Standards for image annotation using Semantic Web

An weighted ontology-based semantic similarity algorithm for web service

The Web, as we know it, is a collection of human readable pages that are virtually unintelligible to computer programs. For that reason, it has been called the “eyeball” Web. While the Web emerged as a World Wide repository of digitized information, by and large, the very same information is not available for automatic computation. In recent years two parallel efforts emerged that have the potential of overcoming this paradox: the first effort is the Semantic Web which provides the tools for the explicit markup of the content of Web pages; the second effort is the development of Web Services which results in a Web where programs act as independent agents to become the producers and consumers of information and enable automation of business transactions.In this talk I will focus on research that attempts to bridge the gap between the Web as we know it, the Semantic Web and Web services. Under this approach, I propose the vision of Web services as autonomous goal-directed agents which select other agents to interact with, and flexibly negotiate their interaction model, acting at times in client server mode, or at other times in peer to peer mode. The resulting Web services, that I call Autonomous Semantic Web services, utilize ontologies and semantically annotated Web pages to automate the fulfillment of tasks and transactions with other Web agents. In particular, Autonomous Semantic Web services use the Semantic Web to support capability based discovery and interoperation at run time. A first step towards this vision is the development of formal languages and inference mechanisms for representing and reasoning with core concepts of Web services. DAML-S (the Darpa Agent Markup Language for Services) is the first attempt to define such a language. I will give a brief overview of DAML-S and its relations with the Semantic Web and Web services. In addition, I will provide concrete examples of computational models of how DAML-S can be viewed as the first step in bridging the gap between the Semantic Web and current proposed industry standards for Web services. I will provide concrete examples of DAML-S in action, discuss challenges still open in the bridging between the Semantic Web and Web services and provide a roadmap to get us from today’s Web to the Web of autonomous Semantic Web services.KeywordsFormal LanguageCore ConceptDigitize InformationAutomatic ComputationBusiness TransactionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The idea of service orientation envisions dynamic detection and execution of suitable Web services for solving a particular request. Most realization approaches pay only little attention to the client side of such architectures. We therefore promote a goal-driven approach: a client merely specifies the objective to be achieved in terms of a goal, and the system resolves this by automated detection, composition, and execution of Web services. Extending the WSMO framework, we present a model for describing goals as formalized client objectives that carry all information relevant for automated detection and execution of Web services.

The convergence of the Semantic Web and Grid technologies has resulted in the Semantic Grid. The great effort devoted in by the Semantic Web community to achieve the semantic markup of Web services (what we call Semantic Web Services) has yielded many markup technologies and initiatives, from which the Semantic Grid technology should benefit as, in recent years, it has become Web service-oriented. Keeping this fact in mind, our first premise in this work is to reuse the ODESWS Framework for the Knowledge-based markup of Grid services. Initially ODESWS was developed to enable users to annotate, design, discover and compose Semantic Web Services at the Knowledge Level. But at present, if we want to reuse it for annotating Grid services, we should carry out a detailed study of the characteristics of Web services and Grid services and thus, we will learn where they differ and why. Only when this analysis is performed should we know how to extend our theoretical framework for describing Grid services. Finally, we present the ODESGS Framework, which is the result of having applied the extensions identified to the aforementioned Semantic Web Services description framework.

- The digital transformation of supply chain management has led companies to explore web-based solutions to retain their market presence. Service-oriented technologies are increasingly deployed to support competition in the trade sector, offering flexible integration options. The primary focus is to achieve interoperability across diverse data systems and to enable automatic discovery and execution of semantic web services. This paper examines several techniq ues that aim to improve semantic alignment and service discovery. The first part explores semantic web service search methods based on structured case-based reasoning (S-CBR), OWL-S, and similarity measurement techniques. The second part presents a hybrid knowledge-based system using Semantic Web Service Architecture (SWSA) and a semantic comparison algorithm for ontological terms.

Semantic Web Services are the key technology providing services for the users' convenience in the semantic web environment. Many companies in various fields are researching and developing languages for constructing Semantic Web Services such as DAML-S, WSDL, X-LANG and BPEL4WS. DAML-S is a method that accesses the existing Web Service method from a semantic web environment. However, the current Semantic Web Services Discovery System does not provide sufficient processing of quality factors (performance, accessibility, availability, reliability and transaction) nor reliable and accurate service results desired by the user through a UDDi search method. The present study analyzes the disadvantages of the current web services and suggests a Semantic Web Services Discovery System based on QoS applying semantic web technologies as a solution to the problems. The suggested system provides a UDDi and DAML-S based discovery engine to allow efficient web service discovery and composition.

Services are an increasingly important part of the Web, and they are a necessary component of the Semantic Web. Semantic Web Services (SWS) are a research effort towards automation of the use of Web services, enhancing existing SOA capabilities with intelligent and automated integration. Recently, we have introduced WSMO-Lite, a lightweight service ontology intended for semantic annotations of the Web Service Description Language WSDL. In contrast to preceding SWS frameworks such as OWL-S and WSMO, WSMO-Lite simplifies the semantic descriptions and enables bottom-up semantic annotation of Web services, but very importantly, it also relaxes the requirements on completeness of semantic descriptions, which enables building incremental layers of semantics on top of existing service descriptions. In this work, we describe various useful subsets of the extent of semantic annotation on Web services with respect to the requirements of SWS automation tasks; and we detail the means of validating SWS descriptions with flexible levels of strictness.

The increasing popularity of Web services for application integration has strengthened the need for automated Web service composition and joint execution. A lot of attention has been paid recently towards techniques for creating a composite Web service from individual Web services based on user requirements, and driven by a variety of criteria. However, the major lacuna so far in Web service composition is the lack of a holistic requirements-driven approach for modeling the Web service execution lifecycle. In this paper we present such an approach based on our earlier work on context-driven Web service modeling. In particular, we separate requirements into two parts - functional and extrafunctional requirements (FRs and EFRs, respectively). We express FRs as commitments made by individual Web ser-vices towards the composite Web service, and EFRs as rules that constrain the behavior of the individual Web services while they execute against their FRs. We also present a conceptual model that can be used for tracking requirements during Web service execution.

Summary form only given. The emerging concept of semantic Web services aims at more sophisticated Web Service technologies: on basis of semantic description frameworks, intelligent mechanisms are envisioned for discovery, composition, and contracting of Web services. The tutorial explains the current state of the art in semantic Web services on basis of the Web service modeling ontology WSMO and related initiatives. Commencing from the vision and arising challenges for semantic Web services, the tutorial in detail explains the specifications of recent frameworks for semantic Web services and presents the Web service execution environment WSMX as the WSMO reference implementation. The tutorial consists of three main sections that subsequently provide a complete overview of semantic Web services and the latest status of WSMO. The tutorial addresses academic as well as industrial researches and developers that are working with Web services and are interested in semantic Web services.

Semantic Web services is considered as the concept bringing the web to its full potential by combining the best features of web services, agent technology, grid and the Semantic web. In this paper we present a semantic Web Services platform based on software agent (JASW), which introduces Semantic web and software agent and takes the automated discovery, selection, orchestration and invocation of Web services as application background. In the platform, we adopt Semantic web to accurately describe Web services, and use software agent to implement discovery, selection, and orchestration of Web services.

Semantic Web Service technology provides a strong support for automation software development based on Web service. By analyzing the existing description models and methods of semantic Web service, a Semantic Web Service Description Model (WSDM4S) and its formal description based on SHOIN+(D) are proposed, which attempt to offer an effective model for description, publication, discovery, composition, and execution of Web services based on semantic description. And a Semantic Web Service Description Language (WSDL4S) based on XML is designed to support the WSDM4S. Based on WSDL4S, Web Services could be packaged into basic semantic unit of semantic software development.

Description logic is used as the formal theoretical foundation of semantic web services, the paper analyzed description language of Semantic Web Services OWL-S, WSDL-S, WSML and SWSL. Give a formal definition of description about semantic web services, further Web services is interpreted with the semantic of description logic. The satisfiability and subsumption in description logic can be applied to inferring semantic web services. For further research semantic annotation of web services, relation between web services and services, reasoning problems for semantic web services, our work was important and fundamental.

THE Internet, along with its related technologies, has created an interconnected world in which information flows easily and tasks are processed collaboratively. To make service-oriented applications more robust, Web services must be examined from a transactional perspective. By transactional, we mean first defining the actions that guide the execution of Web services when failures arise and then the states that permit claiming the success of this execution following the handling of these failures. A variety of transactional models are reported in the database community. Some of these models can be leveraged and enhanced in response to Web services characteristics while others are not suitable for Web services due to the dynamic nature of Web services, the long-running execution scenarios that Web services take part in, and the successful execution of Web services despite other peers’ failure. Today’s service-oriented applications require advanced transactional models that guarantee integrity and continuity of business processes despite the dynamic nature of the features of the environments hosting the execution of these applications. This special section sheds light on the latest advances in the fields of Web services and transactional models in order to better address advanced research on and experience with transactional Web services. Four papers out of 19 submissions were selected for inclusion in this special section. Each submission was subject to a double-review process by at least three peer reviewers. In the first paper, entitled “Event-Based Design and Runtime Verification of Composite Service Transactional Behavior,” Gaaloul et al. propose an event-driven approach to validate the transactional behavior of Web services taking part in compositions. A composition life cycle consists of four phases, namely, design, execution, monitoring, and reengineering. The verification of this behavior throughout this life cycle is done either at design time to validate recovery mechanisms’ consistency or after runtime to detect execution deviations and repair design errors, and, therefore, formally ensure the execution reliability of Web services. In addition, this verification is based on the Event Calculus formalism, which offers a sound definition for this reliability. In the second paper, entitled “FACTS: A Framework for Fault-Tolerant Composition of Transactional Web Services,” Liu et al. note that delivering reliable compositions over unreliable Web services is challenging. To address this challenge, Liu et al. identify a set of high-level exception handling strategies and a new taxonomy of transactional Web services to devise a fault-tolerant mechanism that combines exception handling and transaction techniques. In addition, Liu et al. devise two modules, known as specification and verification, to assist service designers in constructing fault handling logic conveniently and correctly. This logic is automatically injected into WS-BPEL. In the third paper, entitled “Rule-Based Coordination of Distributed Web Service Transactions,” von Riegen et al. study the distributed transactional activity control problem in the context of service choreographies. In such a context, many participants are allowed to work together to achieve a global, common goal, and the initiator of a process is not always the one who is able to commit or cancel a transaction. Von Riegen et al. introduce a framework that allows autonomous coordination of dynamic processes. This framework extends WSBusinessActivity to strengthen the role of the coordinator. Predicate rules are developed to let participants cancel or complete a process and help the coordinators decide on the completion processes and the confirmation or cancellation of the participants’ works. In the fourth paper, entitled “TQoS: Transactional and QoS-Aware Selection Algorithm for Automatic Web Service Composition,” El Haddad et al. focus on the issues of selecting and composing Web services. A design-time selection algorithm is proposed in which transactional and QoS requirements are both integrated into the selection process. This algorithm is based on the notion of risk that indicates if execution outcomes can either be compensated for or not. Two risk levels of execution in a transactional system are considered: Risk 0, meaning that if the execution is successful, the obtained outcomes can be compensated for by the user, and Risk 1, meaning that the system does not guarantee successful execution, but if it achieves it, the outcomes cannot be compensated for by the user. We hope this special section inspires researchers to develop new transactional models that would guarantee service-oriented applications integrity and continuity. 30 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SERVICES COMPUTING, VOL. 3, NO. 1, JANUARY-MARCH 2010

This chapter explores the ongoing efforts to integrate Web services and the Semantic Web for the purposes of sharing knowledge, enabling access to services, and application integration in distributed clinical environments. Combining the Semantic Web and Web services in relation to the healthcare domain, results in Semantic Web services for healthcare, which will enable intelligent interpretation of healthcare data by services such as clinical decision support systems. Critical issues in ontology standardization and security are discussed. The multi-disciplinary problem of service composition is presented with emphasis on the role healthcare experts play in identifying value-added medical services.

Web services (WS) are manually mediated with phases such as discovery, selection, composition and invocation. WS uses syntactic description available in WSDL, which are human understandable. WS discovery and selection is made through keyword matching that produces unrelated WS, which raises the problem of finding the exact WS. To overcome this issue the search can be made to produce related web services semantically for which WS should present as semantic web service (SWS). For this human understandable description should be changed into machine understandable description. In the current Web the availability of WS is more populated than SWS, which is described in OWL-S. There is a need for transformation from WS into SWS and this paper proposes a framework for conversion. The WSDL document has two types such as simple and complex. During this conversion simple type remains unchanged, because of attribute element names and complex type contains elements values that are converted into OWL-S. The conversion is implemented and evaluated. The result outperforms the similar conversion method.