Study of structural and biochemıcal quality indicators in cultivated and wild barley specimens under irrigated conditions

This study identified key attributes of protein beverages and evaluated effects of priming on liking of protein beverages. An adaptive choice-based conjoint study was conducted along with Kano analysis to gain insight on protein beverage consumers (n = 432). Attributes evaluated included label claim, protein type, amount of protein, carbohydrates, sweeteners, and metabolic benefits. Utility scores for levels and importance scores for attributes were determined. Subsequently, two pairs of clear acidic whey protein beverages were manufactured that differed by age of protein source or the amount of whey protein per serving. Beverages were evaluated by 151 consumers on two occasions with or without priming statements. One priming statement declared "great flavor," the other priming statement declared 20 g protein per serving. A two way analysis of variance was applied to discern the role of each priming statement. The most important attribute for protein beverages was sweetener type, followed by amount of protein, followed by type of protein followed by label claim. Beverages with whey protein, naturally sweetened, reduced sugar and ≥15 g protein per serving were most desired. Three consumer clusters were identified, differentiated by their preferences for protein type, sweetener and amount of protein. Priming statements positively impacted concept liking (P < 0.05) but had no effect on overall liking (P > 0.05). Consistent with trained panel profiles of increased cardboard flavor with higher protein content, consumers liked beverages with 10 g protein more than beverages with 20 g protein (6.8 compared with 5.7, P < 0.05). Protein beverages must have desirable flavor for wide consumer appeal.

Якість зерна гібридних ліній пшениці м'якої ярої – потомків гібридів синтетиків з сортом Харківська 26

Context. Therapy for snakebites relies on the application of antivenoms, which may be produced with different immunogenic mixtures of venom and possess different pharmaceutical characteristics. For these reasons, immunological cross-reactivity and heterologous neutralization were analyzed relative to the protein content of three antivenoms used in the Americas. Methods. The antivenoms studied were composed of equine F(ab’)2 fragments from animals immunized with Crotalinae venoms. The antivenoms were tested against venoms of seven pit viper species from Argentina, seven from Mexico, one from Costa Rica, and one from Colombia. Results. Immunoblotting showed high cross-reactivity of all major protein bands with all the antivenoms tested. ELISA results also showed high cross-reactivity among the different venoms and antivenoms, and a high heterologous neutralization was observed. The results can be interpreted in different ways depending on whether the reactivity is considered in terms of the volume of antivenom used or by the amount of protein contained in this volume of antivenom. The antivenoms with high immunochemical reactivity and neutralizing capacity were those with higher protein content per vial; but when doses were adjusted by protein content, antivenoms of apparently lower neutralizing capacity and immunochemical reactivity showed at least similar potency and reactivity although volumetrically at higher doses. Conclusion. Protein content relative to neutralization potency of different products must be taken into account when antivenoms are compared, in addition to the volume required for therapeutic effect. These results show the importance of obtaining high-affinity and high-avidity antibodies to achieve good neutralization using low protein concentration and low-volume antivenoms.

The objective of this experiment was to study milk productivity, metabolic adaptation and effect of a short-term feed restriction (FR) on key performance indicators during early lactation in cows classified according to energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield and milk protein concentration. Twenty-three multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were categorized in four groups according to respective averaged values on Days 23-25 postpartum: high ECM yield and high protein concentration; low ECM yield and low protein concentration; high ECM yield and low protein concentration and low ECM yield and high protein concentration. Dry matter intake was reduced to 68.3% for three subsequent days. Our results showed that short-time FR in early lactation succeeded in enhancing energy deficit of cows in all groups. Milk fat, milk protein and lactose concentrations as well as milk fat yield were not influenced by FR. Several hepatic genes encoding for enzymes involved in catabolism of amino acids, β-oxidation, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis as well as mRNA encoding for insulin receptor showed increased transcript abundances after FR, primarily in cows with high milk yield and low milk protein concentration.

The yield, protein content, proteolytic activity, and substrate specificity of crude and partially purified extracts from dried and fresh Australian cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) flowers were determined. Crude water extracts had high yield but low protein content and proteolytic activity, whereas citric acid extracts had low yield but high protein content and proteolytic activity. Fresh flower extracts gave higher yield and proteolytic activity but lower protein content in comparison with dried flower extracts. Purification with ammonium sulfate resulted in significantly increased proteolytic activity for water extracts from both fresh and dried cardoon flowers, whereas the proteolytic activity of citric acid extracts did not change significantly after purification. Irrespective of extraction method, all extracts had higher proteolytic activity against ovine whole and kappa-caseins compared to their bovine counterparts, showing optimal activity at 37 degrees C and pH 6.0. Separation of purified extracts by ion-exchange liquid chromatography yielded three active fractions, each of which when assayed with sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis revealed two subunits with molecular masses of 15.5 and 33.1 kDa, respectively.

국산밀을 재배하는 전국 175농가를 대상으로 2년 동안 농업형질과 원맥 특성을 조사 한 결과, 간장, 수장, 경수와 이형주율은 년차간 차이를 나타내었다. 시비량이 많았던 남부지역에서 재배된 밀의 간장이 중북부 지역 보다 길었으며, 추비시기는 간장에 영향이 없었지만, 3월 중순 이후에 늦게 추비를 준 농가의 수장은 다른 농가에 비하여 길었으나 경수는 감소하였다. 추비 횟수는 농업형질에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 농업형질과 마찬가지로 원맥 특성도 연차간 변이가 있었으며, 남부지역에서 재배된 밀은 중북부지역에서 재배된 밀에 비하여 천립중이 높았으며, 리터중은 낮았으며, 전라북도는 다른 지역에 비하여 낮은 회분 함량과 높은 단백질 함량을 나타냈으며, 전라남도는 다른 지역에 비하여 높은 회분 함량을 나타내었다. 추비시기가 리터중에는 영향을 주었지만 천립중과 회분 및 단백질 함량에는 영향을 주지 않았으며, 추비 횟수도 원맥 특성에 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 시비량에 따라 간장이 증가하고, 천립중과 단백질 함량이 증가하였으며, 수장과 회분함량은 시비량과 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 단백질 함량은 천립중과 정의 상관을 나타내었지만 회분 함량은 천립중 및 리터중과 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 간장이 증가할수록 천립중은 증가하고 리터중은 감소하였으며, 수장은 천립중과 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 시비량이 간장 및 원맥 특성에 영향을 미치기 때문에 품종별 용도에 맞는 밀 품종을 재배하기 위해서는 적정 시비기술에 대한 농가 지도가 필요하다. 또한, 국산 밀의 생산성 증진과 품질 향상 및 균일성 확보를 위해서는 용도별 가공적성에 적합한 품종에 대한 집단 재배단지를 조성하고 철저한 생산 관리와 체계적인 수확 후 관리 구축에 대한 종합적인 고려가 있어야 할 것이다. Agronomic characteristics and grain properties of Korean wheat of 175 farmers in nationwide for two years, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, were evaluated to support basic data for improving grain quality of Korean wheat and enhancing Korean wheat consumption. Agronomic characteristics, including culm length, spike length, number of <TEX>$spike/m^2$</TEX> and rate of off-type plant, and grain properties, including 1000 kernel weight, test weight, moisture, ash and protein content, were influenced by year and location. Number of <TEX>$spike/m^2$</TEX>, test weight, moisture, ash and protein content of wheat cultivated in 2011 were higher than those of 2012 and culm length, spike length, rate of off-type plant and 1000 kernel weight of 2012 were higher than those of 2011. Wheat cultivated in southern part of Korea showed higher culm length and 1000 kernel weight and lower test weight than those of northern part of Korea. Spike length, number of <TEX>$spike/m^2$</TEX> and test weight were reduced by additional fertilization after mid of March, although there was no significant difference between date of additional fertilization and grain properties. Cultivated wheats in Jeollabuk-do showed lower ash content and higher protein content than those of other provinces and cultivated wheats in Jeollanam-do exhibited higher ash content than that of other provinces. As amount of fertilization increased, culm length, 1000 kernel weight and protein content increased and spike length and ash content were decreased, although date of additional fertilization did not effect on agronomic characteristics and grain properties. Amount of fertilization was positively correlated with 1000 kernel weight and protein content (r = 0.159, P < 0.05 and r = 0.212, P < 0.01, respectively) and was negatively correlated with ash content (r = -0.185, P < 0.05). Thousand kernel weight was negatively correlated with ash content (r = -0.226, P < 0.01) and positively correlated with protein content (r = 0.207, P < 0.01). Ash content increased as test weight and culm length decreased and 1000 kernel weight was influenced by culm and spike length (r = 0.397, P < 0.001 and r = -0.205, P < 0.01, respectively).

Synopsis It is possible to separate rapeseed meal into two fractions, one of lower hull and higher protein content, the other of higher hull and lower protein content than whole rapeseed meal. The low‐hull fraction was found to contain about 25% more, and the high‐hull fraction about 25% less, metabolisable energy than the whole rapeseed meal. Soluble tannins, oxazolidinethione, isothiocyanates and phosphorus were found to be concentrated in the endosperm rather than the pericarp of the seed while with calcium the reverse occurred. No consistent changes in amino acid distribution resulting from the air‐classification of whole rapeseed meal into low‐hull and high‐hull fractions were observed.

Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) is regarded as a crop with high nutritional properties. Cultivar Nirvana was analyzed on nine locations in semiarid conditions of northern Serbia in order to assess the effects of different agroecological conditions on the organic spelt wheat production, grain yield and yield components, as well as the quality of the spelt wheat. The highest dehulled grain yield was obtained in Nadalj organic farm (3.98 t ha-1) on a carbonated chernozem, and the highest protein content in whole grain flour was found in organic spelt wheat from Pančevo (13.94%). Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations among grain yield, spike length, spike weight, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and harvest index and among plant height, spike length, weight spike, and grain weight per spike. Our study indicated that growing spelt wheat in northern Serbia could result in higher grain yield, but protein content depended on crop management on each location.

Characterisation of `swollen yolk-sac syndrome' in the Australian freshwater fish Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, and associated nutritional implications for large scale aquaculture

If breastfeeding is continued at a high rate into the second year of life, and if the complementary diet contains reasonable amounts of animal protein from meat, fish, or eggs, most infants will thrive without cows' milk. This is the situation in some traditional societies, where milk is not available or where there is no tradition for feeding cows' milk. However, in most populations in the world there is a strong tradition of using cows' milk as an important part of the complementary diet. This article will discuss different aspects of the use of cows' milk in complementary feeding (Table 1) and will highlight areas where there is a need for further research. The use of infant formula and follow-up formula will not be covered, despite the fact that they are usually based on cows' milk.There is universal agreement that homemade formula based on unmodified cows' milk should not be used as a breast milk substitute, especially during early infancy because the composition differs considerably from breast milk. Homemade formula is used in some populations because of economic constraints or tradition, and is less harmful than unmodified cows' milk. For this reason, the recipe for making a homemade formula is given in the recent Canadian recommendations for infant feeding1 and in the new WHO/UNICEF recommendations for infant feeding for the European Region.2 As a minimum, an iron supplement should be given as well to prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia.Because cows' milk is intended for calves, which have a much higher growth velocity than infants, the content of nutrients essential for growth, like protein and some minerals are much higher (typically 2–3 times) than in human milk. Therefore, cows' milk has a very high renal solute load that might cause dehydration and hypernatremia during illness (see the article on renal solute load by Fomon in this supplement). The high protein content will contribute considerably to the total protein intake, if milk intake is high. During the complementary feeding period, some infants have an excessive protein intake, which might have adverse effects (see article on the risks of excessive protein intake by Michaelsen in this supplement). Cows' milk also has a low content of essential fatty acids, zinc, vitamin C, and niacin and a high content of saturated fatty acids. Cows' milk has a negative effect on the iron status of the infant. The iron content is low, it is poorly absorbed, and cows' milk that has not been heat-treated, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, especially during the first 6 months of life. There is uncertainty about how important this problem is during the last half of infancy.3,4In the United States and in the United Kingdom, it is recommended that cows' milk should not be used as the main milk drink before the age of 12 months.5,6 In Denmark7and Canada1 it is recommended that cows' milk can be introduced gradually from the age of 9 months, in Sweden8from 10 months. The main reason for delaying the introduction of cows' milk is to prevent the development of iron deficiency. Recommendations on age of introduction will have to take into account the risk of iron deficiency in the population, the iron content of the remaining diet, alternatives to cows' milk, and the amount of milk given.When is it appropriate to introduce cows' milk with a reduced fat content? In several countries the recommendation is that fat reduced milk should not be introduced during the first 2 to 3 years of life, while others recommend that semi-skimmed milk can be introduced from the age of 12 months.9 In the United Kingdom it is recommended that semi-skimmed milk (1.5–1.8 g per 1000) should not be introduced before 2 years and skimmed milk (<0.3 g) not before 5.6 There is a concern that reducing the dietary fat content might also reduce total energy intake.9,10 On the other hand, the high intake of saturated fatty acid from milk might increase cardiovascular risk. In a large study from Finland (The STRIP Baby Trial) the intervention group was recommended to use skimmed milk from the age of 7 months and to compensate the low fat intake by adding vegetable oil to the diet.11 The evidence that there are any adverse long-term effects of a high intake of milk fat in early life is, however, weak.10Some infants consume large volumes of milk, so-called milkaholics. A high milk intake leaves less room for a diversified diet and therefore increases the risk of nutritional deficiencies, especially of iron. One liter of cows' milk will cover about two-thirds of the energy requirement of a 12-month-old infant. Only few countries have recommended an upper limit to milk intake during the complementary feeding period.It has been suggested that a special milk for young children (toddlers' milk) would be beneficial. Such a milk will typically be iron-fortified, have a low protein content and have some of the milk fat exchanged with vegetable fat. There is however, no convincing evidence that such a milk would have beneficial effects, when compared with a prudent diet with a moderate amount of unmodified cows' milk and a reasonable amount of foods that are good iron sources like meat and fish.Several studies have shown that insulin-dependent diabetes is less common in infants who were breastfed than in formula-fed infants. It is not known whether the reason is a protective effect of the immune substances in breast milk or an adverse effect of cows' milk proteins.12In some populations there is a tradition of giving fermented milk, including yogurt, to infants and young children. Several resent studies have suggested beneficial (probiotic) effects of using fermented milks with a change in intestinal microflora13that might reduce the prevalence and duration of diarrhea and stimulate the immune system. There is, however, a need for more studies, before fermented milk can be recommended as a part of a complementary diet.

The article presents the results of research on the formation of grain yield of different maize hybrids, its content of starch, protein and fat. It is established that maize productivity depends on the hybrid characteristics and weather conditions. The protein content varies from 6.7 to 9.9 % depending on the hybrid and weather conditions. On average, in two years of research according to this indicator, all maize hybrids formed a very low protein content in grain. The protein content varies with the weather conditions of the study year. Thus, in 2020 the protein content is low — from 9.0 to 9.9 % depending on the hybrid. In 2019, this indicator was the lowest — from 6.7 to 7.9 % depending on the hybrid. Larger moisture deposits in the deeper layers of the soil contribute to the formation of high grain yield, as a result, the protein content is lower (the dilution effect in grain harvest). Moisture deficiency and high air temperature contributes to the formation of lower grain yield and higher protein content in the grain. It should be noted that the stability index varies little depending on the maize hybrid and ranged from 1.25 to 1.36. The fat content in the grain also varies from 2.8 to 3.9 % depending on the maize hybrid. Most of the grain content was of starch — from 70.3 to 72.0 % depending on the maize hybrid. In addition, this indicator is the most stable, as the index was 1.00–1.01. Maize grain yield varies depending on the hybrid and the year of study. Thus, in 2019 the grain yield is from 12.49 to 16.73 t/ha and in 2020 — from 6.05 to 7.62 t/ha. The reason for this difference is the weather conditions of the study years. This was the reason for the low stability index of this indicator — 1.96–2.20. For stable formation of protein yield it is necessary to grow hybrids of Beania, P9415, P0216, P9911, P9903, P9241, P9175, P0074, as they provide the highest yield in years with different weather conditions. Growing P9903, P9241, Beania, P8812, P9911, Tirnavia, P0074, P9415, P9175 hybrids will provide the highest fat yield from the maize grain crop. In terms of the Right-Bank forest steppe for stable grain harvest, starch, protein and fat yield it is necessary to grow hybrids of Beania, P9241, P9415, P9911, P9903, P9175, P0074. The article presents the results of research on the formation of grain yield of different maize hybrids, its content of starch, protein and fat. It is established that maize productivity depends on the hybrid characteristics and weather conditions. The protein content varies from 6.7 to 9.9 % depending on the hybrid and weather conditions. On average, in two years of research according to this indicator, all maize hybrids formed a very low protein content in grain. The protein content varies with the weather conditions of the study year. Thus, in 2020 the protein content is low — from 9.0 to 9.9 % depending on the hybrid. In 2019, this indicator was the lowest — from 6.7 to 7.9 % depending on the hybrid. Larger moisture deposits in the deeper layers of the soil contribute to the formation of high grain yield, as a result, the protein content is lower (the dilution effect in grain harvest). Moisture deficiency and high air temperature contributes to the formation of lower grain yield and higher protein content in the grain. It should be noted that the stability index varies little depending on the maize hybrid and ranged from 1.25 to 1.36. The fat content in the grain also varies from 2.8 to 3.9 % depending on the maize hybrid. Most of the grain content was of starch — from 70.3 to 72.0 % depending on the maize hybrid. In addition, this indicator is the most stable, as the index was 1.00–1.01. Maize grain yield varies depending on the hybrid and the year of study. Thus, in 2019 the grain yield is from 12.49 to 16.73 t/ha and in 2020 — from 6.05 to 7.62 t/ha. The reason for this difference is the weather conditions of the study years. This was the reason for the low stability index of this indicator — 1.96–2.20. For stable formation of protein yield it is necessary to grow hybrids of Beania, P9415, P0216, P9911, P9903, P9241, P9175, P0074, as they provide the highest yield in years with different weather conditions. Growing P9903, P9241, Beania, P8812, P9911, Tirnavia, P0074, P9415, P9175 hybrids will provide the highest fat yield from the maize grain crop. In terms of the Right-Bank forest steppe for stable grain harvest, starch, protein and fat yield it is necessary to grow hybrids of Beania, P9241, P9415, P9911, P9903, P9175, P0074.

Human milk alone may provide inadequate amounts of protein to meet the growth requirements of preterm infants because of restrictions in the amount of fluid they can tolerate. It has become common practice to feed preterm infants with breast milk fortified with protein and other nutrients but there is debate about the optimal concentration of protein in commercially available fortifiers. To compare the effects of different protein concentrations in human milk fortifier, fed to preterm infants, on growth and neurodevelopment. We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search CENTRAL (2019, Issue 8), Ovid MEDLINE and CINAHL on 15 August 2019. We also searched clinical trials databases and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. We included all published and unpublished randomised, quasi-randomised and cluster-randomised trials comparing two different concentrations of protein in human milk fortifier. We included preterm infants (less than 37 weeks' gestational age). Participants may have been exclusively fed human milk or have been supplemented with formula. The concentration of protein was classified as low (< 1g protein/100 mL expressed breast milk (EBM)), moderate (≥ 1g to < 1.4g protein/100 mL EBM) or high (≥ 1.4g protein/100 mL EBM). We excluded trials that compared two protein concentrations that fell within the same category. We undertook data collection and analyses using the standard methods of Cochrane Neonatal. Two review authors independently evaluated trials. Primary outcomes included growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality. Data were synthesised using risk ratios (RR), risk differences and mean differences (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. We identified nine trials involving 861 infants. There is one trial awaiting classification, and nine ongoing trials. The trials were mostly conducted in infants born < 32 weeks' gestational age or < 1500 g birthweight, or both. All used a fortifier derived from bovine milk. Two trials fed infants exclusively with mother's own milk, three trials gave supplementary feeds with donor human milk and four trials supplemented with preterm infant formula. Overall, trials were small but generally at low or unclear risk of bias. High versus moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier There was moderate certainty evidence that a high protein concentration likely increased in-hospital weight gain compared to moderate concentration of human milk fortifier (MD 0.66 g/kg/day, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.82; trials = 6, participants = 606). The evidence was very uncertain about the effect of high versus moderate protein concentration on length gain (MD 0.01 cm/week, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.03; trials = 5, participants = 547; very low certainty evidence) and head circumference gain (MD 0.00 cm/week, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.02; trials = 5, participants = 549; very low certainty evidence). Only one trial reported neonatal mortality, with no deaths in either group (participants = 45). Moderate versus low protein concentration of human milk fortifier A moderate versus low protein concentration fortifier may increase weight gain (MD 2.08 g/kg/day, 95% CI 0.38 to 3.77; trials = 2, participants = 176; very low certainty evidence) with little to no effect on head circumference gain (MD 0.13 cm/week, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.26; I² = 85%; trials = 3, participants = 217; very low certainty evidence), but the evidence is very uncertain. There was low certainty evidence that a moderate protein concentration may increase length gain (MD 0.09 cm/week, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.14; trials = 3, participants = 217). Only one trial reported mortality and found no difference between groups (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.05 to 5.17; participants = 112). No trials reported long term growth or neurodevelopmental outcomes including cerebral palsy and developmental delay. Feeding preterm infants with a human milk fortifier containing high amounts of protein (≥ 1.4g/100 mL EBM) compared with a fortifier containing moderate protein concentration (≥ 1 g to < 1.4 g/100 mL EBM) results in small increases in weight gain during the neonatal admission. There may also be small increases in weight and length gain when infants are fed a fortifier containing moderate versus low protein concentration (< 1 g protein/100 mL EBM). The certainty of this evidence is very low to moderate; therefore, results may change when the findings of ongoing studies are available. There is insufficient evidence to assess the impact of protein concentration on adverse effects or long term outcomes such as neurodevelopment. Further trials are needed to determine whether modest increases in weight gain observed with higher protein concentration fortifiers are associated with benefits or harms to long term growth and neurodevelopment.

Hybrids and cultivars of single type tuberose was evaluated to fulfill the need to develop new hybrids as demanded by commercial growers. Evaluation of fifteen genotypes showed significant variation in growth, floral and bulb characters. Cultivar Arka Prajwal was significantly superior over all genotypes, which recorded least number of days for opening of 1st floret (78.55 days) with maximum diameter of spike (1.18 cm), length of floret (6.05 cm), weight of individual floret (3.12 g) and weight of spike (121.43 g).The hybrid genotype L1P4 (Variegated X Phule Rajani) was observed to be superior in terms of rachis length (39.78 cm), inter-nodal length (7.25 cm), length of bulb (8.09 cm), diameter of bulb (3.76 cm) and diameter of bulb-lets (1.85 cm). Among the hybrid genotypes L1P4 also recorded maximum plant height (116.39 cm), spike length (109.58 cm), weight of cut spike (105.08 g) and vase life (11.00 days). However, it was foundto be at par for number of florets per spike (57.25), length of floret (5.92 cm) and number of spikes per clump (10.14) with all other cultivars and hybrids tested. From the overall performance, it was found that the cultivar Arka Prajwal was the best. Genotype L1P4 found promising for loose as well as cut flower production because of its number of florets, inter-nodal length and spikes per clump which are important characters considering loose flower for taking maximum number of pickings. However, characters such as rachis length, spike length, vase life and weight of spike which are imperative for cut flowers are also noted superior in genotype L1P4.

A four-year field experiment was used to evaluate the effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilization on protein content and amino acid composition of grain of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.). Seeds of A. cruentus cv.'G6' were sown at two sowing dates (May and June) and fertilized at rates to obtain three target levels of available soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) set to 140, 200 and 260 kg N ha-1. Grain protein content and the sum of essential amino acids (EAA) were affected by growing season and date of sowing. There was a higher protein content (165 g kg-1) and lower EAA in protein (39.3 g kg-1) in grain of plants sown in June. Nitrogen application up to an Nmin target value of 140 kg N ha-1 raised protein concentration in grain, and maintained the content of EAA in protein. EAA in grain fertilized to the target value 140 kg N ha-1 was higher (397 g kg-1) than the standard requirement for preschool children (339 g kg-1). Among essential amino acids, only valine concentration responded to nitrogen supply. Leucine was the limiting amino acid in grain protein. Key words: Amino acid composition, grain amaranth, nitrogen fertilization, Nmin, protein concentration, sowing date.

Enhanced seed yield, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids in soybean seeds with phosphorus fertilizer supply