Strategic Network Modelling for Passenger Transport Pricing

Modeling the impact of vehicle-to-grid discharge technology on transport and power systems

The functioning of any transport system does not seem possible without a meaningful human interaction. Moreover, the human is the organizer of the transport processes and systems. At the same time, even the advanced transport technologies, designed and operated without due attention to the human factor, it is not enough based on the ergonomics of work and life. However, the transport system is a subsystem of a higher hierarchy system functioning of city, region or some areas. The last one, have their main purpose - to provide citizens of ability to live. Obviously, people are been organizers, performers and objects of transportation process. And, rising attention to the driver in the transport system is become more and more interesting and actual in nowadays. Therefore, the research of human functional state interacting with road traffic in the city’s transport system is considerable interest. The aim of the paper is to estimate the emotional condition of the driver in difficult traffic situations. Using the method of galvanic skin response the relationship between the road conditions, driver’s actions on the road and his emotional state had found. The vehicle’s deceleration process and driver's functional state changes due to these actions had considered. The indicators for assessing the driver’s emotional state based on the method of galvanic skin response had proposed. The method of galvanic skin reaction of the person allowed assessing the driver's reaction to the conditioned stimulus - braking at stop sign.

Traffic Modeling and Safety Analysis on Motorway Ramps

The aim of this paper is to contribute to describe the simultaneous choice of travel mode and departure time by making use of a cross-nested logit structure that allows for the joint representation of interalternative correlation along the both choice dimensions. Traditional multinomial logit model and nested logit model are formulated respectively. The analysis uses the revealed preference data collected from Maryland-Washington, DC, regional household travel survey during 2007–2008 for commuting trips, considering more work-related characteristics than previous studies. A comparison of the different model results shows that the presented cross-nested logit structure offers significant improvements over multinomial logit and nested logit models. The empirical results of the analysis reveal significant influences on commuter joint choice behavior of travel mode and departure time. Moreover, a Monte Carlo simulation for two groups of scenarios arising from transportation policies, congestion pricing, and improvements to transit service during peak period is undertaken respectively to examine the impact of a change in car travel cost and transit travel time on the travel mode and departure time switching. The simulation results show that US$5 increase in car travel cost during peak period has a similar effect on reducing drive alone in peak hours as 30% saving in transit travel time but only half of the latter policy in the transit ridership increase.

The work has developed a methodical approach for forecasting the congestion of the streets of large cities, taking into account the fluctuations in the density of traffic flows and the speed of movement of cars in the traffic flow, which are associated with "peak hours". The methodological approach, unlike the previously known ones, complements the well-known robustness criterion developed by the authors in previous publications, which allows to increase the accuracy of forecasting the occurrence of traffic jams. Time-varying functions of traffic flow density and vehicle speed in the traffic flow are proposed. In addition to real time, functions contain variable parameters in the form of amplitude of oscillations and period of oscillations. This makes it possible to adapt the forecasting model to the real road network, taking into account the period of network congestion and road infrastructure. The dependences of the change in the range of robustness of the traffic flow when the density and speed of movement of vehicles in the flow change. It has been proven that in the presence of fluctuations of the listed parameters, the appearance of traffic jams occurs at average values of density and speed. A significant influence of the amplitude of fluctuations in the density and speed of movement of vehicles in the stream on the appearance of traffic jams has been proven. It is shown that the magnitude of the amplitude of oscillations during "peak times" significantly reduces the stability range of the traffic flow. The influence of the "peak hour" period on the loss of stability of the traffic flow is given. It has been proven that the period of oscillations is an insignificant factor in forecasting traffic jams. However, accounting for such a factor will allow to adapt the mathematical model to the real conditions of traffic flow behavior and thereby increase the accuracy of forecasting. It is shown that accounting for the fluctuating component of the traffic flow expands the possibilities of applying the robustness criterion presented by the authors in previous publications and makes it possible to provide a more accurate forecast for various sections of the road network of large cities.

With the increased concern as to sustainable development in recent years, there is a need to develop a sustainable transport system as urban transportation plays an important role in cities. Transportation is an important part of daily life as it is related to mobility; and enhanced mobility will contribute to economic development and improve the quality of life. However, the most commonly used transport modes (i.e. motorised transportation) have contributed to heavy air and noise pollution, degrading our environment and affecting people’s quality of life. With this unsustainable urban transport system, there is an urgent need to apply the principles of sustainable development to the development of the transport system.
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\nThe aim of this study is to revisit the general transport hierarchy, examine how the hierarchy varies according to geographical and trip characteristics, and propose new sustainable transport hierarchies that take local contexts, availability of existing infrastructures, travel distance, and income level into consideration. In this study, Hong Kong is chosen as the focus of the study despite the fact that government has already identified the heavy rail system as the backbone of Hong Kong’s transport system, and 90% of all travel trips in Hong Kong are carried out on public transport, yet there is much room for improvements, for example the high roadside air pollution, the public transport are not fully utilised, non-motorised transport modes are not widely used, and the public transport fares are on the high side. The Travel Characteristics Survey 2001 will be used for examining trip characteristic variations in Hong Kong.
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\nThe findings suggest that the general transport hierarchies in Hong Kong do not match with the theoretically most sustainable transport hierarchy. Furthermore, the findings suggest that travel distance and income level have an effect on people’s choice of transport modes. The results give a better understanding of the overall sustainability of Hong Kong’s transport system and its local variations so that supportive policy can be formulated to further promote sustainable transportation based on the local characteristics, such as the availability of infrastructure, and the socio-economic and travel characteristics of residents in different districts.

Machine learning approach versus probabilistic approach to model the departure time of non-mandatory trips

The article analyses the following issues: I) Basicfactors determining Transport system development;2) Transport system services and their assessment; 3) Goods handling Transport system as a research object. The objective of goods handling Transport system development and improvement is to estabhsh a general goods handlmg Transport system of the country ensuring satisfaction of national needs for high quality Transport service in this field; 4) Models of Transport modes interaction; 5) Determinate models for main Transport network development; 6) Model of development of private freight road Transport.

Part I. A technique for inducing very high levels of tyrosinase activity with various antimetabol ites is described. A modification of this tech­nique was used for studying tyrosinase induction in Neurospora over periods of a few hours. An amount of the antimetabolite inducer sufficient to induce the enzyme is rapidly taken up into the mycelium. Following uptake, however, there is a lag period of about two hours before tyrosi nase is synthesized. During the lag period, some active, energy requiring process prepares the mycelium for tyrosinase synthesis. Rapid synthesis of tyrosinase then ensues. High concentrations of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibit the develop­ment of any further enzyme activity when added to inducing cultures, indicating that the synthesis of tyrosinase is de novo. Low concentrations of cycloheximide which had been previously shown to induce tyrosinase, partially inhibit general protein synthesis. Ethionine and parafluorophenyl alanine appear to induce the enzyme by being incorporated into proteins in place of methionine and phenylala­nine, thus lowering the functional activity of newly synthesized proteins. The partial inhibition of the synthesis of functional proteins, then, is sufficient, in some way, to induce tyrosinase. Part II. Kinetic studies have revealed the existence of two transport sys­tems for amino acids in Neurospora. Transport system I corresponds to a system previously studied by Wiley and Matchett (24). Its activity is specifically missing in mtr mutant cultures previously described by Lester (26) and Stadler (25). It is capable of transporting most neutral L-amino acids. Amino acid transport system II has not been described previously. It has an affinity for a wide variety of amino acids. It transports amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains, both basic and neutral amino acids, and D- as well as L-amino acids. Transport system II has an affinity for both β- and α-amino acids. Transport system I has high activity in young, rapidly growing cultures. Transport system II has little or no activity in young cultures. In older, carbon-starved cultures, however, it is more active than transport system I. This, together with the high affinities it shows for many amino acids, suggests that amino acid transport system II serves a scavenger function, removing from the medium traces of exogen­ous amino acids.

Prelims

The continuous cross-nested logit model: Formulation and application for departure time choice

With the frequent occurrence of major emergencies, emergency management gets high attention from all around the world. This paper investigates the comprehensive optimization of major emergency evacuation route and departure time, in which case the evacuation propagation mechanism is considered under traffic control. Given the practical assumptions, we first establish a comprehensive optimization model based on the simulation of evacuation route and departure time. Furthermore, we explore the reasonable description method of evacuation traffic flow propagation under traffic control, including the establishment of traffic flow propagation model and the design of the simulation mudule that can simulate the evacuation traffic flow. Finally, we propose a heuristic algorithm for the optimization of this comprehensive model. In case analysis, we take some areas in Beijing as the evaluation sources to verify the reliability of our model. A series of constructive suggestions for Beijing's emergency evacuation are proposed, which can be applied to the actual situation under traffic control.

Modeling virus transmission risks in commuting with emerging mobility services: A case study of COVID-19

Increases in ridership are outpacing capacity expansions in several transit systems. By shifting their focus to demand management, agencies can instead influence how customers use the system and get more out of their present capacity. This paper uses Hong Kong’s Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system as a case study to explore the effects of crowding reduction strategies and how to use fare data to support these measures. The MTR system introduced a discount in September 2014 to encourage users to travel before the peak and reduce onboard crowding. To understand the impacts of this intervention, first, existing congestion patterns were reviewed and a clustering analysis was used to reveal typical travel patterns among users. Then, changes to users’ departure times were studied at three levels to evaluate the promotion’s effects. Patterns of all users were measured across both the whole system and for specific rail segments. The travel patterns of the user groups, who have more homogeneous usage characteristics, were also evaluated and revealed groups who had differing responses to the promotion. The incentive was found to have affected morning travel, particularly at the beginning of the peak hour period and among users with commuter-like behavior. Aggregate and group-specific elasticities were developed to inform future promotions and the results were also used to suggest other potential incentive designs.

Public transportation plays a key role to socio-economic development of any nation. This service enhances people’s livelihood framework by facilitating mobility and accessibility to services. Moreover, there is clear global evidence that a well performing public transport is an important enabler of sustained economic prosperity. Rapid urbanization in developing countries has resulted in transport facilities and infrastructure failing to cope with demand resulting in congestion, movement delays, high travel costs, and construction of holding bays in order to decongest the city, which will contribute to an increased usage of non-renewable energy. This prompts implementation of non-comprehensive strategies such as partial deregulation of transportation systems that caused further deterioration in economic sustainability. An economically sustainable transport system advocates for mobility, resource, and operational efficiency. This research focuses on developing a bus investment conceptual framework of a public transport system that improves mobility, resource, and operational efficiency to aid in sustaining of public transportation system for an unforeseeable future. With this in mind, a Harare bus investment system has been modelled as a policy framework model to evaluate its economic sustainability. This will help develop a long-term economically sustainable public transportation and reduce the overall impact of the earlier liberalisation of the transportation sector