment T2-125% NPK which was significantly at par with T5 50% RDN+ 25% N through vermicompost + 25% N through Biofertilizer (Azotobactor), which also proved significantly superior to rest of the treatments. The minimum value of growth parameter was recorded under T1-Absolute control. Results also revealed that higher yield attributes viz. No. of effective tillers, Spike length, No. of spike, Grain per spike, test weight, were recorded under T2-125% NPK followed by 50% RDN+ 25% N through vermicompost+ 25% N through Biofertilizer (Azotobactor) and lowest were recorded under T1- Absolute control. Yields of crop viz. grain yield, straw yield, biological yield was also recorded highest under T2-125% NPK and lowest were recorded T1- Absolute control. On the basis of one season study, it can be safely concluded that the application of integrated nutrient supply system 50% RDN+ 25% N through vermicompost+ 25% N through Biofertilizer (Azotobactor) gave similar result as 125% NPK in terms of growth and yield.

Producers are frequently most interested in economic comparisons of various cropping systems. We compared continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year rotations, the latter two including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), using either chisel plow or no‐tillage practices. Crop yield and returns to land and management were evaluated. Yields for continuous corn (C‐C‐C) were not different from those in rotation [corn‐soybean (C‐S), soybean‐wheat/soybean‐corn (S‐W/S‐C), or corn‐soybean‐alfalfa‐alfalfa‐alfalfa (C‐S‐A‐A‐A)] for either tillage practice, but rotated corn had lower nitrogen (N) inputs. Soybean yield in the 5‐year rotation was greater than for continuous soybean (S‐S‐S) in 2001 for both tillage practices, but in 2000, a tillage by rotation interaction resulted from severe crusting in S‐S‐S that reduced stand density and lowered yield for the chisel plow treatment. Wheat and alfalfa yields were not affected by tillage practice. Using average annual crop prices, the 5‐year rotation generated returns that were 100 and 158% higher than for C‐S using either no‐tillage or chisel practices. This study confirms that producers who incorporate alfalfa into their crop rotations can significantly increase returns to land and management. However, returns for the rotation including alfalfa are more realistic where a viable forage market exists.

No-tillage system have been a mainly conservationist system specially in tropical and subtropical climate conditions. The aim of this work was to evaluate yield components and morphological soybean and wheat in Rhodic Eutrudox under tillage and cropping systems in Subtropical climate. This study was carried with five tillage and two cropping systems, on completely randomized block design, with four replications. Tillage systems consisted of conventional tillage with disk harrow; minimum tillage with annual chiselling; minimum tillage with chiselling every three years; no-tillage for 11 years; and no-tillage for 24 years. The factor cropping systems was represented by crop rotation and crop succession. In the soybean crop were evaluated yield, mass of 1000 grains, plant height, and first pod insertion of soybean, chlorophyll content and the vegetation index normalized difference. Furthermore, for the wheat cropping was evaluated the grain yield and hectolitre weight. Soybean and wheat grain yield was not changed due to cropping systems. Soybeans yield in no-tillage with 24 years was higher than in conventional tillage; and soybean and wheat yield was not affected by times under no-till adoption. Soil chiselling not favoured increased in productivity of soybean and wheat. Soil chiselling is an unnecessary practice due to absence of productive and morphological improvement for soybean and wheat cropping.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the common cropping system in the Vertisols of central India. High temperatures prevailing during the reproductive phase and leaf rust infection of the late-planted wheat crop affect the grain yield adversely. In the soybean–potato–wheat cropping system, which has recently become more popular, wheat is sown very late, so high temperature stress is a major concern. Understanding of the response of very late-sown durum and bread wheat to high temperature stress during grain filling will assist breeders in genotype improvement and development of best agronomic management practices for promotion of very late-sown wheat cultivation in the region. Information is lacking on the response of durum and bread wheat to leaf rust and heat stress under very late-sown situations. Field experiments were conducted for three consecutive spring (January to April) seasons, from 1996 to 1998, with 20 cultivars of durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori. and Paol.) wheat of timely and late-sown groups. The study objective was to: (i) identify durum and bread wheat cultivars suitable for very late planting in the newly established soybean–potato–wheat multiple cropping system; (ii) evaluate differential performance of durum and bread wheat under very late-sown conditions; and (iii) characterise plant traits associated with tolerance to heat stress during the grain filling period. Each year, all the cultivars were planted very late in January in lieu of normal sowing in mid-November. Compared with both the timely and late-sown groups of bread wheat cultivars, durum wheat produced an average 6% higher grain yield when sown very late. The 1000-grain weight was the most affected yield attribute under high temperature. Thus, under very late sown conditions, stable and high 1000-grain weight (45–55 g), and high harvest index (41–52%) contributed to the higher yield of durum wheat. Durum cultivar HI 8498 and bread wheat cultivars GW 173, HI 1418 and DL 788-2 of early to medium maturity and with high yields (>4.0 t/ha) and water use efficiency (12.7–14.8 kg/ha.mm) proved promising. Durum cultivars remained free from leaf rust infection, while significant yield reduction was recorded in susceptible bread wheat cultivars, particularly DL 803-3 and GW 190. This was due to severe rust infection during 1997–98, when widespread incidence of leaf rust occurred in the region. Therefore, contrary to the popular belief, late planted durum wheat may be successfully grown in the soybean–potato–wheat cropping system in central India.