STUDY OF AN ORAL FIXATION: PICA

Sudden deafness is a relatively common otologic emergency; it may be associated to a vertiginous syndrome. lt is mostly idiopathic. However, in some cases it's possible to identify the etiology. When a central neurological cause is responsible for this symptom, often coexist other deficits, but sometimes, these can pass unidentified.We present the case of a 31 year old woman that went to our hospital because she had a sudden onset of vertigo with vomits during an air flight. Some hours after she noted the sudden appearance of hearing loss and tinnitus on the right ear. The otoneurologic examination showed right cophosis and nystagmus. The MRI showed an infarction of the postero-inferior cerebellar artery territory (PICA).Later, angiography revealed right vertebral artery dissection. She was submitted to conservative treatment with partial recovery of the hearing and complete recovery of the other complaints. The deafness might be explained, by injury of the internal auditory artery that in some cases emerges from the PICA.

Objective To retrospectively analyze effective methods for surgical management of posterior circulation aneurysms. Methods There were 42 patients with posterior circulation aneurysms [26 cases of basilar aneurysm (27 aneurysms), 16 cases of vertebral aneurysm (17 aneurysms)]. There were 15 patients underwent bypass surgery [4 external carotid artery ⁃ P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery (ECA ⁃ P2), 2 internal carotid artery ⁃ P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery (ICA ⁃ P2), 2 internal maxillary artery⁃P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery (IMA⁃P2), 2 intracranial segment of vertebral artery⁃extracranial segment of vertebral artery, 5 occipital artery⁃posterior inferior cerebellar artery (OA⁃PICA)] and 27 patients underwent simple surgical clipping. Results Activities of daily life of 37 patients recovered to normal (14 patients with aneurysm on the top of basilar artery, 3 with aneurysm on the trunk of basilar artery, 9 with vertebral aneurysm, 5 with posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm, 4 with aneurysm on the junction of P1-P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery, 1 with superior cerebellar artery, and 1 with anterior inferior cerebellar aneurysm). None of them occurred operation ⁃ related neurological dysfunction. The recovery rate was 88.09% . Among the other patients, 1 with aneurysm on the top of basilar artery presented severe signs and symptoms of neurological defect and cannot take care of oneself, 2 patients (1 with aneurysm on the top of basilar artery, 1 with aneurysm on the trunk of basilar artery) occurred brain stem hemorrhage after operation, and died at perioperative period, 2 with vertebral aneurysm relapsed and was cured after treatment. Conclusion Posterior circulation aneurysm which is not suitable for surgical clipping can be treated with intra⁃ and extra⁃cranial vessel bypass. It may avoid the risk of surgical clipping of aneurysm. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.01.011

The aim of my thesis was to investigate how reaching for visual targets placed in 3D space influences the coordinate frames and the kinematics in non-human and human primates. To this end, I conducted three studies. The first study was conducted on non-human primates to find the predominant reference frame of cells in a specific reach related area of the PPC (area PEc) while reaching towards targets placed at different depths and directions; we tested whether PEc reaching cells displayed hand- and/or body-centered coding of reach targets. We found that the majority of PEc neurons encoded targets in a mixed body/hand-centered reference frame. Our findings highlight a role for area PEc as intermediate node between the visually dominated area V6A and the somatosensory dominated area PE. The second study was conducted on healthy human subjects to find the reference frame used while reaching towards targets placed at different depths and directions. Our results revealed reach error patterns based on both eye- and space-centered coordinate systems: in depth more biased towards a space-centered representation and in direction mixed between space- and eye-centered representation. The third study was conducted on a patient with a parietal cortex lesion who showed optic ataxia symptoms. Optic ataxia patients show deficits in visuo-manual guidance especially when reaching to targets located in the periphery of the visual field. By manipulating gaze position and hand position of visual reaching targets, placed at different depth and directions, we investigated how reaching in peripheral and central viewing conditions influenced the trajectories and reach errors of the patient and controls. Our results suggest that the reaching inaccuracies observed, in particular in the configurations where the direction of gaze and reach differed, are due to a disruption of the online correction mechanism and that the PPC is involved in these automatic corrections.

This paper asserts problematic frames of reference among community members and the breakdown in community wide dialogue as key contributing factors towards the slow pace in rural development and social change. The frames of reference are considered problematic partly because they influence community members to view development programmes negatively. It is argued that transformative learning through dialogue enhances sustainable social change. The praxis for facilitating community wide transformational learning was explored using a mixed methods research methodology with the Mhakwe Comprehensive Community Initiative in Zimbabwe as a case study. Qualitative data were collected from action research, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire following a multi stage stratified sampling procedure (n=65). Based on the findings, key enablers for transformative learning include: addressing community polarity; creating communicative space; refining Frames of Reference; and developing dialogue infrastructure. Transformative learning was found to be enhanced through creating positive energy and leveraging indigenous knowledge. The study concludes that development institutions need to embrace transformative learning as a strategy for sustainable social change.

Iron deficiency (ID) occurs at high frequency across the spectrum of heart failure (HF), with HF severity and race being potentially important predictors for its development. ID, irrespective of anaemia status, leads to poor outcomes in patients with HF, including exacerbated reduction in exercise capacity, poor quality of life (QoL) and increased risk of HF hospitalisation. As ID has a large public health and economic burden in Asia, and patients hospitalised with acute HF in the Asia Pacific vs. other regions commonly present with more severe clinical symptoms, there is a clear need to identify and treat ID promptly in Asian patients with HF. The biomarkers serum ferritin and transferrin saturation are used for ID diagnosis, and periodic screening is recommended in all patients with HF. The intravenous iron treatments, ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) and ferric derisomaltose, have demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in patients with acute or chronic HF and ID, with FCM shown to be cost-effective (and in some cases cost-saving). Meta-analyses support the likely benefits of intravenous FCM for improving QoL and reducing HF hospitalisation, without reducing mortality risk in patients with HF and ID. Accordingly, European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend considering intravenous FCM for patients with symptomatic HF with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50% who were recently hospitalised for HF and have ID. Although analyses of Asian patients with HF and ID are limited, the effects of intravenous iron would be expected to be similar to that in White populations; further clarifying studies may be of interest.

Black Americans living in rural regions of the U.S. are an underserved and under-researched population in the mental health field. Health and wellness disparities in Black populations are consistently documented as far worse than in White populations. Yet, the effects of low density of Black people living in predominantly White rural communities is unknown to mental health professionals and researchers alike. This study aimed to fill gaps in the literature concerning effects of Black density and city population on community attachment, place attachment, and subjective well-being, as well as community and place attachment’s effects on subjective well-being. Using a secondary dataset titled Soul of the Community [in 26 Knight Foundation Communities in the United States] (Gallup International, Inc., 2009), it was discovered that Black density alone had no significant relationships with any other variables, but the interaction of Black density and city population negatively predicted place attachment. In addition, community and place attachment both positively predicted subjective well-being. These results indicate that where people live matters and has a significant impact on their attachment to their physical surroundings. In addition, one’s connection to community and place are vital contributors to subjective well-being. Clinical implications can be drawn from this study pointing to the importance of clinical awareness regarding rurality, racial density, and community and place attachment. Moreover, clinicians can assess for these factors in the therapy room and encourage clients to explore their own communities.

The rise of ‘ecological consciousness’ from the late 1970s onwards has complicated the already hugely contentious field of development policy and studies by adding a reflectivist dynamic, which seems impossible to avoid (see, for example, Beck 1992, 2009; Beck et al. 1994). In this chapter, I want to trace broadly why environmental questions are today central to development debates, and what this means for political debates over the future of our contemporary civilizations. The chapter begins with an outline of the reflectivist challenge posed by ecological concerns, and provides a basic account of the contradictions this raises for development policy and analysis. This is followed by a discussion of some case examples, which help to highlight central problems in the environment/development debate. In the third part, I step sideways to take a look at some of the reasons why the debates take on the forms they have, and investigate the intellectual, practical and political conditions that sustain things in this way. The final part concludes by drawing out three broad ideas central to reconciling environmental and developmental concerns. Before proceeding, I want to put a few preliminaries in place, which will help to scope and evaluate the exposition below. In developing the observations and points that follow, I won’t be able provide any arguments regarding some rather large issues. For example, whether anthropogenic climate change is or is not ‘happening’ is one of the questions that has-rightly or wronglyoccupied most of the headline news on environmental concerns, and has underpinned much political work in multilateral forums. (Think, for instance, of the importance assigned to the allocation of, and trade in, emission permits; see United Nations 1998; HM Treasury 2006). Beneath such pre-eminent, global concerns, others occasionally gain public exposure, such as the problems of ‘food security’, the provision of drinking water, disease control, deforestation and desertification, the integrity of oceanic ecosystems, and waste management; all are intermittently prominent concerns in debates involving scientists, interest groups, governments, bureaucracies, businesses and laypersons. For the purpose of the discussion that follows, I want to move away from one aspect of these discourses that has been fairly pervasive, namely the tendency to treat the issues in question in terms of an either/or logic. On such a reading, for instance, either climate change is (significantly) down to the active transformation of ecological conditions through human activity, or it is a coincidental occurrence, contingent upon cosmic or geological cycles and their implications, but beyond (decisive) human influence. The general expectation is that either of these two positions will eventually be validated on the strength of evidence produced through scientific research. In the meantime, politics revolves around people throwing their lot behind either one of the two approaches, sometimes out of conviction, but more often than not out of selfinterested motives. Once the truth about climate change is established, the condition of uncertainty that feeds the political debates will be removed, and social and political organization be conducted in the light of the new scientfic consensus. This strikes me as unhelpful for the question of how environmental and developmental imperatives may or may not contradict one another, what to do about it, and how to construct an analysis for such purposes. While the question of human agency in climate change is eminently important, for example, for considering some really rather tough questions about justice, both intergenerational and intercultural, the effects of alterations in climatic conditions require responses, whether these particular justice dimensions can be explicated with the help of scientific consensus or not: some of the Pacific Islands, which are threatened by rising sea levels, for example, are home to populations for whom assistance will be essential, whatever the expediencies of the ‘blame’ question might be (COP15 2009). For the purpose of this chapter, I will then assume that the main challenges posed by the ecological question for thinking about development are social and political, rather than about scientific validation, and epistemological arguments over what sorts of criteria should count in the latter. Lest I be misunderstood in this move, this is not to suggest that the debates about the science of climate change and about the ethics of responsibility and guilt are not important and worthwhile; instead, I want to suggest that a rather large part of why environmental questions have the effect of complicating and altering the ‘development’ narrative retains its plausibility and importance irrespective of settling on the science of either climate change, or any of the other constellations alluded to above. As we will see below, the paradoxes posed by considering developmental and environmental imperatives next to one another occur in a variety of contexts with discernible impacts, and are therefore already a persistent part of what people have to negotiate in their day-to-day lives around the world (Bass et al. 2005). Having said this, I should also point out that a constitutive assumption I do make for the purpose of this chapter is that human societies in general do have the proven capacity to alter their natural environment in ways that are potentially, and frequently were, actually detrimental to their ‘interests’. Overexploitation of natural resources has been a frequent contributory cause for the collapse of civilizations, not to speak of smaller communities (indicatively, see Diamond 2006). Once we step inside human history for orienting our frame of reference, we will thus find ample reason for proceeding very carefully with claims regarding links between ‘know-how’ and technology, and ecological sustainability.1.

Motion and structure estimation are elementary problems of computer vision. These are active areas of research, even though the first methods were proposed several decades ago. We develop new approaches for motion and structure estimation for autonomous driving. An autonomous vehicle requires an accurate model of its environment, wrong decisions made by an autonomous car can have severe consequences. We assume the monocular setup, where only a single camera is mounted on the car. Outdoor traffic sequences are challenging for optical flow estimation. The high speed of the car causes large displacements in the optical flow field, the lighting conditions are unstable and there can be strong distortions due to reflections and difficult weather conditions. We propose new discrete methods, which determine optical flow as optimal configuration of probabilistic graphical models. The first approach selects sparse locations in the reference frame, and matches them across the second image. The best correspondences, which match constraints from a multiple view configuration, are considered motion vectors in a graphical model. In a second approach, we solve for dense optical flow by approximating the original infeasible graphical model with a sequence of reduced models. The monocular configuration poses challenges to the estimation of scene structure, camera positions and scene parameters need to be estimated jointly. The geometry of multiple views creates blind spots in the images, and adds a scale ambiguity, which both to not exist in a setup with multiple cameras. We propose two methods for structure estimation. The first approach determines the energy optimal camera track, given optical flow and depth observations. A further approach estimates camera motion and a piecewise planar scene description jointly from a single optical flow field. The scene description contains depth and plane normal information. We evaluate our approaches for motion and structure estimation on different real world and rendered datasets. In addition to evaluation on publicly available evaluation data, we evaluate on a new rendered dataset with ground truth plane normals.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of psychopathology symptoms and function in individuals with attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) in China. Method Seventy-six individuals with APS were identified using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) from 7 research centers. Sixty-two controls in communities were recruited. Participants were administered measures of psychosis risk symptoms Scale of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms (SOPS), depressive symptoms Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and function status Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The above clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between these features were also explored. Results Compared with health controls, the APS subjects had higher scores of SOPS (26.25±11.73 vs. 1.48±1.66) and it′s subscales of (positive symptoms (8.75±3.69 vs. 0.31±0.56), negative symptoms (8.06±6.15 vs. 0.33±0.59), disorganized symptoms (3.67±2.84 vs. 0.36±0.66), and general symptoms (5.76±3.40 vs. 0.48±0.67)), and MADRS (12.42±9.39 vs. 0.39±0.98), and a lower score of GAF (62.28±13.25 vs. 88.61±4.74;Z=10.08,10.29,9.19,8.10,8.93,9.69,9.94，all P<0.01）. In the individuals with APS, the most common psychosis risk symptoms were unusual thought content (68.4%, 52/76), suspiciousness/persecutory ideas (56.6%, 43/76) and dysphoric mood (48.7%, 37/76). There were 51.3%（39/76）subjects with APS having concurrent depressive symptoms, which were significantly related with negative symptoms（r=0.444, P<0.01）and general symptoms（r=0.571, P<0.01）. The GAF significantly negatively correlated with all the psychosis risk symptoms（r=-0.377--0.700, P<0.01） and the depressive symptom（r=-0.370，P<0.01）. Moreover, a higher score of the positive symptom （t=-3.19，P=0.002）or the negative symptom （t=-3.81，P<0.01） could significantly predicted a lower score of GAF. Conclusions The positive risk symptoms, negative risk symptoms and the social function impairment may be the core clinical symptoms of APS, and the nonspecific risk symptoms and the concurrent depressive symptoms are common as well. Key words: Attenuated psychosis syndrome; Clinical features; Preliminary study

Objective To explore the changes of depression in patients with lung cancer and their impacts on the survival period, so to provide evidence for psychological treatment of patients with lung cancer. Methods 339 lung cancer patients diagnosed and treated in our hospital and other hospital from 2010 to 2013 were included. The depression status of patients was diagnosed by the Depression Scale of Epidemiological Research Center and followed up every year. To observe the changes of depressive symptoms during the survival period, and to evaluate the impact of depressive symptoms on the survival rate of patients. Results Among 339 participants, 133 (39%) had depression symptoms at baseline and an additional 71 (21%) developed new-onset depression symptoms during treatment. At baseline, depression symptoms were associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04-1.34). Participants were classified into the following four groups based on longitudinal changes in depression symptoms from baseline to follow-up: never depression symptoms (n=135), new-onset depression symptoms (n=71), depression symptom remission (n=46), and persistent depression symptoms (n=87). HRs were as follows: new-onset depression symptoms, 1.36 (95% CI: 1.12-1.61), depression symptom remission, 1.11 (95% CI: 0.97-1.25), and persistent depression symptoms, 1.33 (95% CI: 1.09-1.57). Conclusions Among patients with lung cancer, longitudinal changes in depression symptoms are associated with differences in mortality. Symptom remission is associated with a similar mortality rate as never having had depression, which is lower than that in persistent and new-onset depression symptoms. Key words: Lung neoplasms; Depression; Survival rate

Objective To analyze correlations between personality traits, life events and depressive symptoms based on structural equation model and to identify risky factors of depressive symptoms. Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling method, industrial workers recruited from Shougang Qianan corporation received questionnaire survey consisted of LES, NEO-FFI and CES-D.Maximum likelihood method was applied to calculate parameters of structural equation model, then the final model was confirmed based on modification indices. Results Depressive symptom(CES-D≥16) prevalence was 41.05% among industrial workers in current study.Neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and negative life events were significantly predictive to depressive symptoms(r=0.356, -0.304, -0.135, 0.227). Positive and negative life events, neuroticism and extraversion, extraversion and conscientiousness, neuroticism and agreeableness presented high correlation, with coefficients 0.614, -0.469, 0.432 and 0.402 respectively. The regression weight of affective symptoms, somatic symptoms and interpersonal relationship in measurement model were 0.779, 0.678, 0.464. Conclusion The onset of depressive symptoms among industrial workers is remarkably related to neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and negative life events. Certain measures are supposed to be conducted for mental nursing and intervention in order to strengthen depression prevention. Key words: Industrial workers; Depressive symptoms; Personality traits; Life events; Structural equation model

With climate change and other Anthropocene trends affecting millions every day, there is a clear need to help people find ways to live more sustainably at local, regional, and global scales. Humanity has known this for decades, and museums have a prominent role to play as trusted and accessible sources of information and inspiration, yet few have made addressing sustainability their main focus. Based on 25 years of gallery and research projects at a medium-sized museum of natural history and Indigenous cultures, this paper looks at museum-driven sustainability education (SE) from a curatorial perspective. Using an autoethnographic lens and cultural evolution as a frame of reference, I highlight the value of SE by reflecting on how it has informed past and current gallery and research projects. I also draw insights about SE from these projects and outline a general SE framework aimed at all members of the museum community.

Translation is a frequently misunderstood process. Monolingual readers tend to believe that the literary translation they are reading offers a transparent reproduction of the meaning, style and effects of the original. However, those of us who are translators know that this is not so. This thesis highlights the agency of the translator, showing how different translation strategies colour the readers’ reception of the work, creating remarkably different impressions. I take up the case of Japanese-English literary translation and focus on the translation of metaphor, since metaphor is a key literary device and its translation poses particular challenges – including the need to switch between different cultural, conceptual and linguistic frames of reference. Research into metaphor translation strategies has only a short history and focuses mainly on European languages. The much larger linguistic and cultural divide between Japanese and English may require a different mix of strategies to effectively convey the author’s style and imagery. Through a comparative evaluation of the strategies adopted by translators in multiple translations of two well-known short stories: Tanizaki Jun’ichirō’s 刺青 (“Shisei”) and Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s 羅生門 (“Rashōmon”), I explore the effectiveness of a range of strategies for translating metaphorical expressions. I show that in many cases, domesticating strategies are adopted by translators, such as replacing the source language metaphor with a target language metaphor of a similar sense; paraphrasing by removing the metaphor and translating only its sense; replacing a metaphor with a simile; or deleting the expression altogether. However, although the resulting translation may be smooth and readable, such strategies frequently soften the emotive force of the metaphorical expressions. I argue that the most successful approaches are those that recreate the effect of the original metaphor, often by using more foreignizing strategies that retain the Japanese imagery. My case studies also highlight the need for translators to decipher the intratextual and intertextual network of metaphors and attempt to maintain these sub-texts in their translation. This demonstrates the importance of interpretation in literary translation. I then use the insights gained from these case studies, including the importance of analysing the effect of metaphor and its communicative function in the context of the text as a whole, to develop an optimal translation approach. I apply this approach to the translation of two chapters from a contemporary Japanese novel (容疑者の夜行列車; Yōgisha no Yakōressha by Tawada Yōko to illustrate its potential. My overall conclusions are that the interpretive process requires an in-depth reading and analysis of the source text. This is necessary in order to determine the functions and effects of metaphorical expressions and prioritise those which should be retained. Translation strategies for each source text metaphor should be sensitive to the category of metaphor, its novelty, conceptual basis and cultural connotations. The translation strategy best able to recreate the most important effects should be adopted. This requires the translator to be flexible and willing to make use of compensatory strategies where necessary. Above all, the translator needs to exercise creativity to explore the target language possibilities, formulate innovative solutions and resist the easy option of domestication. To use a metaphor, the translator should be a traveller – crossing from one textual landscape to another and exploring the linguistic opportunities that would enable the effects of the original to be experienced in a new environment.

Wormy represent one of factor which can degrade human resource quality, considering wormy will persue physical growth and also work productivity. Research which is taken is experimental research as a mean to know energy of antelmintik infusa of pumpkin seed toward worm Ascaridia galli by in vitro and also its active compound content. Substance intake by random and then sampling is made in infusa supply with a few concentration series that is hereinafter tested by its activity as antelmintik to worm Ascaridia galli with immersion method. The data observed is time of worm death and sum up the dead worm every one clock. Statistic analysis which is used is Kruskal-Wallis continued by Mann-Whithney and also Anova and continued by Tukey. Result of research indicate that mean of time of worm death of Ascaridia galli after soaked in infusa of pumpkin seed in concentration 2,5%b/v, 5,0%b/v, 7,5%b/v, 10,0%b/v and successively is 9,46; 8,63; 6,08; and 5,83 clock. While after soaked in piperazin sitrat of concentration 0,4%b/v and NaCl 0,9%b/v mean of time of worm death is 8,96 and 32,37 hours. All series of concentration of infusa of pumpkin seed in this research own difference that has a meaning negative control of Nacl 0,9%b/v, so that infusa of pumpkin seed equal to 7,43%b/v while value of LC50 after soaked in piperzin sitrat 0,73%b/v. Result of KLT inspection indicate that infusa of pumpkin seed contain compound of powered saponin of antelmimtik. Keyword : Infusa of pumpkin seed, antelmintik energy, worm of Ascaridia galli.

Pica involves the persistent ingestion of nonfood and nonnutritive substances and may result in harmful consequences such as choking, poisoning, and even death. Most commonly, pica is observed in individuals diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) where the cause is oftentimes reported as related to automatic reinforcement or the sensory consequences of ingesting substances. Objectives: In the IDD population, several well-established behavioral treatments are available for pica. Less often reported in the literature are cases of pica in typically developing individuals, in which case, medical interventions are more prevalent despite mixed reports of their success. The current study describes the behavioral treatment of pica for a typically developing 3-year-old female. Method: After a pretreatment functional assessment indicated that pica was maintained by attention from caregivers, a multiple baseline across settings single-case experimental design was used to demonstrate the effects of differential reinforcement, extinction, and a token economy treatment package to decrease rates of pica. Results: Reductions in pica were observed across all settings. Caregivers implemented the final treatment package, with high integrity, which continued to produce low rates of pica. Conclusions: This case report demonstrated that behavioral treatments may lead to reductions in pica in typically developing children when medical interventions are not effective. Implications for Impact Statement Treatments for pica in typically developing children usually involve medical interventions to address nutritional deficiencies (e.g., iron) that may be the cause of pica. This case report describes the successful use of behavioral assessment and treatment technology, commonly used for children with development disabilities, for a typically developing child when a medical intervention failed to resolve pica.