Structural change and productivity growth

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

China is confronting escalating geopolitical and socio-economic challenges, prompting a structural reorganization of its economy centered on the high-tech sector and emerging technologies. This article examines China's contemporary industrial, technological, and innovation policies within the context of global economic disruptions and domestic structural constraints. The relevance of this study lies in evaluating China's capacity to adapt to a shifting international environment, heightened technological competition from Western countries, and domestic pressures such as an aging population and slowing economic growth.The paper seeks to assess current strategies for the development of China's national innovation system (NIS) and critically analyze the transformation of its industrial policy. The central hypothesis posits that, despite outward signs of modernization, China's approach retains elements of traditional interventionism. Methodologically, the research draws on the theory of national innovation systems and elements of political economy, supplemented by case studies. These include an analysis of support mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)—particularly the so-called "small giants"—as a key example of the implementation of the "national champions" policy. The study relies on official documents and relevant statistical data.The findings reveal that China's current industrial and technological policies are marked by ambivalence. On the one hand, there is a notable shift towards a more nuanced and multitiered support system, emphasizing incentives for technology-oriented SMEs and the development of advanced sectors such as integrated circuits, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. On the other hand, elements of a techno-centric and mobilization-oriented approach persist, with "national champions" continuing to play a central role in driving economic development. While the definition of champions has expanded to include SMEs, and the criteria for their selection have become more flexible, the effectiveness of this policy remains limited. The case of the "small giants" highlights the risks associated with the new policy framework. Looking ahead, the Chinese economy and its technology policies will continue to face significant challenges. However, the potential for transformative change appears limited due to mounting external pressures and path dependency, which predispose Chinese leadership to replicate established approaches.

Decomposition analysis and mitigation strategies of CO 2 emissions from energy consumption in South Korea

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzed elementary TED (Teacher Education) programs in the top performing TIMSS ( Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ) Asian, i.e. Japan, South Korea, and Singapore countries to explore how much emphasis should be placed on general content knowledge, versus general pedagogical knowledge, and versus methodological pedagogical knowledge. Three theoretical frames of reference were analyzed during this process: whether the programs were consecutive or concurrent; the model of partnership followed between universities and field experience institutions; and the overall status of teachers in the society as categorized by position-based or career-based. Methodologically, only peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2018 was used. It was found that the top performing Asian TIMSS countries usually: have consecutive and concurrent options; provide very intensive TED experiences to their students focusing on diverse and practical field experiences; place more emphasis on academic subject expertise than pedagogy; require students to major in at least one academic subject; have national accreditation institutes for unifying standards; their sponsor countries enforce various types of induction and professional development once in the field; offer salaries competitive with other professions that require the same amount of years and training; and, most importantly, only accept the top academic achievers into their programs. One of the recommendations is that since Saudi Arabia has just initiated “Vision 2030”, a sort of privatization schema for the entire economy, it seems higher selection criteria will be critical to TED in line with this national vision. KEY WORDS: Teacher Education; Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ; Asian Countries; Comparative Study. About the Author: Dr. Mohammed Sabrin is an Assistant Professor at the College of Education, Taibah University, Office SB-29, College of Education Building B-13, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: msabrin@taibahu.edu.sa Suggested Citation: Sabrin, Mohammed. (2018). “A Comparative Policy Analysis of Elementary Teacher Education in the Top Performing Asian TIMSS Countries” in EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies , Volume 11(1), August, pp.1-16. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI with ISSN 1979-7877 (print) and ISSN 2621-587X (online). A rticle Timeline : Accepted (February 17, 2018); Revised (May 2, 2018); and Published (August 30, 2018).

The study centres on discovering and analysing structural-technological problems of national economic growth using the case of Russia. The theories of economic growth and institutional theory form the methodological basis of the research. For the purposes of the study, the author applies the taxonomy method, structural and econometric analysis and obtains a two-sector economic model describing various modes and conditions of growth. The model shows the influence of the structure “old-new” technologies” depending on investments in this structure and the risk of doing business in manufacturing and transaction and basic materials sectors. The author investigates the unevenness of technological development in some Russian regions and proposes basic models of technological dynamics. These models mutually determine structural changes and economic growth, defining the impact of price dynamics, wages, emergence of new technologies on changes in the economic structure and growth rates. The author obtains a condition for the growth rates of new technologies depending on the development of the transaction and basic materials sector, and models technological development according to the structure of investments in technological renewal. On the basis of the technological development matrix and calculation of technology-intensity for individual regions the researcher demonstrates the different impact of investments in new and old technologies on the level of technology-intensity, which dictates the necessity to allow for the model of regional economy’s technological development while designing individual methods of structural and industrial policies. At the same time, the structural imbalance in the Russian economy extends its influence to the regions and this requires reducing the risk in the manufacturing sector in order to improve the possibilities of technological renewal of the Russian economy. The research findings can be taken into account while formulating the macroeconomic policy and used as an empirical evidence for further investigation of structural-technological and institutional changes’ impact on the long-term growth.

BackgroundAlthough high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries.MethodsWe pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group.ResultsSince ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China.ConclusionsHDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.

The necessity to establish a consistent and sensibly planned industrial policy at the level of regional integration associations (RIAs) is justified in terms of the modern global structural changes as well as due to the growing number of protectionist measures applied by particular states and regional integration associations regarding the field of imported industrial goods (e.g., the EU carbon tax, trade wars, and restrictions due to economic sanctions). Despite the fact that both Russian and foreign literature pay full attention to the State industrial policy shaping and implementation issues, although, the conceptual theoretical grounds of the industrial policy shaping and implementation within RIAs are missing and are poorly researched. Based on the review of theoretical knowledges article proposes a conceptual approach to the RIAs industrial policy implementation in the context of the State industrial policy shaping. The article identifies features and restrictions hampering implementation process as well as determines proper conceptual definition of specific terms. For instance, the RIAs industrial policy consists of the complex of regulatory instruments at supranational level which have both stimulating and coordinating nature as well as national regulatory system with the aim of harmonizing the development of member countries’ industrial capacities, with the involvement of supranational institutions. Also, it is to be noted that the main feature of the RIAs industrial policy is its coordinating and stimulating nature. Using the example of Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter, the EAEU) the approach to its industrial policy development has been developed. Based on the analysis of particular macroeconomic indicators of the EAEU Member States, their industrial development priorities, comparison of those priorities with the global trends, the following EAEU industrial strategic priorities have been identified: assisting in promotion of commodities to foreign markets, encouraging innovation activities, increasing investment attractiveness, developing small- and medium-sized businesses, environment protection, and digital transformation. The general development trajectories of industrial development which has been highlighted in the article as well as the proposed coordinating and stimulating supranational regulation measures can be a solid fundament for achieving development objectives of the EAEU Member States and play a catalyst role in transforming their economies.

IntroductionSince the mid-1990s, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (DPRK) economic collapse and subsequent food crisis have caused numerous North Koreans to starve to death. Moreover, such events have prompted thousands to seek refuge in the Republic of China (PRC) and beyond. An estimated 600,000 to over 2 million North Koreans were killed by the famine.2 It is also estimated that approximately 100,000-300,000 North Koreans moved to China.3 Many North Korean escapees in northeast China have lived in hiding from crackdowns and forced repatriations by the PRC and neighboring countries, vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. The food crisis has resulted in an explosive increase in the migration of North Koreans to northeast China, other neighboring Asian countries, and, thereafter, the Republic of Korea (ROK). As of December 2012, North Koreans who arrived in South Korea numbered 24,614.4 Furthermore, one in three North Korean escapees is heading to countries other than South Korea, and many escapees want to defect to Western countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom.5 While North Koreans in South Korea have been granted ROK citizenship, many North Korean asylum seekers staying in other countries have not been under legal or humanitarian protection. Due to political, diplomatic and legal problems in the international and domestic contexts, the North Korean diaspora has maintained an illegal or unstable status as border-crossing people or trespassers.Until now, existing studies have researched the migration and human rights violations of North Koreans in terms of status under international law. Are North Korean escapees political refugees, economic migrants or simply border-crossing people? This has been one of the critical questions regarding the North Korean diaspora. While North Korean escapees are often referred to as refugees in mass media, in many cases, especially in Asian transit countries, they have not received protection under international law as well as from the concerned countries' domestic law. Today, most of the related Northeast and Southeast Asian countries rarely guarantee status to North Koreans, and the U.S. and European countries also enforce a very selective policy of admitting North Koreans. In this regard, Western and South Korean civic organizations of North Korean human rights argue that those defecting due to human rights violations should undeniably be granted status.The number of refugees of concern to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stood at 10.5 million at the beginning of 2011. The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention) in 1951 and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Protocol) in 1967 provide a framework for the legal protection of a large number of displaced people. The Refugee Convention defines refugee as someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion. 6 According to UNHCR, as of January 2013, the total population of concern in the case of North Koreans is 1542, and among this, the number of refugees is 1052 and that of asylum seekers is 490.7 Here, the dilemma is whether to use the term refugee at all in referring to North Koreans who depart their country of origin illegally. This is because a majority of North Koreans leave the DPRK primarily in search of food, not for fear of persecution. However, North Koreans' defections due to food shortages and forced repatriations in many cases lead to human rights violations, such as a total denial of political, civil and religious rights as well as severe physical abuse in DPRK prison camps.8 Therefore, UNHCR claims that North Koreans, especially those living in China and other Asian transit countries, should be considered as refugees sur place because they face the threat of persecution upon returning to North Korea even though they leave their country in search of food. …

Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on South KoreaSocial Status and Academic Success in South KoreaJames RobinsonJames Robinson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 38, Number 4Nov., 1994 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447273 Views: 67Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1994 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Lawrence J. Saha Cultural and Social Capital in Global Perspective, (Sep 2021): 777–788.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66003-1_44Byeong Cheol Oh, Ji-Yoon Yeon, Hyo-Sang Lee, Doo Woong Lee, Eun-Cheol Park Correlation between private education costs and parental depression in South Korea, BMC Public Health 20, no.11 (Jun 2020).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09058-wMiyeon Song, Minjung Kim, Nathan Favero Social Class, Ingroup–Outgroup Comparison, and Citizen Evaluations: Is User Satisfaction Linked to Outcome Disparities?, The American Review of Public Administration 50, no.22 (Sep 2019): 205–218.https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074019874445Paul D. Ahn, Kerry Jacobs Beyond the accounting profession, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no.11 (Dec 2018): 101–132.https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-11-2016-2795Shengnan Wang, Christine M. Rubie-Davies, Kane Meissel A systematic review of the teacher expectation literature over the past 30 years, Educational Research and Evaluation 24, no.3-53-5 (Dec 2018): 124–179.https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2018.1548798Rae Young Kim, Seung Hwan Ham Knowledge Expectations Matter: Mathematics Teacher Preparation Programs in South Korea and the United States, (Mar 2017): 123–144.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51187-0_7Woorim Kim, Tae Hyun Kim, Tae-Hoon Lee, Yeong Jun Ju, Eun-Cheol Park The effect of childhood and current economic status on depressive symptoms in South Korean individuals: a longitudinal study, International Journal for Equity in Health 15, no.11 (Jul 2016).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0402-0Tae-Sik Kim Transnational communication practices of unaccompanied young Korean students in the United States, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 25, no.22 (Mar 2016): 148–167.https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196816639055Tae-Sik Kim, Yongmin Kim Who are (not) Koreans? 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To date, the United States, Russia and the European Union have promulgated or amended legislations, presidential decrees, administrative regulations and directives concerning the issue of satellite navigation, forming a relatively comprehensive administrative and legislative system. By delineating the executive missions, operation mechanisms and procedures for the satellite navigation sectors in the respective states, such system has laid a solid foundation and provided legal guarantees for the development of their satellite navigation systems. In China, there have already been some national, state-departmental and provincial policies and regulations of similar targets, such as National Satellite Navigation Industry Mid-term and Long-term Development Plan; however, insufficiencies in the legislative and administrative system of China’s satellite navigation development still exist, namely, a lack of top-level laws or regulations, arbitrariness in policies, uneven organization of the policy structure, and imbalance of policy subjects. By applying the approach of quantitative research, this article conducts a systematical summary and analysis of the regulations, laws, and political documents concerning satellite navigation in China and to explore the transformation process and diffusion of the policies, as well as the relationship between the authorities involved. In so doing, it aims at figuring out the kernel problems of the political and legislative system of the current satellite navigation in China and putting forward corresponding solutions to them, including the need for an improved system with timely top-level policies, the need for the promotion of industrial development and optimization of the policy structure, and the need for a coordinated relationship between policy subjects and a guarantee for the implementation of policies.

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model and studies structural change in a small open economy with two tradable sectors, agriculture and manufacturing, and a non‐tradable sector, services. In addition to obtaining results for a falling employment share of agriculture and a rising share of services, we demonstrate analytically the hump‐shaped share of manufacturing by identifying two countervailing effects: the productivity effect and the Balassa–Samuelson effect. The first effect, arising from differential rates of productivity growth among sectors, increases the share of manufacturing; the second effect, together with low rates of substitution between products, enhances the service sector and eventually draws labour from the manufacturing sector. At the aggregate level, however, the economy maintains a constant rate of growth. We calibrate the model with data from South Korea and find that the calibration fits the country's historical path of structural change.

Chapter 28 by Eunjung Shin and Eric W. Welch discusses core issues in science and technology (S&T), which has become a major policy area in contemporary South Korean society. Shin and Welch introduce the basic concepts of, and perspectives on, S&T policy and explain the development of such policy in South Korea. In recent decades, Korea has expanded the scope of S&T policy while increasing its investment in research and development (R&D). Shin and Welch articulate the major changes in policy goals, target groups, policy instruments, and government structures that have accompanied the expansion of S&T policy and explicate the current issues and challenges facing S&T policy in South Korea.

Bernard Ganne and Yveline Lecler (eds.) Asian industrial clusters, global competitiveness and new policy initiatives, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009, 562 pp.The clustering phenomenon shapes local economies worldwide. The concentration of specialised firms benefiting from advan- tages of co-location in terms of information sharing, labour mar- ket, and specialisation processes is indeed a systemic organisation form of economic development in both industrialised and emerging coun- tries. This book joins in such an outlook and provides fieldwork results on multiple forms of cluster-based industrialisation patterns experi- enced by Asian countries positioned at different stages of developmen- tal maturity. After first tackling Japan's manufacturing decline, it turns to a masterful analysis of the SME-based industrialisation process of China and the surrounding countries of Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia.Edited by Bernard Ganne and Yveline Lecler, the book stems from a re- search program whose final scientific results were presented in an interna- tional workshop held in 2006. Contributors carried out extensive surveys in Asian countries; the book is therefore a structured collection of highly orig- inal material. This makes for fascinating reading right from the outset, in an investigation of topical dynamics through close observation within a timeless socio-economic paradigm in which SME systems characterise country-specific industrial transformations ranging from the traditional to the globally competitive.This book aims to answer the following questions: which lessons can be learned from the Asian experiences of industrial clusters? Which are the prevailing policy approaches? Are traditional conceptualisations suitable for Asian studies?As the editors point out in the introductory chapter, the industrial policy approach to local development sometimes fails to detect diversified or- ganisation models at the local level in Asian countries. One of the major attempts of the book is a re-evaluation of the traditional theoretical ap- proach in light of the Asian experience, in order to grasp the essential dy- namics of industrial clusters underlying future trajectories. Above all, the risk of reducing the variety of specificities in the local context is high if ob- servers are Western-oriented and use traditional categories of analysis. History, tradition, and social roots have to be taken into account.Part One provides the theoretical framework and underlines the shift from a general industrial policy approach to an industrial clusterpolicy ap- proach in Asian countries. Bernard Ganne and Yveline Lecler review the theoretical scenario on agglomerations of firms, pointing out the prevailing force of interpretative Western models of industrial districts, industrial clusters, and poles of competitiveness. They consistently highlight new lenses through which we can closely observe and interpret industrial trans- formations of Asian countries based on sociological and local economic development bases. Differences between the industrial policy approaches followed by Japan and those of other East Asian countries are clearly laid out by Akira Suehiro, who provides a taxonomy of industrial clusters and policies in an evolutionary perspective.Part Two focuses on Japan. Industrial policies on SMEs implemented since the late 1970s have been predominant in setting the legal stage for devel- opment during the rural urbanisation path. Policy measures were initially devoted to the creation of geographically localised industries, and then shifted towards the promotion of innovation through technology transfer and university-industry linkages. More recently, the central government has supported collaboration among local players in order to enhance sci- ence and technology (Akira Hattori). Decentralised governance and the in- volvement of the private sector is a prerequisite for the success of indus- trial cluster formation, as demonstrated by the repeated failure of indus- trial policy based on the creation of various types of industrial parks during the 1990s (Yoichi Sekizawa). …