Statistical Procedures Used in Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design: A Review of Papers in Five Iranian Journals

Pretest–posttest studies are an important and popular method for assessing the effectiveness of a treatment or an intervention in many scientific fields. While the treatment effect, measured as the difference between the two mean responses, is of primary interest, testing the difference of the two distribution functions for the treatment and the control groups is also an important problem. The Mann–Whitney test has been a standard tool for testing the difference of distribution functions with two independent samples. We develop empirical likelihood-based (EL) methods for the Mann–Whitney test to incorporate the two unique features of pretest–posttest studies: (i) the availability of baseline information for both groups; and (ii) the structure of the data with missing by design. Our proposed methods combine the standard Mann–Whitney test with the EL method of Huang, Qin and Follmann [(2008), ‘Empirical Likelihood-Based Estimation of the Treatment Effect in a Pretest–Posttest Study’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103(483), 1270–1280], the imputation-based empirical likelihood method of Chen, Wu and Thompson [(2015), ‘An Imputation-Based Empirical Likelihood Approach to Pretest–Posttest Studies’, The Canadian Journal of Statistics accepted for publication], and the jackknife empirical likelihood method of Jing, Yuan and Zhou [(2009), ‘Jackknife Empirical Likelihood’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 104, 1224–1232]. Theoretical results are presented and finite sample performances of proposed methods are evaluated through simulation studies.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of disability due to limitations of joint movement and accounts for more hospitalisations which ultimately result in an increased health care costs. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of agility exercises on knee symptom status among patients with osteoarthritis. It was a quasi-experimental pre-test posttest control group design study conducted over a period of three months in 50 subjects who were diagnosed as having mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis attending outpatient department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram. Basic socio-demographic and clinical data of subjects were assessed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Knee symptom status was assessed using WOMAC osteoarthritis index part-I. All the subjects meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed with both tools. Control group subjects were given range of motion and quadriceps setting exercises. Experimental group subjects were given demonstration of agility exercises along with range of motion and quadriceps setting exercises. All the subjects continued their prescribed medications also at home. Subjects were assessed after two weeks using WOMAC osteoarthritis index part-I. On statistical analysis it was understood that both groups were comparable on the basis of baseline sociodemographic and clinical data. There was significant improvement in knee symptoms among experimental group subjects (p<.0.001). The results suggest that agility exercises can be included along with conventional exercise programme in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

This research aims to determine the effect of the environmentally assisted Discovery Learning learning model on the scientific literacy and scientific attitudes of class VII students in science lessons at MTs Miftahul Ishlah. This research is a quasi-experiment with a pre-test post-test control group design using a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all class VII students at MTs Miftahul Ishlah, totaling 44 students. The sample in this study was class VII A as an experimental class with 22 students and class VII B as a control class with 22 students. Data collection techniques use tests, questionnaires and documentation. The instrument in this research used a test sheet in the form of 10 essay questions and a questionnaire with 28 statements. Research data analysis uses statistical tests, namely the t-test with the help of SPSS 21. The results of the t-test data analysis on students' scientific literacy show that the significant value is 0.037 < 0.05 and on scientific attitude shows that the significant value is 0.049 < 0.05, so it can be It was concluded that there was an influence of the discovery learning model assisted by a scientific literacy environment and students' scientific attitudes.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a digital punching bag as an innovative tool to measure and improve dolyo chagi kick power. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest posttest control group design. The population of this study was 60 taekwondo athletes aged 12-16 years. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling. The research tools and instruments included a digital punching bag, which was designed with a pressure sensor to measure kick strength. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant increase in kicking power in the experimental group, with an average increase of 17.11 points compared to 1.34 points in the control group. Statistical tests (t = 15.198; p < 0.05) confirmed the effectiveness of the digital punching bag in significantly increasing kicking power. Descriptive statistics, the mean pretest score of the experimental group was 153.29, with scores of 145 to 168, and increased to 170.40 in the posttest, with scores of 157 to 187. The control group showed only minimal improvement, from an average pretest of 147.23 (range 143-156) to 148.57 on the posttest (range 145-157). The study concluded that the digital punching bag is an innovative and effective tool for improving athlete performance through accurate measurement and real-time feedback.

Background: Ibuprofen is one of the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) due to its ease of access without the need of prescription. However, ibuprofen may cause side effects associated with gastrointestinal mucosal injury. The discomfort caused when eating may cause nausea and loss of appetite which leads to weight loss. Objective: This study was done to prove changes in body weight after treatment of oral ibuprofen using mice as test subjects. Material and method: This study used pre-test post-test control group design. 33 female BALB/c mice were grouped into 3 groups (P1, P2, P3). P1 is a control group which was given aquadest as placebo, P2 was given 52 mg/kg body weight of oral ibuprofen and P3 was given 104 mg/kg body weight of oral ibuprofen. Treatment lasted for 15 days. Results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test in IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Result: 80% of the mice had their body weights decreased with an average decrease of 0.91 g (±2.26) in group P1, average decrease of 2.2 g (±2.15) in P2, and average decreased of 4.11 g (±2.62) in P3. Statistical analysis showed that body weight changes of group P3 has significant difference (p = 0.009) compared to P1 and P2. Conclusion: It can be concluded that 104 mg/kg dose of oral ibuprofen caused a decrease in body weight of female mice.

This research study was carried out to propose a model for the use of Hicaz saz semais in cello training and to determine the effectiveness of the proposed model in addressing the difficulties faced by cello students in performing Hicaz saz semais. In this study, two methods were simultaneously used, namely, the survey model (descriptive) and the experimental model (empirical). The study group of the study consists of eight cello students. Yusuf Pasha's Hicaz Humayun Saz Semai was adapted to the cello to be used in this study and performed by the students in the study group, and the challenges the students encountered in performing this saz semai were identified. A six-part model proposal has been created, and this proposal includes exercises to address the difficulties faced by students. The exercises were carried out with the students in the experimental group for a period of six weeks. The “pre-test–post-test control group design” was applied in the experimental phase of the study, and the obtained data were analysed using the t-test, a parametric test. The t-test results showed a statistically significant difference between the post-test scores of the students in favour of the experimental group. It has been found in this study that the proposed model was effective in eliminating the challenges faced by cello students in performing the Hicaz Humayun Saz Semai.

This objective of study employeed the effectiveness before and after providing pureed moringa leaf of Striped Catfish dumplings and tuna pureed leaves dumplings on increasing Hemoglobin (Hb) levels in teenagers in Nelayan Indah District. The research method used a pre-experimental design method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The intervention group was given treatment for 30 days. The population was all teenage girls who experienced mild anemia, namely 21 teenage girls. The data analysis technique was bivariate analysis to determine the analysis of the effect of giving Striped Catfish dumpling puree from moringa leaves and tuna fish puree from chayote leaves in increasing hemoglobin (Hb) levels in teenage girls using the one way ANOVA statistical test. The results of the statistical test used a paired simple T-test obtained a p-value of 0.000<0.05 which shows that there was an increase in the hemoglobin (Hb) levels of teenage girls in the Fisherman Indah sub-district when given the pureed moringa leaf fish dumplings and given the tuna pureed pumpkin leaf pureed fish dumplings equally. -The average hemoglobin level for teenage girls has a difference of 1.5429 gram/dl. Meanwhile, giving tuna dumplings with an average hemoglobin level had a difference of 1.1286 grams/dl between before and after the intervention. For this reason, it is recommended that young women consume good foods such as processed Fish Striped Catfish Puree Moringa Leaves dumplings and processed Tuna Fish Dumpling Puree Chayote Leaves to increase Hemoglobin levels

This study aims to examine the effect of the Write Around learning model assisted by digital image media on students' narrative writing skills in elementary school. This experimental research used a pretest-posttest control group design. The subjects were two classes: the experimental class, which used the Write Around model assisted by digital image media based on Canva, and the control class, which applied the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model. The results show that the Write Around model assisted by digital image media is effective in improving students' narrative writing skills. This is evident from the average score increase from 7.2 in the pretest to 18.3 in the posttest in the experimental class, while the control class only reached 13.6 in the posttest. Statistical tests also showed a significant difference between the experimental and control classes, with the Write Around model having a greater impact on students' writing skills. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the use of an innovative learning model assisted by digital media, specifically Canva-based digital images, can be an effective solution to enhance students' literacy skills, particularly in narrative writing.

Background: The incidence of striae gravidarum in Indonesia is 95%, and 79.7% are primigravida. Striae gravidarum is not a direct physical health risk but is associated with body image and decreased self-confidence. Curcuma domestica contains curcumin and vitamin C, which can stimulate the synthesis of type IV collagen. In contrast, the Centella asiatica plant contains triterpenoids and saponins, which can stimulate the synthesis of type I collagen, which helps regenerate skin cells and improve skin elasticity. However, it is necessary to see the effectiveness of the two herbs, Centella asiatica and Curcuma domestica, in fading striae gravidarum. Purpose: To prove the effectiveness of topical gel formulation extract Centella asiatica and Curcuma domestica for fading of striae gravidarum.Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 32 primigravida pregnant women divided into two groups: the intervention group was given a combination of Curcuma domestica and Centella asiatica gel at a dose of 5 mg twice a day for 14 days, and the control group was given a mineral oil gel at a quantity of 5 mg twice a day for 14 days—measurement of striae gravidarum using Davey score. The statistical test used the Friedman and Wilcoxon test.Results: The average fading of striae gravidarum in the intervention group was more significant than in the control group, 11.44±4.131 to 4±3.033 vs.12.19±5.788 to 8.56±4.320 treatment on the 14th day. The analysis results showed that the topical gel formulation of Centella asiatica and Curcuma domestica was more effective in fading striae gravidarum than the placebo gel (p<0.001).Conclusion: Administering topical gel containing 12% Centella asiatica extract and a 10% Curcuma domestica dose of 5 mg twice a day for 14 days affected the fading of striae gravidarum.

Academic self-efficacy (ASE) is a critical determinant of students' success, yet traditional punishment-based approaches to counseling have proven ineffective in enhancing ASE. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Modification (CBM) counseling in improving ASE among junior high school students. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a true experimental approach with a pretest-posttest control group design. Participants consisted of junior high school students from SMP Negeri 2 Malang, East Java province of Indonesia, who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received CBM counseling with a Modeling (M) technique, while the control group followed standard counseling practices. Data were collected using ASE assessments administered before and after the intervention, and analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results demonstrated that CBM-M counseling significantly enhanced students' ASE compared to the control group. The findings suggest that the CBM approach, particularly when combined with modeling techniques, is highly effective in fostering positive cognitive and behavioral changes that improve ASE. These results emphasize the need for a shift from punishment-based strategies to problem-solving approaches in school counseling, with implications for broader educational practices.

This study aims (1) Knowing cognitive abilities in early childhood science concepts taught by experimental methods in Ambon City PAUD (2) Knowing cognitive abilities in early childhood science concepts taught by demonstration methods in Ambon City PAUD (3) Test the significant difference in effect between the use of experimental and demonstration methods on cognitive abilities of early childhood science concepts in Ambon City PAUD. The research was carried out at KB Mawar FKIP Unpatti and TK Ambon Training Advisors. The method used is a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this research is all students of KB Mawar FKIP Unpatti and TK Kindergarten Ambon Training. Sampling of this study was carried out using proportional random sampling technique which was carried out randomly in 2 classes, namely 20 people. Data was collected through an instrument of observation of the cognitive abilities of scientific concepts. The reliability of achievement motivation instruments is 0.89, the learning achievement test is 0.90. Data from this study were processed using the t test analysis technique for independent samples at a significance level of α = 0.05. This research concludes that First. The experimental group children in KB Mawar have the cognitive ability of science concepts using the experimental method showing very good activity with the lowest score of 28 and the highest score of 40 obtained an average price of 35.4 with a Median of 35.5 and Mode of 35. Second. Control group children have the cognitive ability of science concepts using the demonstration method shows that activities develop well with the lowest score of 24 and the highest score of 38 obtained an average price of 30.4 with a median of 30.5 and a mode of 31. Third. 3. There are differences in the average cognitive ability of science concepts of children aged 5-6 years between students taught by the experimental method and students taught by the demonstration method with the price of tcount = 2.78 while the table of degrees of freedom n₁ + n₂ - 2 = 18 at the significance level α = 0.05, 1, 73, then t> t table, this means that the difference in the two means is significant at the 0.05 level. It can be concluded that there are differences in the average cognitive abilities of early childhood science concepts in the experimental and control groups. Thus it can be concluded that there is an effect of learning methods on the cognitive abilities of scientific concepts of children aged 5-6 years in Ambon City PAUD

The prevalence of HIV AIDS cases in Indonesia tends to increase, because every 25 minutes in Indonesia, one person will be infected with HIV and one in 5 infected people is under 25 years of age. Prevention efforts to reduce the level of HIV spread by carrying out socialization and health education, especially among students. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about HIV AIDS prevention in SMA Negeri 22 Maluku Tengah. The type of research used in this study was a quasi experiment with a pretest posttest control group design. The sample was 80 students in SMA Negeri 22 Maluku Tengah. Sampling was done using proportional random sampling method. The results of the analysis showed that health education had an effect on students 'knowledge of HIV AIDS prevention and health education had an effect on students' attitudes in preventing HIV AIDS with p-value of 0.000, so there is an effect of health education on students' knowledge and attitudes in HIV AIDS prevention in SMA Negeri 22 Maluku Tengah. Keywords: knowledge; attitude; health education ABSTRAK Prevalensi kasus HIV AIDS di Indonesia cenderung mengalami kenaikan, karena setiap 25 menit di Indonesia, satu orang akan terinveksi HIV dan satu dari 5 orang yang terinfeksi berusia di bawah 25 tahun. Upaya pencegahan untuk menekan tingkat penyebaran HIV dengan melakukan sosialisasi dan pendidikan kesehatan khususnya dikalangan pelajar. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengetahuan, sikap remaja tentang pencegahan HIV AIDS di SMA Negeri 22 Maluku Tengah. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan rancangan pretest post test control group. Sampel adalah siswa di SMA Negeri 22 Maluku Tengah sebanyak 80 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Proporsonal random Sampling. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan kesehatan berpengaruh terhadap pengetahuan siswa dalam pencegahan HIV AIDS dan Pendidikan Kesehatan berpengaruh terhadap Sikap siswa dalam pencegahan HIV AIDS dengan nilai p = 0.000. Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa terdapat pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan terhadap pengetahuan dan Sikap siswa dalam pencegahan HIV AIDS di SMA Negeri 22 Maluku Tengah. Kata kunci: pengetahuan; sikap; pendidikan kesehatan

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influences of thematic learning of inquiry method based on peer assessment on activity and result of student learning of class IV. This type of research used true experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. The subjects of the study were fourth grade students of SD Negeri 01 Sidosari, Pekalongan. Based on the results of analysis of research data after getting treatment in the experimental class, and the control class was not treated with the prerequisite test of normality and homogeneity. The parametric statistic test used t-test analysis (one party) was obtained tcount = 0, 001> ttable = 0, 005 and the result of student activity analysis obtained tcount = 0, 002> ttable = 0, 005. Thus it can be concluded that inquiry method based on peer assessment has an effect on student activity and result of student learning. The suggestion of this study takes into account time allocation, attention to student activity, peer assessment based inquiry method is not only limited to thematic learning.

This study aims to find out: whether the use of video is more effective than using audio in improving students' pharmacists 'speaking skills. Find out whether the use of video is more effective than general media use in improving students' speaking skills. Whether audio usage more effective rather than using conventional media in improving students 'speaking skills. Find out which media is the most effective among the use of Video, Audio, and conventional media on improving students' speaking skills. This research is an experimental study using Quasi Pretest Post-test Control Group design. The research sample was students pharmacist class 1A, 1B, and 1C taken by a simple cluster random sampling technique. This research shows that video usage is the most effective medium among all of them, and the use of video is more effective than using audio in improving students ' speaking skills.

methods, which may be expected to be used as alternative models of solutions in the context of developing the quality of learning the game of tennis. The method used is an experimental method using the Pretest Posttest Control Group Design, in this design the sample is obtained for the total population, then an initial test or pre-test is held. The initial test was carried out to determine the initial ability of the sample, in this case the ability to play tennis. The data from the initial test results are arranged based on ranking, the aim is to determine the ability of playing tennis skills, samples ranging from the largest to the lowest. Then divided into two, then two objects that have the same score are matched using the maching method so that there are two groups that have almost the same tennis playing skills. The analysis used in this study is the t test which has fulfilled the homogeneous requirements and is normally distributed, based on the calculation results, it is known that the value of t = 2.42 > t table = 2.201, with a level of = 0.05. So it can be concluded that the reciprocal teaching method is more influential than the self-check method.