Study of Antenna Development for Partial Discharge Measurement

Partial discharge (PD) phenomenon in high-voltage (HV) apparatus is a warning symptom of insulation degradation that can eventually lead to equipment breakdown. The ultra-high frequency (UHF) or electromagnetic method has been widely adopted to monitor the insulation condition of HV power equipment such as power transformers. To detect PD occurrence on HV power transformers, the UHF method is preferable due to its high immunity to external interferences such as background noise and electromagnetic interferences from telecommunication. The UHF antennas are used in the UHF method to detect the electromagnetic waves emitted by PD events inside the power transformer tank. Many studies about the design of UHF antennas to detect PD on power transformers have been conducted previously. However, these UHF sensors are still facing noise disturbances especially for on-line partial discharge measurement, in presence of high noise levels. To address interference issues affecting the UHF sensor sensitivity, this paper presents a novel UHF PD sensor called rectangular microstrip patch antenna or simply patch antenna. This type of antenna has a simple structure, low cost for fabrication, and ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency enabling it to detect PD signals in a wide frequency range within the UHF range (300MHz-3GHZ). To design, simulate and optimize the UHF antenna, the HFSS software was used. The FR4-epoxy substrate having a thickness of 1.6mm, and a dielectric constant of 4.4 was used to design and simulate this rectangular patch antenna. The perfect electric conductor (PEC) was used on the rectangular patch, feedline, and ground plane of the designed patch antenna. The proposed antenna has a low reflection coefficient, low VSWR < 2, a wide bandwidth, as suitable gain, and directivity enabling this antenna to be a suitable and promising sensor for PD detection on power transformers.

Partial Discharge (PD) detection using ultra-high frequency (UHF) method has been proven as more noise-resistant in GIS condition monitoring, compared to the conventional PD detection methods, where the common noise frequency range such as in the power plants is below UHF frequency range. However, noise in UHF range may occur at certain conditions. Thus, UHF sensors with high sensitivity are necessary to detect PD-induced electromagnetic wave in UHF range. This paper discusses the modified design of a bowtie antenna as UHF sensor and its performance in detecting PD in the air. The modification method is conducted through simulation using antenna design software, resulting in rounded edge and middle-sliced bowtie antennas. The designed bowtie antenna has wider bandwidth of above 300 MHz, reflection coefficient lower than &#x2212;10 dB, and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2. During initial design, the antenna geometry including gap distance, wing radius, and flare angle are adjusted to obtain the optimum antenna characteristics. The final designed sensors are then fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB) with FR4-epoxy substrate material and tested using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Furthermore, the modified antennas are also tested in the high voltage laboratory to detect PD in needle&#x2013;plane electrode. The experiment results show that both modified bowtie antennas can successfully detect the PD signal with correct phase patterns, and that the middle-sliced modified bowtie antenna is more sensitive than the rounded-edge modified bowtie antenna.

In this paper, a multi resonant MPA capable of operating satisfactorily in the frequency range of 2.39 GHz to 5.79 GHz have been proposed. The antenna has been designed using substrate of FR4 material having dielectric constant of 4.4 with a conducting radiating patch on the substrate and a conducting ground plane on the bottom side of substrate. The ground plane has been partially reduced to improve the antenna bandwidth. The antenna performance has been analyzed in terms of various antenna parameters such as return loss (dB), impedance bandwidth (GHz), gain (dB), directivity (dBi), Half power Beam width (Degree), current density and VSWR. The antenna has been designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio (2010). The designed MPA is suitable to be used for Bluetooth, IMT, WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna has bandwidth of 3.40 GHz and VSWR of less than 2. The antenna has been successfully fabricated and tested. It has been observed that the practical results obtained by testing the fabricated antenna using Network analyzer E5071C closely matches with the theoretical results obtained by simulating the antenna design in CST MWS 2010.

International Journal of Communication SystemsVolume 16, Issue 1 p. 97-115 Research Article MARCH: A distributed content adaptation architecture S. Ardon, Corresponding Author S. Ardon [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia LIP6-Université P. et M. Curie, Equipe Réseaux et Performances, 8, rue du capitaine Scott 75015 Paris, FranceSchool of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Gunningberg, P. Gunningberg [email protected] Department of Computer Systems, Uppsala University, Box 325, S-751 05 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorB. Landfeldt, B. Landfeldt [email protected] Ericsson research Networks and Systems, Torshamnsgatan 23-164 80 KISTA, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorY. Ismailov, Y. Ismailov [email protected] Department of Computer Systems, Uppsala University, Box 325, S-751 05 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorM. Portmann, M. Portmann [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia Computer and Networks Laboratory TIK, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, CH-8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorA. Seneviratne, A. Seneviratne [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author S. Ardon, Corresponding Author S. Ardon [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia LIP6-Université P. et M. Curie, Equipe Réseaux et Performances, 8, rue du capitaine Scott 75015 Paris, FranceSchool of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Gunningberg, P. Gunningberg [email protected] Department of Computer Systems, Uppsala University, Box 325, S-751 05 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorB. Landfeldt, B. Landfeldt [email protected] Ericsson research Networks and Systems, Torshamnsgatan 23-164 80 KISTA, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorY. Ismailov, Y. Ismailov [email protected] Department of Computer Systems, Uppsala University, Box 325, S-751 05 Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorM. Portmann, M. Portmann [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia Computer and Networks Laboratory TIK, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, CH-8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorA. Seneviratne, A. Seneviratne [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 February 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.582Citations: 20AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume16, Issue1Special Issue: Wireless Access to the Global Internet: Mobile Radio Networks and Satellite SystemsFebruary 2003Pages 97-115 RelatedInformation

The most common pre-breakdown phenomenon in high voltage (HV) equipment is partial discharge (PD). The presence of PD activity is a warning indicator that the insulation deterioration would worsen over time, leading to catastrophic failure if the associated defects are not addressed early. Ultra-high frequency (UHF) has been proposed as a non-conventional method for detecting PD because of its resilience to external noise, high sensitivity, and online measurement potential. The UHF detection approach uses sensors to detect electromagnetic waves emitted by the PD source. The sensor is thus one of the most important parts of UHF PD detection. Microstrip patch antenna is widely used as a UHF sensor due to its merits of simple structure, compact profile, low cost, and ease of fabrication. This project deals with the development of the microstrip antenna for PD detection. To evaluate the antennas' performance, five antennas are built and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. Return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and surface current are among the simulated results. These five antennas operate in the range of at least 80% of UHF and have the acceptable size that can be installed on the dielectric window or mounted on the flange.

This paper presents comparison of rectangular micro strip patch antenna and E-Shaped micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.45GHz. Two parallel slots are made into the basic rectangular patch design of micro strip antenna which resulted into desired E-shaped patch. The basic design consist of inset feed type and we have used dielectric substrate Fr4 epoxy whereas E-shaped patch consist of coaxial probe and RT Duroid as substrate. Both the designs have been implemented using HFSS software. On comparing the parameters of both the antenna’s design, it was observed that E-shaped patch antenna has enhanced gain and return loss, hence the antenna with enhanced parameters is considered, the better one. Keywords : Rectangular patch antenna, Micro strip patch, E-shaped patch, coaxial feed Cite this Article Priya Sharma, Shreya Ghare, Shruti Jain, Archana Tiwari. Design and Simulation of E-Shape Micro-strip Patch Antenna at 2.45GHz. Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies . 2020; 7(1): 17–24p.

In this research, we utilized Ansoft's HFSS v13, which is a Finite Element Method (FEM) based electromagnetic (EM) simulator, to design and analyze two types of patch antennas: a 1x4 circular microstrip patch antenna and a 1x4 hexagonal microstrip patch antenna, operating at 5 GHz. The circular patch antenna was fabricated on a FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4dB and a height of 1.6mm. Various antenna characteristics, such as return loss, radiation pattern, directivity, gain, return loss and radiation efficiency, were investigated. The designed 1x4 hexagonal patch antenna and 1x4 circular patch antenna achieved a bandwidth of 3.79% with return loss values well below -30dB. Additionally, a favorable directivity value of 4.5dBi and a gain of 2.7dBi for the 1x4 circular patch antenna and a gain of 3.9dBi for the 1x4 hexagonal patch antenna were obtained. Due to their C-band architecture, these microstrip patch antennas can be employed in various satellite communication applications, such as transponders.

This paper presents a circularly polarized E shaped microstrip single layer patch antenna with parasitic element for the reader of the UHF RFID livestock monitoring system. The antenna is designed to operate at a frequency of 919 MHz to 923 MHz allocated for UHF RFID systems in Malaysia. The antenna simulation is analyzed using CST Studio Suite 2013 based on Finite Integral Techniques (FIT). In order to ensure the design is in good performance, all of the antenna parameters are optimized using Quasi Newton Method. The result show that this antenna is able to operate from 919 MHz to 923 MHz frequency bandwidth with optimum frequency at 918 MHz. Furthermore the result of antenna parameter such as radiation pattern, bandwidth, gain, return loss and voltage standing wave ratio are also discussed. The proposed antenna is lightweight, low profile, simple structure and easy fabrication.

The work is to design a 2x2 circular microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 2.4GHz and it is simulated for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications by using HFSS tool. Circular patch antenna array is designed by depositing circular patches on FR-4 Epoxy substrate and is fed using microstrip feed lines. Fabricated antenna resonates at 2.391GHz. Antenna parameters such as Gain, return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Directivity, Reflection coefficient and radiation pattern are analyzed. 2x2 circular microstrip patch antenna produces more gain and less return loss compared to 2x2 rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The compact size and higher directivity compared to rectangular array makes it more relatively useful for WSN applications.

In this paper L-strip Electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna is proposed and simulated results were obtained by HFSS tool. The frequency range covered by this single antenna is 1800MHZ to 2370MHZ with −10db return loss with optimal height of the patch from the ground plane 16.8mm. The antenna parameters which influence the gain, bandwidth, return loss was analyzed and graphs are plotted. The design mainly focuses on 3G internet services. It covers the DCS, PCS and UMTS. In addition, significant matching and high gain of 10.8 dB at 2.4GHz is obtained.

In this paper, a micro-strip fed slot antenna array for application in the 2.4GHz industrial, scientific and medical(ISM) band is implemented using the Ansoft HFSS software. Standard formulas are used to calculate different antenna parameters. The proposed antenna is designed to work at 2.4GHz frequency band. A half power beam width(HPBW) of 57°. A bandwidth of around 7.7% is attained. This may have been brought about by poor impedance matching and a high level of surface waves. A way of improving the bandwidth would have been to use proximity coupling feeding method which offers the highest bandwidth and is somewhat easy to model and has low spurious radiation. However, its fabrication would have been more difficult. A directivity of 2.01 dB is achieved. This is a fairly high though directivity increase could have been studied through use of different substrate material and thickness. Adjusting length and width of narrow slot loop antenna will influence on the resonance frequency and bandwidth. By using HFSS software, the characteristics of antenna are investigated and analyzed, including voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss and far field radiation patterns.

Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA) have emerged as a remarkable discovery in the period of miniaturization, despite the fact that advancements in antenna engineering have resulted in the fast growth of communication networks. This work encompasses the design, modelling, and analysis of circular microstrip patch antennas. The resonant frequency of the recommended patch antennas is 9 GHz, which is within the X band range. Ansys HFSS software was used to create them using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 material, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2. Five performance measures were utilized to examine the recommended MPAs: return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, and HPBW. The required information refers to the measurements of return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and half power beamwidth (HPBW). The recommended antennas are ideal for use in radar, wireless, and satellite applications.

In this paper, the designing and performance analysis of a reconfigurable double E-shaped microstrip patch antenna is carried out. The antenna is primarily designed for its operation at a particular frequency. However, due to re-configurability obtained by inserting a narrow patch in between the two E patches, the antenna will be seen operating at another frequency as well (dual band). Later, in order to draw significant conclusions; the plots for return loss (S11), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and radiation pattern showing the gain will be obtained and then analyzed. In order to make sure that the antenna is working properly at the above mentioned frequencies; the return loss for the optimized reconfigurable E-shaped patch antenna has to be smaller than −10db at these very frequencies. The antenna shows a lot of promise pertaining to wireless and satellite communication applications.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is used in various applications such as logistics and tracking in IoT-based devices with limited factors such as low read range and poor efficiency caused by improper design of the antenna. This paper discusses the design and optimization of a microstrip patch antenna at 915 MHz to overcome such limitations. The performance parameters such as return loss (S11), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain and radiation pattern are studied using simulation techniques. The optimized antenna design shows improved performance of return loss is improved to -20 dB from -8 dB. Similarly, the VSWR is improved to 1.2 from 2.5. The gain is also improved to 5-7 dBi from 2 dBi. This shows that the design has improved performance of impedance matching and gain. This design is better than the traditional RFID antenna in impedance matching and gain. This design is structurally optimized. The read range is improved to 8-12 m from 3 m. This demonstrates that the design is both dependable and efficient performance. This design may be utilized in many applications including logistics and tracking in IoT-based devices.

This paper is presentation of designed different diodes loaded active model dissimilar geometries of micro strip patch antennas. As known, mikrostrip patch antennas have complex impedance and its impedance changes with frequency. Because of this, imaginer part of micro strip patch antennas is minimized by effect of diodes having capacitive reactance thus maximum power radiating is occurred. The aim of this project is to present different diodes loaded patch antenna for ISM 2.4 Ghz and to indicate active antenna performance according to influence of locations and dc biasing of diodes then to compare the antenna parameters of passive models. Besides, this project is used three types of diodes which are schottky Barrier diodes, silicon variable capacitance diode and tuner diode and four diodes whose are bas70, bas83, bb619 and bb721. The simulation programmer is AWR Design Environment Microwave Office 2007 (MWO) whose analysis meted is moment (Mom). Finally, the antennas that are projected are ready condition for LAN application or wireless RF receiver-transmitter systems. Return loss of designed antennas are between -25.54 dB and -36.17 dB. Gain does not change a lot but results of VSWR and Input impedance is satisfactory when comparing the passive model's results.