Study on concrete with rice husk ash

This study assessed the strength and durability parameters of brick aggregate concrete (BAC) incorporating rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement of cement. For this, concrete cylinders (100 mm × 200 mm) were made with 0% (control) to 25% RHA as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at a mix proportion of 1 : 1.5 : 3 and a water-to-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.50. Specimens were immersed separately in normal water, 3% sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), 5% magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), 1% hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 1% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions for several immersion periods. The slump test results indicated that the workability of BAC containing RHA (RBAC) decreased about 29.69%–75.02% compared to control (0% RHA). After 90 days, the BAC containing RHA (up to 15% replacement) was found approximately 2.28%–6.64% greater compressive strength than that of control concrete. In addition, water absorption and porosity of RBAC were around 17.59%–40.73% and 12.12%–35.68% lower than that of control concrete, respectively. Similarly, RBAC (up to 25% replacement) exhibited roughly 35.62%–54.79% higher resistance against chloride attack and 0.39%–4.56% better resistance against Na2SO4 attack (up to 15% replacement), however, it exhibited inferior resistance against MgSO4 attack compared to control. Meanwhile, BAC with 10% RHA showed about 5.35% and 1.00% superior performance than that of control concrete against HCl and H2SO4 attack, respectively. The relationships between the strength and durability parameters of RBAC also suggested that RHA contributes to improving the strength and durability parameters of BAC.

This research showed the results of experiments effect use of oil palm fibre (OPF) from oil palm industry as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement. Research on the reuse of waste materials in the concrete industry has been quite intensive in the past decade. The objective of this research is to identify the Effect of oil palm fibre as a partial cement replacement in the production of concrete. After the treatment, the economical ways to dispose of it is by using landfill method. But due to a limited landfill site in Malaysia and it is the temporary solution for the disposal of the waste, it becomes a problem to Malaysia and the number of the oil palm fibre keeping increase year by year because of the population increase year by year too. The results showed that oil palm fibre (OPF) greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. The rate of water absorption of oil palm fibre (OPF) concrete was reduced as oil palm fibre filled up the existing voids, making it more impermeable. However, the compressive strength of the oil palm fibre concrete decreases gradually when the amount of oil palm fibre (OPF) increased. It can be concluded that the optimum percentage of oil palm fibre as a partial cement replacement is 10%. In this direction, an experimental investigation of ultrasonic pulse velocity, carbonation test, compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption was undertaken to use oil palm fiber and admixtures as partial replacement for cement in concrete.

Admixtures are incorporated into concrete in today’s world in order to achieve variety of goals. This research study the use of rice husk ash as an admixture in producing self-compacting concrete. The rice husk ash is varied in different percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to know if it improves the properties of fresh and hardened properties of the self-compacting concrete. The superplasticizer used was conplast SP 430 and the water cement ratio 0.35 was kept constant throughout all mix. Rice husk ash is a good super-pozzolan which is used to make special concrete mixes, in which the slump Flow, T50cm slump, V-funnel and the L-box test was used to test for the workability of the fresh concrete mix and the compressive strength of each mix was tested to know the specific strength of each self-compacting mix with varying percentage of rice husk ash at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing.

The construction industry’s increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly materials has led to the exploration of innovative alternative, in the current construction business, concrete is a fundamental building material that accounts for a significant portion of costs. The quality of the concrete, which varies from normal to special specifications to satisfy design expectations in real practices, is the main source of concern. The construction industry may be able to overcome the drawbacks associated with using conventional concrete in densely reinforced structural elements by implementing Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). The need for using sustainable building materials and reducing trash sent to landfills is growing in response to society's ongoing shift towards environmental consciousness. Thus, it has been determined that the actual use of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) can help cut down on the amount of Portland cement used in the building sector. The study aims to ascertain the ideal ratio of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) for use as an additional cementitious material to partially substitute Portland cement in self-compacting concrete. This paper reports the performance evaluation of self-compacting coconut shell concrete (SCCSC) with Rice Husk Ash developed using discarded coconut shells as full replacement of coarse aggregate and partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with RHA at 0 - 30%, while RHA was extracted through the uncontrolled burning of rice husk. Tests carried out on the fresh concrete include slump flow, V-funnel and L-box confirmed the flow ability, viscosity and passing ability of the developed mixes. Furthermore, on the hardened concrete, mechanical properties such as compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were conducted, the cubes were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days. Tests results showed that 5% replacement of RHA of SCCSC can be appreciably incorporated for light weight concrete showing an increase in compressive strength from 16.8N/mm at 7days to 19.6N/mm at 28 days and 1.33N/mm at 7 days to 1.41N/mm at 28days.

This research showed the results of experiments evaluating the use of empty fruit bunch ash (EFBA) from the oil palm industry as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement. Research on the reuse of waste materials in the concrete industry has been quite intensive in the past decade. The objective of this research is to identify the performance of EFBA as a partial cement replacement in the production of concrete. EFBA of various amounts, namely 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume, was added as a replacement for ordinary Portland cement. The results showed that EFBA concrete greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. The rate of water absorption of EFBA concrete was reduced as EFBA filled up the existing voids, making it more impermeable. However, the compressive strength of the EFBA concrete decreases gradually when the amount of EFBA increased. It can be concluded that the optimum percentage of EFBA as a partial cement replacement is 15%. In this direction, an experimental investigation of ultrasonic pulse velocity, carbonation test, compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption was undertaken to test the performance of EFBA and admixtures as partial replacement for cement in concrete.KeywordsEmpty fruit bunch ashAdmixtureStrength and durability concerete properties

Cement is the most important ingredient in concrete, which acts as a binding material. It is evaluated that cement is the second largest industrial source of CO2 on earth. This demands a partial or full replacement of cement by an environment-friendly material. In this research industrial waste slag from a local Steel Mill, namely Mangla Metals was selected as possible replacement of cement. Some preliminary standard tests conducted on the slag showed its strong chances to be used as pozzolana. Slag used for this study was reduced to the particle size passing through ASTM standard sieve #100. Concrete specimens containing 10% and 20% replacement of cement by slag were prepared. The mechanical properties like compressive, split cylinder tensile and flexure strength were determined as per standard ASTM methods. Tests were conducted at 3, 7 and 28 days of concrete age. Results show a decrease of 14% in compressive strength, 7.5% in tensile strength and 10.5% in flexure strength for 10% replacement vis-í -vis control specimens at 28 days. For 20% replacement, the decrease in compressive, tensile and flexure strength are 25.5%, 29%, 31% respectively. Additionally, ASTM standard strength activity index test with finer slag particles passing through ASTM sieve #200 provided compressive strength more than that of control specimen. Based on the results, it is concluded that the industrial slag has the potential to partially replace the cement if slag is ground to the particles, passing through ASTM sieve #200. This could lead to a huge reduction of cement quantity in concrete and the environmental burden due to deposition of waste slag in landfills.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is a promising pozzolanic alternative material for partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement to increase the durability and strength of concrete. This study examines the use of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in the production of hollow cement blocks. The aim is to evaluate the impact of RHA on the compressive strength, workability, and water absorption properties of the blocks. RHA was introduced as a replacement for OPC at levels of 0%, 25%, and 50%, and tests were conducted after 7 and 14 days of curing. The results indicate that increasing RHA content leads to a reduction in compressive strength, with the 50% RHA mix exhibiting the lowest strength. This is attributed to the porous nature of RHA, which weakens the cementitious matrix. However, workability improved as RHA content increased, due to its water-reducing properties. The water absorption of the blocks also increased with higher RHA content, corresponding to the increased porosity. Despite the strength reduction, the pozzolanic activity of RHA suggests potential for long-term strength gains. The findings demonstrate that RHA can be a viable alternative for cement in non-structural applications, contributing to sustainable building practices by utilizing agricultural waste and reducing the reliance on cement. This research supports the integration of RHA into the construction industry as an eco-friendly material, promoting both waste management and carbon footprint reduction.

Effect of lime and ferrochrome ash (FA) as partial replacement of cement on strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete

Palm oil is used to produce cooking oil and its waste is called palm oil fuel ash (POFA). POFA is one of the wastes that have same chemical properties as cement, which is silica and calcium oxide. Demand for cement used in concrete was high. The cement is not suitable for a sustainable environment as cement industry is the primary producers of carbon dioxide (CO2). The aim of this study is to investigate water absorption on various molarity of treated POFA in 10% of replacement of cement in concrete and to study the effect of optimum molarity of treated POFA towards the compressive strength with 10% replacement of cement in concrete. POFA was treated in the environmental laboratory by using various molarity of sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Then, the treated POFA has been partially replaced by cement of 10% in order to cast a concrete mix on 50 × 50 × 50 mm mould. The cubes samples were being produced to test the compressive strength and water absorption by following the British Standard to check the effect of the treatment of the POFA. From the result obtained, concrete with partially replacement of cement by using POFA treated 5M of sulphuric acid is the optimum value that gets from the compressive strength test and achieved the design strength which is M30. The values for the 5M treated POFA and ordinary portland cement (OPC) were compared and the result is 44.77 and 47.26 N/mm2, respectively. The higher the molarity of the sulphuric acid, the lower the compressive strength achieved.

Concrete is a popular choice in the construction industry globally because of its excellent strength, long-lasting properties and their versatility in construction forms. However, the shortage of conventional cementing materials and the production of concrete itself has a significant impact on environmental problems. Consequently, there has been a search for sustainable alternatives, such as Rice Husk Ash (RHA), which is a waste material that can partially substitute cement and thus reduce the environmental footprint. The purpose of this study was to analyse the main characteristics of the RHA as partial cement replacement in concrete (the workability, the compressive strength and the quality of concrete). The experimental method have been conducted accordingly with different low percentage of RHA, ranging from 0 percent to 15 percent for 7, 14 and 28 days. The normal concrete grade (M30) and cube specimens (size 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm) was used for the experimental test throughout this study. The results showed that for all percentages of RHA cement replacement in concrete, workability declined as RHA levels increased. About 8 to 16 percent more strength was developed for 10% RHA compared to the control sample's value (0% RHA replacement). In addition, the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) quality test, which was carried out at 7 and 28 days, revealed that 10% is the possible ideal amount for RHA replacement. However, the 5% RHA and 15% RHA replacement, which showed a delayed and insignificant growth of strength, must be taken into account when assessing the validity of the data. For future reference, it is crucial for one to take note of and refer to these questionable parts.

This research is aimed at investigating the effect of using amorphous silica ash (ASA) obtained from rice husk as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the compressive and flexural strength of mortar. ASA was used in partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in the following percentages 2.5 percent, 5 percent, 7.5 percent and 10 percent. These partial replacements were used to produce Cement-ASA mortar. ASA was found to contain all major chemical compounds found in cement with the exception of alumina, which are SiO2 (91.5%), CaO (2.84%), Fe2O3 (1.96%), and loss on ignition (LOI) was found to be 9.18%. It also contains other minor oxides found in cement. The test on hardened mortar were destructive in nature which include flexural strength test on prismatic beam (40mm x 40mm x 160mm) and compressive strength test on the cube size (40mm x 40mm, by using the auxiliary steel plates) at 2,7,14 and 28 days curing. The Cement-ASA mortar flexural and compressive strengths were found to be increasing with curing time and decreases with cement replacement by ASA. It was observed that 5 percent replacement of cement with ASA attained the highest strength for all the curing ages and all the percentage replacements attained the targeted compressive strength of 6N/mm2 for 28 days for the cement mortar

The cost of cement used in concrete works is on the increase and unaffordable, yet the need for hydraulic cement concrete and other cement concrete based infrastructures keeps growing with increasing population, thus the need to find alternative binding materials that can be used solely or in partial replacement of cement. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this study, a mixture of coconut shell ash and eggshell powder is used as partial replacement of hydraulic cement in ranges of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The concrete specimens were prepared at 1: 3: 2.5 mix ratio of cementitious material, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The mix ratio satisfied the minimum cement content of 148.32kg/m3 (250Ib/yd3) and the minimum cementitious material content of 267 kg/m3 (450Ib/yd3) for roller compacted concrete pavement. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were carried out to assess the strength characteristics of ternary concrete mixture containing coconut shell ash and eggshell powder and the feasibility of using coconut shell ash and eggshell powder as partial replacement of cement in industrial plant access concrete roads and parking lots. The results indicate that a mixture of coconut shell ash and eggshell powder can be used up to 20% by weight for replacement of cement in roller compacted industrial plant access concrete roads and parking lots.

This paper summarizes the research work on the properties of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) when used as partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. OPC was replaced with RHA by weight at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. 0% replacement served as the control. Compacting factor test was carried out on fresh concrete while Compressive Strength test was carried out on hardened 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14 and 28 days curing in water. The results revealed that the Compacting factor decreased as the percentage replacement of OPC with RHA increased. The compressive strength of the hardened concrete also decreased with increasing OPC replacement with RHA. It is recommended that further studies be carried out to gather more facts about the suitability of partial replacement of OPC with RHA in concrete. Keywords: Concrete, Rice Husk Ash, Compacting factor, Compressive strength

The increasing demand for concrete for various infrastructure construction has led to significant production and usage of Portland cement which is the main binder used for concrete. The production of Portland cement poses a sustainability threat as its production emits a large amount of carbon dioxide into the environment coupled with the high consumption of natural resources. Therefore, the use of alternative materials will result in a significant reduction in these carbon emissions and deformation of the environment. On the other hand, the increasing population coupled with urbanization has led to the generation of several tonnes of solid wastes annually from various processes. Some of these wastes generated can be recycled and used as partial replacement of Portland cement in concrete mixtures. In order to improve the sustainability of concrete mixtures, this study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of concrete mixture incorporating recycled products as partial replacement of Portland cement. Corn cob ash and glass powder which are waste products from the agricultural and manufacturing industry respectively were used as binary cementitious material (BCM) to replace Portland cement up to 20% in concrete production. The effects of the BCM on the slump and mechanical properties were evaluated. Results from this study showed that the incorporation of BCM resulted in a decrease in the slump of the concrete mixtures. In terms of mechanical properties, 10% BCM was deemed the optimum due to the enhancement of the compressive and split tensile strength. Sustainability analysis of the mixtures also indicates BCM can be used to reduce the embodied energy and carbon of concrete mixtures.

Mechanical properties of concrete with seashell waste as partial replacement of cement and aggregate