STABILITY PROBLEMS WITH A WEAK GROUND BASE

Anthropogenic activities contribute to changes in the range and distribution of species. Globalization is resulting in human‐mediated dispersal that is causing a breakdown in normal biogeographic barriers. But the impact of anthropogenic activities on plant pathogen communities is still poorly understood. We conducted an eDNA metabarcoding study to compare communities of oomycetes, a group of eukaryotic microorganisms that comprises important crop and tree pathogens, in urban, natural, and interface environments. Oomycete diversity and abundance were highest in human impacted urban environments and lowest in natural environments, while the interface environments were intermediate. Urban environments had the highest proportion of sites where species of the plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora were found, as well as the largest number of unknown or undescribed Phytophthora species. The taxa overlap between urban and interface environments was one order of magnitude larger than the overlap between urban and natural environments. Our analyses show that urban/natural interface areas likely act as a bridge for invasion into natural environments. This could impact both the natural biota and natural ecosystem processes. Our study serves as a warning that some Phytophthora species introduced from nurseries or spread by human movement could pose a threat to natural ecosystems. Shifting patterns in oomycete communities could interfere with natural ecosystem processes and result in increases in disease and ecosystem declines.

PurposeMyopia is associated with increased near-work, time spent indoors, and urban environments. This may in part stem from the spatial frequency (SF) composition of the visual environment in such scenarios compared to nature. We investigated the SF content of natural and man-made environments and how the relative contrast experienced may be affected by viewing distance.DesignExperimental study of environmental contrast.Subjects, Participants, and ControlsDigital images (n = 594) from natural, mixed-urban, urban, and indoor environments across Singapore.MethodsThe fast Fourier transform was computed and radially averaged, and the slope of the amplitude spectra with SF was determined. The total contrast energy within each SF octave (f–2f) was measured to determine exposure deficits between environments and whether environmental contrast was scale invariant (unaffected by changes in viewing distance).Main Outcome MeasuresEnvironment differences in SF gradient, total contrast, and scale invariance.ResultsAs expected, indoor environments displayed the steepest SF gradients at –1.36 ± 0.1, more than urban (–1.22 ± 0.1, P < 0.01), mixed-urban (–1.09 ± 0.1, P < 0.01), and natural (–1.00 ± 0.1, P < 0.01) environments. Specifically, mixed-urban, urban, and indoor environments all lacked contrast at middle and higher SFs compared with natural scenes (P < 0.01 each). Contrast energy/octave was approximately equal for natural environments, signifying the relative SF composition was scale invariant. This was not true for man-made environments. Contrast energy/octave decreased as a function of SF in mixed-urban, urban, and most rapidly in indoor environments (P < 0.001 each), meaning the total contrast experienced in such environments is directly dependent on viewing distance. Consequently, halving viewing distance when indoors would reduce total perceived middle SF contrast by 35%, despite indoor environments already being deficient compared to nature.ConclusionsThe SF content of natural environments is consistent regardless of viewing distance, signifying scale invariance. This does not apply in man-made environments where contrast at all SFs directly depends on viewing distance. This implies that shorter viewing distances in man-made environments further exacerbate inherent deficits in middle and higher SF contrast, and thus these environments may fail to stimulate the eye with sufficient contrast compared to natural environments, possibly explaining why such environments induce myopia.Financial Disclosure(s)The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Effects of blue space exposure in urban and natural environments on psychological and physiological responses: A within-subject experiment

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors profile of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from different environments exposed to anthropogenic activity

Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to analyze brain region activity when viewing landscapes

Bertiella sp., a cestode known to infect a variety of hosts, including nonhuman primates and humans, was identified in Paraguay as early as 1895, but no systematic analysis of wild primates' gastrointestinal parasites has ever been carried out in Paraguay. Increased urbanization in southwest Paraguay has pushed the Paraguayan howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) into anthropogenic habitats, particularly in the city of Pilar (Ñeembucú department), giving rise to greater potential for zoonotic transmission between wild primates and humans. From July to December 2018, fecal samples were noninvasively collected from 48 howlers inside Pilar (urban environment), the Pilar Military Base (intermediate environment), and a ranch 27 km outside Pilar in the humid Chaco (natural environment) and analyzed for Bertiella eggs and proglottids using macro-analysis and formol-ether sedimentation. Howlers living in the urban environment had the highest rates of Bertiella infection (50% prevalence), with considerably lower infection rates in the intermediate environment (6.25% prevalence) and natural habitats (0% prevalence). A χ2 goodness-of-fit test indicated a significant difference between the three habitat types (p = .007, χ2 = 10.005, df = 2). Whilethe habitat seems to impact the frequency of infection, Bertiella was not observed to select for other factors such as age or sex of the primate host. Here we identified a significant increase in the frequency of Bertiella infection in an urban environment, which can then be further transmitted to new hosts with more direct primate contact. Bertiella infection has already been documented in humans in Paraguay, all of which were associated with close primate contact. As howlers move into more urban habitats due to urbanization and habitat fragmentation, Bertiella could be introduced into this new ecosystem and has the potential to cause further infections in humans.

In China, with the acceleration of urbanization, people pay more attention to the quality of urban environment. Air pollution, vegetation destruction, water waste and pollution, and waste sorting have restricted the sustainable development of urban environment. It is important to evaluate the impact of these environmental concerns as a prerequisite to implement an effective urban environmental sustainability policy. The aim of this paper is to establish a system for evaluating sustainable urban environmental quality in China. We extracted six dimensions and 29 criteria for assessing urban sustainable environment. Then, a fuzzy technique and the best worst method were applied to obtain the weights for the dimensions and criteria. Next, grey possibility values were applied to evaluate the sustainable environmental quality of five cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Hangzhou in China. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify how the ranking of these five cities changed when varying the weights of each criterion. The results show that pollution control, the natural environment, and water management are the three most important dimensions for urban environmental quality evaluation. We suggest that controlling pollutant emissions, strengthening food waste management, improving clean production processes, and utilizing heat energy are the effective measures to improve the urban environment and achieve sustainable urban environmental development.

Poetic city, which is based on traditional Chinese spiritscape1 aesthetics, is an important aesthetic aim of a modern city environmental construction. A poetic city has not only the beautiful natural environment of the mountains and water, but also the regional tradition of shanshui culture, which is an organic combination of a city natural and cultrual environment. Creating a poetic modern city needs to show the poetic environment of the city natural mountains and water, to create the cultural life with poetry and pictures, and to choose a model of the city environmental development with distinctive regional characteristics.

It is not all bad for the grey city – A crossover study on physiological and psychological restoration in a forest and an urban environment

Research methods For substantiation of the research results, the following methods of scientific analysis were used: systemic, situational, historic, logical, and typological; methods of structural and functional, descriptive expertise, statistical, graphical, and table analysis, economic and mathematical modeling. Introduction Swiftness of changes, which take place in the biosphere, their direct interconnection and interdependence with the results of human activities make local city authorities implement modern and safe technological solutions. The ecological doctrine of Russia, which was passed over the recent years, formed legal foundations for ecological management of urban environment and offered to use the mechanism of public-private partnership and organization of small and medium business for these purposes. Contemporary urban management includes the following spheres of activities: provision of population with main services (safe drinking water, high-quality services in healthcare and education); effective use of local resources; formation of ecological frame and innovational infrastructure. During evaluation of urban economy, it is important to provide correct accounting of the level of human influence on the environment [2,3]. Types of human influence on nature include: industrial influence according to sectorial peculiarities; communal and transport influence; influence on nature and landscape environment. The Green Bridge initiative, which appeared in 2012 at the Summit Rio+20, became a practical mechanism of international transition to the "green economy" with focus at technological progress and increase of experience of environment management. Another relevant example is strategic approach to development of cities, established by the European Commission. The documents clearly determined top-priority directions, formulates goals and indicators for each of them (Fig.1). A rather large circle of studies confirms that economy, based on knowledge, became a reality. Knowledge becomes a source of well-being, so it is important to determine which knowledge and management are able to provide competitive advantage for cities. The achieved level of science, education, and production in cities is rather important for solving this issue. A new view at cities management was developed due to the EU's passing the concept of technological platforms which are to concentrate efforts of authorities, scientists, and entrepreneurs in the sphere of promotion of nature-like and resource renewable technologies [11, 12]. Axiomatical statement that nature can take a lot ceased to be a reality. Load on nature environment became so huge that many cities ceased to be safe for living. A lot of time passed before this was realized, but not amended. It is necessary to change approaches to organization of ecology management in a city: creation of single base of legal and normative regulation; conduct of wide propaganda and explanatory work among population for saving attitude towards urban resources and natural environment; application of modern integral methodologies of calculations and methods of ecology management; use of mechanisms of public-private and municipal-state partnership during realization of infrastructural projects; stimulation of small enterprises' constructing complexes for separate collection of communal waste [8,9]. Table 1 systematizes main factors and indicators of socio-economic development of middle-sized cities. The most perspective concept of city development in the XXI century, in view of ecological limitations (environment's possibility to accept and absorb various types of waste and pollution of human activities; level of non-return of natural resources, spent by human)--green cities. Main approaches to provision of development of green cities to their ecological balance could be formulated in the following way: urban planning should be started from analysis of plans of development of the country and region and have full analysis of ecological indicators of the city development [9]. …

Previous research has shown that interacting with natural environments vs. more urban or built environments can have salubrious psychological effects, such as improvements in attention and memory. Even viewing pictures of nature vs. pictures of built environments can produce similar effects. A major question is: What is it about natural environments that produces these benefits? Problematically, there are many differing qualities between natural and urban environments, making it difficult to narrow down the dimensions of nature that may lead to these benefits. In this study, we set out to uncover visual features that related to individuals' perceptions of naturalness in images. We quantified naturalness in two ways: first, implicitly using a multidimensional scaling analysis and second, explicitly with direct naturalness ratings. Features that seemed most related to perceptions of naturalness were related to the density of contrast changes in the scene, the density of straight lines in the scene, the average color saturation in the scene and the average hue diversity in the scene. We then trained a machine-learning algorithm to predict whether a scene was perceived as being natural or not based on these low-level visual features and we could do so with 81% accuracy. As such we were able to reliably predict subjective perceptions of naturalness with objective low-level visual features. Our results can be used in future studies to determine if these features, which are related to naturalness, may also lead to the benefits attained from interacting with nature.

Immersion in nature has been linked to wide-ranging benefits on mental health and cognitive functions, from reducing stress to enhancing creativity. However, a walk in nature is not always feasible, and whether a proxy for nature immersion via a mental walk in nature can elicit the same benefits as a physical walk remains largely unknown. Accordingly, the current study utilized guided imagery to examine whether a mental walk in nature would improve creativity in general and when compared to a mental walk in an urban environment. We implemented a within-subjects design, wherein participants completed both mental walk conditions (in a nature and urban environment) at least five days apart in counterbalanced order on an online platform. During each session, participants (N = 97) completed two pre-walk tasks assessing convergent (measured by the Remote Associates Test) and divergent creative thinking (measured by the Alternate Uses Test), followed by a mental walk in either a nature or urban environment, then finally the identical two post-walk creativity tasks. After five days, they repeated the same procedure with a mental walk in the other environment. While comparisons of post-walk creativity scores between the nature and urban environment did not significantly differ from each other, the comparisons between the pre- and post-walk creativity scores revealed a significant improvement in convergent creative thinking in the nature environment condition, but not the urban environment condition. Our results suggest that taking a mental walk in nature can enhance at least one aspect of creativity, therefore providing preliminary evidence for the potential to access the creative benefits of mentally immersing ourselves in nature. These findings have important implications for those who wish to enjoy the benefits of nature but are unable to readily access nature physically.

Alone or with a friend: A social context for psychological restoration and environmental preferences

ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium associated with a wide variety of natural and human-made environments, such as soil, vegetation, livestock, food processing environments, and urban areas. It is also among the deadliest foodborne pathogens, and knowledge about its presence and diversity in potential sources is crucial to effectively track and control it in the food chain. Isolation of L. monocytogenes from various rural and urban environments showed higher prevalence in agricultural and urban developments than in forest or mountain areas, and that detection was positively associated with rainfall. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for the collected isolates and for L. monocytogenes from Norwegian dairy farms and slugs (218 isolates in total). The data were compared to available data sets from clinical and food-associated sources in Norway collected within the last decade. Multiple examples of clusters of isolates with 0 to 8 whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) allelic differences were collected over time in the same location, demonstrating persistence of L. monocytogenes in natural, urban, and farm environments. Furthermore, several clusters with 6 to 20 wgMLST allelic differences containing isolates collected across different locations, times, and habitats were identified, including nine clusters harboring clinical isolates. The most ubiquitous clones found in soil and other natural and animal ecosystems (CC91, CC11, and CC37) were distinct from clones predominating among both clinical (CC7, CC121, and CC1) and food (CC9, CC121, CC7, and CC8) isolates. The analyses indicated that ST91 was more prevalent in Norway than other countries and revealed a high proportion of the hypovirulent ST121 among Norwegian clinical cases.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a deadly foodborne pathogen that is widespread in the environment. For effective management, both public health authorities and food producers need reliable tools for source tracking, surveillance, and risk assessment. For this, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is regarded as the present and future gold standard. In the current study, we use WGS to show that L. monocytogenes can persist for months and years in natural, urban, and dairy farm environments. Notably, clusters of almost identical isolates, with genetic distances within the thresholds often suggested for defining an outbreak cluster, can be collected from geographically and temporally unrelated sources. The work highlights the need for a greater knowledge of the genetic relationships between clinical isolates and isolates of L. monocytogenes from a wide range of environments, including natural, urban, agricultural, livestock, food production, and food processing environments, to correctly interpret and use results from WGS analyses.

The physiological effects of natural and urban environments on the cardiovascular system of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are not fully understood. This controlled field study examines the effects of restorative walking in a park vs. in an urban street environment on CAD patients’ stress parameters and cardiac function. Methods: Twenty stable CAD patients were randomly allocated to 7 days controlled walking in a city park or in an urban street environment group. The relationship between different environmental exposures and health effects was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and exact Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean reduction in cortisol levels and negative effects after the walk on the first day was greater in the city park than in the urban street exposed group, while a reduction in negative effects in the urban group were greater after seven days. The reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the park group was evident on the seventh day before the walk (−4 mm Hg, p = 0.031) and 60 min after the walk (−6.00 mm Hg, p = 0.002). The cortisol slope was negatively associated with the DBP changes (r = −0.514, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Physical activity in a green environment with noise and air pollution levels lower than in an urban environment has a greater positive effect on CAD patients’ stress level and hemodynamic parameters. Mitigating green environmental influences may allow urban residents to maintain health and reduce disability.