Standardization of the virtual device metafile and the virtual device interface

Coding aspects of the virtual device metafile and other picture standards

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTInternational health and safety standards rejectedANN THAYERCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1996, 74, 40, 27Publication Date (Print):September 30, 1996Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 30 September 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v074n040.p027https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n040.p027newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views4Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Quality management,Safety Get e-Alerts

During the time the European Economic Community (EC), through the Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) was developing standards for Laser Processing Machines (by a mandate of the 89/392/EEC, “Machine Directive”), it became apparent to the Laser Products Group of the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT) that a similar standard would be useful for products made and used in the United States.AMT, among other activities, acts as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Secretariat for developing Machine Tool Standards, known as the ANSI B11 series. The B11.21 standard, like others in the B11 series, covers both manufacturers’ and users’ requirements for safety, as it spans the topics of Design, Construction, Care and Use. Since radiation and associated hazard information is covered primarily by existing laws and standards, such as 21 CFR and ANSI Z 136.1, the ANSI B11.21 acts as an information resource and as a comprehensive collection of these criteria.While it would be incorrect to term this standard a “spin-off” or copy of the EC efforts (e.g. ISO 11553 (EN 11553)), it has been an important element of B11.21’s creation that it contain recognition of the European work and harmonization with it. Two key elements of the standard make it especially useful for US manufacturers who wish to produce laser processing machines for both US delivery and the EC. The format of the B11.21, like other B11 standards contains a “normative” or requirement statement on the left side of each page, while the right hand column contains “informative” or explanatory information. In this standard, comparison to the EC requirements are listed to the right hand side for selected segments of the US standard. Additionally, throughout the B11.21 document, the concept of “Risk Assessment” and risk reduction, as a design element, is promoted, in accord with European standards which must comply with the Machine Directive.During the time the European Economic Community (EC), through the Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) was developing standards for Laser Processing Machines (by a mandate of the 89/392/EEC, “Machine Directive”), it became apparent to the Laser Products Group of the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT) that a similar standard would be useful for products made and used in the United States.AMT, among other activities, acts as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Secretariat for developing Machine Tool Standards, known as the ANSI B11 series. The B11.21 standard, like others in the B11 series, covers both manufacturers’ and users’ requirements for safety, as it spans the topics of Design, Construction, Care and Use. Since radiation and associated hazard information is covered primarily by existing laws and standards, such as 21 CFR and ANSI Z 136.1, the ANSI B11.21 acts as an information resource and as a comprehensive collection of these criteria.While it would be incorrect to term ...

Work-Relatedness.

Chapter 10 - Introduction to Industry Standards

The rigorous regulatory landscape for medical devices demands meticulous chemical characterization to ensure safety and compliance. This review examines the critical role of chemical characterization within regulatory frameworks, emphasizing its importance in the approval and market entry of medical devices. Key challenges, including the complexity of sample matrices, trace-level impurity detection, and the necessity of method validation, are thoroughly explored. In addition, the review addresses the dynamic nature of regulatory requirements, analyzing how updates in international standards, such as those from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), shape the chemical characterization process. The review discusses future directions, including advancements in analytical technologies, the potential for increased automation and standardization, and the growing significance of managing emerging contaminants. By offering a comprehensive analysis of current practices and future trends, this review highlights the essential role of chemical characterization in ensuring the development and regulation of safe and effective medical devices.

: Among the responsibilities assigned to the Office of the Manager, National Communications System, is the management of the Federal Telecommunication Standards Program which is an element of the overall GSA Federal Standardization Program. Under this program, the NCS, with the assistance of the Federal Telecommunication Standards Committee identifies, develops, and coordinates proposed Federal Standards which either contribute to the interoperability similar Federal telecommunication systems or to the achievement of a compatible and efficient interface between computer and telecommunication systems. In developing and coordinating these standards a considerable amount of effort is expended in initiating and pursuing joint standards development efforts with appropriate technical committees of the Electronic Industries Association, the American National Standards Institute, the International Organization for Standardization, and the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee of the International Telecommunication Union. This Technical Information Bulletin presents an overview of an effort which is contributing to the development of compatible Federal, national, and international standards in the area of digital facsimile standards. It has been prepared to inform interested Federal activities of the progress of these efforts.

Standards codify the exchange of information across an interface between two functional units. Standards specify what is to be exchanged, but not how the functional units carry out their operations. Figure 1 represents an application programmer’s model of a graphics system. Two interfaces are central to graphics standardization: the application programmer interface (API) and the virtual device interface (VDI). Standards at both interfaces provide device independence for the user of the standard. That is, the user can deal with one or more abstract (“virtual”) graphics devices with a full range of input and output capabilities. The messy details of the particular hardware capabilities of any particular graphics device are hidden from the user. Instead, implementations of the standards must emulate any required facilities not directly supported by the hardware. Furthermore, the implementations mask the peculiarities of the particular command sets used to communicate specific orders to the graphics devices. Open image in new window Fig.1 Programmer's model of a graphics system

With the rapidly increasing number of electronic ballast manufacturers and ballast products entering the market recently, the compatibility of fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts has become one of the major concerns among specifiers and users. In 1993, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published ANSI C82.11-1993, which describes recommendations for high-frequency operation of fluorescent lamp ballasts. To address compatibility issues for lamp starting, ANSI C82.11 limits the average value of the RMS glow current to a maximum of 25 mA and lamp preheat time to a minimum of 500 ms. ANSI's definitions of glow current and preheat time are made on an ideal lamp starting curve. In reality, some electronic ballasts produce lamp starting curves very different from ANSI's definition, creating difficulties in practical measurements of glow current and preheat time. This research work tested lamp starting characteristics of 17 different electronic ballasts on 2-F40T12 lamps. The results showed that the starting performance of electronic ballasts varied; some met ANSI's requirements, but some did not. The results also showed that using electrode voltage can better define preheat time and glow current, which can better characterize the starting performance of electronic ballasts and ensure reliable testing procedures.

EDITOR'S SUMMARYStandards and interoperable systems are crucial in the work of information professionals, applying to bibliographic descriptions, taxonomies, data exchange formats and markup and more recently for linking data. They enable access to archival information and associations to data in other contexts. The ASIS&T Standards Committee represents the Association with the International Standards Organization, the American National Standards Institute and related organizations and serves as an informative liaison with the membership. This special section explores standards as they relate to metadata for linking library data, recognizing MARC as an early and evolving standard and reviewing standards specifically for archival description. Discussions of records management at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute and the Mayo Clinic illustrate the necessity for standards‐driven metadata and systems within large, complex organizations. The Program for Cooperative Cataloging and OCLC's Virtual International Authority File exemplify projects working toward best practices for linking data.

Twenty-six standard safety colors specified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), International Standards Organization (ISO), and the Federal Highway Association (FHWA) were compared to seven fluorescent and neon colors on perceived hazard and perceived importance. Results indicated that the fluorescent orange, ANSI red, fluorescent yellow, FHWA red, fluorescent yellow green, and ISO red were the highest rated colors on perceived hazard. ANSI red, FHWA red, ISO red, fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow, and fluorescent yellow green were rated the highest on perceived importance. The implications of these findings and the potential use of fluorescent colors in product warnings are discussed.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for respiratory protection (ANSI Z88.2 1992) lists assigned protection factors (APFs) for various respirators. The committee that developed the APFs based its decisions on a review of available studies of respirator performance. If workplace studies were available, these formed the basis for the number assigned. If no such studies were available, then laboratory studies, design analogies, and other information were used to decide what value to assign. For half-mask air purifying respirators, four workplace protection factor studies were consulted to arrive at an APF. For loose-fitting facepiece powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs), five workplace studies and two laboratory studies were reviewed. For full-face air purifying, helmet/hooded PAPRs, and most supplied air respirators no workplace studies were available. The APF was based on laboratory studies or decided by analogy to other equipment. For the remaining respirators only single workplace protection factor studies were available, and these were used by the committee to assign an APF. The database available to the ANSI committee was limited. Most of the studies available for review were not published. The committee in a sense was required to perform peer review on the information to use the data. Studies completed after the ANSI committee finished its deliberations, when added to the data used, continue to support the APFs assigned by ANSI.

Quality of the product depends on customer satisfaction which can be achieved by applying standards.Different standards have been reported in this literature that assist in improving Quality of products.The intent of each standard is to assure Quality in the processes and achieve a standard product.This research is the comprehensive survey of Standards followed by IT industries for assuring Quality in their products.After analysis of Standards, it has been explored that the techniques after adopting these Standards shows improvement in the systems.The IT businesses follow ISO (International Organization for Standardization),CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration), PMI (Project Management Institute), ASME (American Society Mechanical Engineers), ANSI (American National Standards Institute), IEC (Internationa Electr technical Commission), DRR(Digitally Reconstructed Radiography), ASQ (American Society of Quality) Quality Standards and some of them also use Quality evaluation tools for Quality Assurance.This research also assesses the improvements of IT businesses after applying Quality Standards.

The relationship between water (W) content and silicon (Si) content of silicone-hydrogel (SiHy) contact lens materials was inspected using identical methodologies, equipment, and operators for materials composing 16 types of commercially available SiHy contact lenses. Fluorine (F) content was included in the analysis for the three materials also containing a fluoropolymer. One type of lens consisted of a bulk SiHy material coated with thin layers of conventional hydrogel. SiHy materials were obtained in the form of 16 contact lens brands purchased on the open market in a common range of refractive powers from -3 to +6 D in single lots. All test lenses were equilibrated at room temperature in a standard saline recommended in the American National Standards Institute Z80.20-2016 and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 18369-4:2017 standards. W content was obtained gravimetrically, in %, according to those standards for 16 lenses of each SiHy material. Si content was determined in % using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for four digested lenses of each material. F content was determined in % using an ion-selective electrode for four combusted lenses of each of the three fluorinated SiHy materials. W and Si contents of the bulk SiHy material of the coated lens were estimated by computational exclusion of the hydrogel layers. The linear coefficients of determination (R, n=16) were -0.7576 (relating mean dry Si content [n=4] to mean W content [n=16]) and -0.8819 (relating mean hydrated Si content [n=4] to mean W content [n=16]). When the 4 SiHy materials that were fluorinated or coated were excluded from the analysis, the R values (n=12) were -0.8869 and -0.9263, respectively. When F contents and the coating were added to the assessments, the linear coefficients of determination (R, n=16) became -0.8948 (relating mean dry [Si+F] content to mean W content) and -0.9397 (relating mean hydrated [Si+F] content to mean W content). There is a fundamental negative linear relationship between Si and W contents for SiHy contact lens materials above 35% W content that is followed when F content and hydrogel coatings are empirically added to the analysis below 35% W content. The relationship was tightest for hydrated (Si+F) content and W content, for which the regression equation had an R of -0.9397: (Si+F)=-0.3073 (W)+22.148. The relationship between (Si+F) and W therefore seems to be based on composition rather than structure of available SiHy contact lens materials.

Applied Safety Science and Engineering Techniques (ASSET™) merge safety science and hazard based safety engineering principles within the overall framework of a safety management process to achieve, maintain and continuously improve the safety of products, processes and services for safer living and working environments. This paper covers the ASSET Safety Management Process and its guiding principles. This process has been synthesized from other current, mainstream principles of risk assessment and risk management, including recent International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publications. Basic relationships are explored among hazards, exposure and harm to persons, property and the environment. Various potential approaches to safeguard against harm are then explored in the framework of safety management, systems engineering, human factors and other relevant principles. The ASSET Safety Management Process involves stages to (a) formulate the right types of questions to identify the scope of the product, system or service to be evaluated for potential harm, (b) identify and analyze hazards (potential sources of harm), (c) identify, analyze and evaluate protective measures to reduce the risk of harm (e.g., risk of injury from products), (d) assist in the determination of whether or not an acceptable level of safety is achieved, (e) understand and apply methods to maintain and continuously improve safety. This can help explain, apply and enhance existing requirements, and help address emerging technologies, products and applications. ASSET can be applied to virtually any industry and product segment to support informed decisions on solutions to difficult safety issues, using sound safety science and engineering experience and judgment. The ASSET process supports development of safety standards, codes, and regulations, and design, evaluation, compliance, certification and safety management of products, processes and services. This applies to responsibilities of safety designers, regulatory compliance, product safety certifiers, standards/codes developers and product and program safety managers. ASSET can also help to integrate and address the needs of various stakeholders including regulators, AHJs, standards developers, trade and professional organizations, consumer groups, government agencies and the public. The ASSET Safety Management Process can be used as a prospective, proactive tool to anticipate, assess and adequately protect against potential harm, and to support solutions in the immediate term for emerging technologies, products and applications, and in the longer term as new hazard-based or risk-based requirements are developed in standards, codes and regulations. ASSET is a trademark of UL LLC.