Stability of earthworks to Eurocode 7

This research used historically informed analysis as a framework to examine studio design practice. Discovery of a historical patent for a coat made from a single pattern piece led to an examination of United States coat and jacket patents to identify past patternmaking explorations that could inform current design practice, with a focus on those with one pattern piece. These patterns allowed large expanses of cloth for surface design, especially for creation of engineered digital prints on a single canvas, and opened up avenues for creative experimentation. The research objectives were to analyze the patterns for shape and accuracy of fit, to evaluate them as a beginning point to inform future patternmaking and design approaches, to engineer digital prints for prototypes, and to create aesthetically appealing designs that could be produced with minimal fabric waste. Digital copies of the patterns were created, tested and compared, with a focus on evaluation of critical fit points and the potential for further creative development. Prototype designs were generated from the patent patterns, with some faithful to the original patent and others moving away from the patentee’s intentions, although keeping the pattern shape. Digital prints were then created and engineered for the patterns. This investigation also reoriented traditional apparel design practice by placing pattern manipulation at the beginning of the design process, and made design development contingent upon research objectives. At the same time it confirmed that research through design is not linear, and that studio practice also informed the objectives.

The current approach of legal design is solution-driven, with design considered a series of methodological steps used to improve existing legal systems. Such an approach fails to address systemic problems within these systems, and can instead exacerbate such issues. So far, there has been insufficient examination into the kinds of design used in conjunction with legal problems. This paper considers the potential of critical design to challenge more fundamental issues than those currently addressed with legal design. Through the project ‘James v Birnmann’, the paper illustrates how critical design can widen the discussion around legal issues, challenging the public’s perception of existing systems, which can assist in legal reform. The paper concludes that whilst it is important that critical design projects take place within the culture of critical design studios, they can also work alongside, inform and challenge more traditional legal design practices.

In this article, we propose a method that integrates systematic layout planning techniques to lean health care practices aided by multicriteria decision analysis that could be applied to reformulate the layout of health care facilities. We analyze a high-variety sterilization unit of a large public hospital located in Brazil. The unit is currently implementing lean practices, and layout changes are required to provide more efficient materials and information flows. Traditional design of health care facilities is not aligned with lean implementation and its underlying practices and principles. We propose the integration of such approaches to enhance their benefits. To rank and select the best layout alternative, a multicriteria decision analysis method (analytic hierarchy process) is adopted. There are 3 contributions here: the integration of lean principles into traditional health care facility design practices, the use of multicriteria decision analysis to refine the determination of the best layout solution, and the application of our propositions in a real case study.

Transmission towers play an important role in transmitting electricity in a power grid safely and reliably. In traditional design practice, the second-order P-Δ (frame side sway) and P-δ (m...

ABSTRACTSince the signing of the Contract Design Plane for the CVN 68 (the U.S. Navy's latest Class of Aircraft Carriers) In 1963, considerable technological advances have been made in Naval Ship Design. This paper provides specific examples of how new technology has affected traditional Carrier design practices and techniques, and also indicates areas where future advanced technology will be needed. It is divided into four sections: 1) Computer Design Application; 2) Total Ship Energy Conservation Analysis; 3) Advances in Structural Design; and 4) Impact of V/STOL Aircraft.The increased use of the computer to define ship characteristics in the initial stage of ship design is discussed, followed by a report on efforts to include energy conservation as an integral part of the design process. The energy conservation approach uses traditional analytical techniques to develop innovative design configurations that will achieve energy savings. Of the many advances in Carrier structural design, two specific examples are given: 1) Elimination of the infamous “knee‐knockers” (high sills in passageway openings) common to Gallery Deck structure, and 2) Successful attempts at reducing the thickness of aircraft elevator platforms. The paper concludes by pointing out some possible challenges facing the ship designer and some of the technology already created by the expected introduction of advanced design Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft.

Data-driven design is expected to change design processes and organizations in significant ways. What actions should design managers take to ensure the best possible outcomes in this new data-driven design environment? This paper employs an interdisciplinary literature survey to distill key impacts that data-driven design may have on designers, design teams, organizations and product users. Findings reveal that designers may need a broader set of skills to be successful. For data-driven design to be most effective, design managers will be challenged with many integration tasks, including the integration of AI-based tools into design teams, the closer integration of interdisciplinary teams, the integration of qualitative design thinking methods with new data-driven design paradigms, and the integration of data and algorithms into traditional human-centred design practice, in an effort to overcome cognitive limitations and augment human skill. This paper identifies gaps in the literature at the intersection of data-driven design and design management, design thinking, and systems thinking.

This presentation focuses on identifying the right services for a domain. The work is based on 10+ years of experience from StatoilHydro identifying and building services that are stable and useful for many years, even across technology shifts. By focusing on workflows with their activities, events and information usage, a set of reusable services can be identified through little effort (espescially if the workflows already exists) and built/composed from existing services. This approach is especially suitable for agile development practices, as it significantly reduces the amount of up-front analysis compared to traditional service design practices.

Traditional asphalt mixture design practices recognize the need for laboratory parameters, which relate to field performance throughout the life of the pavement. However, many design methodologies consider volumetric proportions and strength characteristics of the mixtures, which may not provide adequate insight into mixture performance. Laboratory testing that can ascertain an asphalt mixture's capability to resist common distresses is needed to complement current design methodologies. Distresses commonly associated with flexible pavement failure are fatigue cracking and permanent deformation (rutting). The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development proposed specification modifications for 2013 to address the need for balanced mixtures (i.e., mechanistic laboratory evaluation to complement volumetric criteria). This paper presents Louisiana's experience with specification modifications to develop a balanced mixture as evaluated through the use of the Hamburg loaded wheel tester (HLWT) and semicircular bend (SCB) tests. Laboratory performance of 11 mixtures produced with the 2013 proposed specification modifications was compared with that of 40 mixtures produced under the 2006 specifications. Laboratory tests included HLWT and SCB to evaluate rutting and intermediate temperature cracking, respectively. The research showed that specification modifications did not adversely affect rutting or fatigue cracking resistance of the mixtures.

Eight different views of the design process are described with the purpose of broadening the practitioner’s concept of instructional design. Views both internal and external to instructional design are considered, so that instructional designers can see the traditions of their field in the context of design activity in other professional fields. Examples are drawn from architecture, digital design, team dynamics, organizational behavior, and design studies. Traditional instructional design theories and practices are placed within the context of this expanded panorama of design so that their value is enhanced but also so that the designer understands the source and limits of their value within the context of professional practice. Designers are encouraged to incorporate new terms into their professional language of designing. They are also asked to consider design as an act pursued at different levels of detail. Design at each level is influenced by principles that pertain to that level but which must be folded harmoniously into a completed design.

Precise elevation design on an aerially reconstructed terrain can ensure an appropriate structural slope for good driving conditions and dovetail the design with real world. Traditional planners are used to drawing curves for 2D floor design, but there is no mechanism to design a 3D terrain based on editing the cross-section of selected 2D ground curves. Therefore, this work aims to bridge the gap between the intuitive 2D curve-based design practice and precise 3D terrain construction. Since floor planners generally refer to 2D cross-sections for elevations and are more familiar with curve manipulation instead of 3D mesh editing, this work proposes an elevation modeling tool based on editing the 2D cross-section of user-drawn ground-projected curves. The system is designed to align with intuitive 2D curve-based design practices by first letting users draw curves on the ground as 3D-constrained parametric curves. It constructs a ground-projected plane for 2D cross-sectional manipulation to achieve precise altitude control. The system diffuses the parametric elevations to their surroundings and constructs its height field by solving the corresponding differential equation. Finally, remeshing is applied to ensure patch boundaries precisely align with the constrained curves. Thus, our system can address the difficulty and complexity in precise elevation control and boundary alignment of brush-style, feature-based, and NURBS-based knot-tuning methods. Numerical experiments and a usability study of naive users and experts demonstrate our intuitiveness and effectiveness over state-of-the-art methods and verify our ability to mimic traditional 2D curve-based design practice.

The next-generation tools and procedures for performance-based earthquake engineering that are being developed in the United States represent a radical departure from traditional seismic design practice and performance assessment. Performance will be measured in terms of direct economic loss, indirect economic loss and casualties rather than by building component deformations and accelerations. Uncertainty and randomness will be captured in every step of the performance assessment process. The paper summarizes the types of performance assessment made possible by the next-generation tools and procedures and describes each step in the assessment process. Fragility functions, damage states and consequence functions, which are key elements in the next generation procedures, are introduced.

Cassava fermentation is a crucial process in fufu production, enhancing its texture, flavor and detoxification of cyanogenic compounds. However, variations in traditional fermentation practices, including the use of additives, raise concerns about food safety and quality. This study surveyed traditional fermentation practices employed during cassava fermentation for for fufu production in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun State, Nigeria - Ijebu North, Ijebu East and Odogbolu. A survey was conducted among 54 local fufu processors to assess their demographic profile, fermentation methods, methods used to improve the sensory properties of fufu and additives being used. The results showed that all fufu producers were women, with majority (98.1%) aged between 31 and 50 years. Most (70.4%) had no formal education and all were self-employed. Submerged liquid fermentation was the dominant method (96.3%) being used, while 77.8% of the processors usually ferment for three days. Over half of the respondents (59.3%) use fermentation aids such as nails (37%), sandpaper leaves (Ficus exasperata) (11.1%) and Jatropha curcas leaves (9.3%) to accelerate the retting process, while 40.7% relied on natural fermentation without the use of aids. On methods used to improve the sensory properties, findings also revealed that 81.5% of respondents maintained good hygiene to control odour, while 14.8% used alum to improve colour. Additionally, 57.4% of the respondents identified bland flavour as the most acceptable, while 88.9% do not use additives to alter aroma. The findings highlight a reliance on indigenous knowledge for fufu fermentation, raising concerns about the safety of certain additives. The study recommends promoting awareness of safer fermentation techniques to ensure high-quality, health-compliant fufu production.

The stated purpose of this book is to provide health-care workers with concise information about traditional medicine concepts and practices to help them provide culturally competent care. It is a multi-authored book that contains ten chapters describing health-care traditions throughout the world. The introduction is written by editor Steven Kayne, who is an honorary consultant pharmacist to Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital and an Honorary Lecturer in complementary and alternative medicine at the University of Strathclyde’s School of Pharmacy. Kayne served as an advisor to the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine. He has written a book on complementary and alternative medicine. The strength of the book is its summaries of healing traditions that are not readily available elsewhere. The chapters on the Columbian Amazon tropical forest, Africa and the Pacific provide detailed descriptions of local traditions and practices that reflect the authors’ extensive field work. The chapter on European folk medicine is an interesting historical survey of traditional healing practices. The monograph on traditional Jewish medicines traces health-care practices from biblical sources to the present use of chicken noodle soup and matzoh balls. The review of North American medicine (Chapter 3) includes an extensive guide advising conventional practitioners how to approach Native American patients in a culturally sensitive and non-confrontational manner. The reviews of traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda and other Asian traditions provide standard information that is readily available elsewhere. The book’s major shortcoming is that it provides a cultural context for caregivers but it ignores the biomedical context. In Chapter 1 it promotes the belief that herbal medicines can be used in a safe and effective manner. The medicinal use of botanical extracts is plausible because they may contain pharmacologicallyactive chemicals. However, the extracts are not standardized for biological activity, they may contain toxic quantities of heavy metals and may be adulterated with drugs. Although the adverse effects of folk remedies have not been studied in a systematic manner, data concerning their toxicity is mounting. For example, African folk remedies are a frequent cause of renal and hepatic damage.1–3 In one study, patients admitted to South African hospitals with acute renal failure following the use of folk remedies had a 41% mortality rate.3 It has been estimated that one-third of cases of acute renal failure in Africa are caused by folk medicines. Botanical remedies prepared from Aristolochia plants have been used throughout the world for many centuries. In the early 1990s it was reported that herbal remedies made from these plants caused renal failure and malignancies of the urothelial tract. These problems are caused by aristolochic acids, genotoxic mutagens that form covalent adducts with DNA.4–6 Despite well-publicized warnings, a decade later the Uganda Natural Chemotherapeutic and Research Laboratory announced a programme to evaluate the use of Aristolochia elegans for treatment of malaria.7 Furthermore, in 2009 epidemiologists in China, Taiwan reported a dose-dependent relationship between the consumption of herbal products containing aristolochic acids and urinary tract cancers.8 Kayne suggests in Chapter 3 that the ban in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the import and sale of plants that may contain aristolochic acids is “another example of the government restricting consumers’ choice”. Plants will continue to be a source of new therapeutic agents but, in view of their unregulated status, uncertain efficacy and potential toxicity, the risk/ benefit ratio of herbals is unfavourable and their use as medicines should be discouraged.9 The practices of most herbalists and traditional healers are based on tradition. They have little familiarity with medical literature and they may, understandably, resent the intrusion of conventional medicine into their domain. In recent decades, many publications have emphasized the importance of educating conventional practitioners to interact sensitively with healers and patients from diverse cultures. However, those concerns have not been balanced, in this book or elsewhere, by recognizing the need to protect patients from the hazards of folk remedies. The World Health Organization should take a more active role in facilitating communication between biomedical scientists, public health authorities and traditional healers. In summary, the book provides concise accounts of a variety of healing traditions but it presents a misleading account of the benefits and safety of folk remedies. The enduring value of healing traditions is in their emphasis on moderation in lifestyle and the psychological benefits of ritual interactions between healer and patient. However, the risks and benefits of traditional therapies should be evaluated by current scientific standards, and they should not be promoted in the name of cultural competence. Cultural competence requires that caregivers become familiar with the beliefs and values of patients to provide sensitive care. It does not require endorsement of unsound and potentially dangerous therapies. ■

A comprehensive understanding of current midwifery practices for newborn screening blood spot sampling is lacking. This is an impediment to identifying best practices, training needs, writing of professional guidelines, and highlighting issues that need further investigation. A two-part study surveyed 125 and 101 midwives, respectively, identifying common practices and variability in how the blood spot sampling procedure was conducted. The majority of midwives surveyed reported their traditional practice was to pre-warm the babies' feet although the evidence shows this is not helpful. A wide variety of lancet devices are used, and further research is required to determine the most cost effective device. Practice varies with 60% of midwives not discarding the first spot of blood collected as instructed on the reverse of the blood spot card.

Bioclimatic Design Approach in Dayak Traditional Longhouse