Studying the adaptability of promising breeding forms of tea to static environmental factors

Aim. The aim to identify valuable source material from the number of intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric hybrids of stone fruit plants to improve and expand the varietal composition of peach that meets the needs of industrial and amateur gardening. Methods. Program and methods of varietal study of fruit, berry and nut crops / Ed. G. A. Lobanov. Michurinsk, 1973. 492 p. Program and methods of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops / Ed. G. A. Lobanov. Michurinsk, 1980. 529 p. Program and methods of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops / Ed. Sedova and T. P. Ogoltsova. Orel: VNIISPK, 1999. 608 p. Results. New genotypes of peach, which are sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), were selected; large-fruited peach I4 970-89 was isolated, as a pollinator for genotypes with male sterility; in the population of hybrid seedlings F2 (peach of the world x David peach) we identified new genotypes of plants with absent characters in their original species; with resistance to powdery mildew and leaf curl, dwarf plant growth, forms with decorative double flowers, white, pink and purple-red color of the petals of the corolla, bell-shaped and rosy flower types, male sterility, pollen fertility and honey taste of the fruit inherited from his wild ancestor - David peach. Summary. Selected maternal genotypes of the original parental forms of apricot, with a character of CMS - 189-88, 249-81, 498-86. They are of breeding value for the development of new peach cultivars. Peach I4 970-89 of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens’ breeding is a pollinator for hybrids of peach with common almond, characterized by male sterility. Valuable characters of David peach could be transferred to common peach and its cultivars as a result of natural hybridization due to their joint growth in the primary Chinese-Japanese genetic center. From wild ancestor, David peach common peach cultivars inherited such valuable characteristics as resistance to powdery mildew and leaf curl, dwarf growth of plants, shapes with decorative double flowers, white, pink and purple-red petals of the corolla campanulate and rose-like types of flower, male sterility, pollen fertility and the honey taste of the fruit.

The results of the study of the resistance to rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) G. Winter) of pear cultivars, forms and intergeneric hybrids with different genetic origin as well as economical and biological characteristics of identified absolutely resistant genotypes are given. The studies were carried out in 2012-2020 in the pear collection orchard with the aim of to reveal genetic donors and sources of absolute resistance to rust for the further use in breeding programs. The work was carried out in accordance with the Program and Methods of Fruit, Berry and Nut Crop Breeding and Program and Methods of Fruit, Berry and Nut Crop Variety Investigation. Four intergeneric hybrids (Malopyrus № 1, Pyromalus № 818, Sorbopyrus auricularis, Sorbopyrus Kuryanovii); 114 pear genotypes of different genetic origin including pear cultivars and forms of Pyrus communis L., Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm) Nakai, Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.; cultivars that are interspecific hybrids of Pyrus communis and Pyrus ussuriensis; Pyrus salicifolia Pall. and Pyrus calleryana Decne. as well as 2800 hybrid seedlings were used as objects for the research. As a result it was determined that all cultivars and hybrid seedlings used in the work regardless of their genetic origin were susceptible to pear rust: cultivars and forms derived from Pyrus communis, Pyrus ussuriensis, Pyrus pyrifolia and interspecific hybrids within the Pyrus L. genus. Intergeneric hybrids of pear with apple, apple with pear, pear with mountain ash and pear with whitebeam showed absolute resistance to the pathogen. Four intergeneric hybrids Malopyrus № 1, Pyromalus № 818, Sorbopyrus auricularis, Sorbopyrus Kuryanovii were allocated as sources for future use in breeding for high resistance to pear rust.

Evaluating drought stress tolerance in different Camellia sinensis L. cultivars and effect of melatonin on strengthening antioxidant system

Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a class of transcription factors consisting of NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC subunits, which are widely distributed in eukaryotes. The NF-YC subunit regulates plant growth and development and plays an important role in the response to stresses. However, there are few reports on this gene subfamily in tea plants. In this study, nine CsNF-YC genes were identified in the genome of 'Longjing 43'. Their phylogeny, gene structure, promoter cis-acting elements, motifs and chromosomal localization of these gene were analyzed. Tissue expression characterization revealed that most of the CsNF-YCs were expressed at low levels in the terminal buds and at relatively high levels in the flowers and roots. CsNF-YC genes responded significantly to gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. We further focused on CsNF-YC6 because it may be involved in the growth and development of tea plants and the regulation of response to abiotic stresses. The CsNF-YC6 protein is localized in the nucleus. Arabidopsis that overexpressed CsNF-YC6 (CsNF-YC6-OE) showed increased seed germination and increased root length under ABA and GA treatments. In addition, the number of cauline leaves, stem lengths and silique numbers were significantly higher in overexpressing Arabidopsis lines than wild type under long-day growth conditions, and CsNF-YC6 promoted primary root growth and increased flowering in Arabidopsis. qPCR analysis showed that in CsNF-YC6-OE lines, flowering pathway-related genes were transcribed at higher levels than wild type. The investigation of the CsNF-YC gene has unveiled that CsNF-YC6 plays a pivotal role in plant growth, root and flower development, as well as responses to abiotic stress.

Variations in quality constituents of green tea leaves in response to drought stress under south Indian condition

Aphid (Cryptomyzus ribis L., syn. Capitophorus ribis L.) is one of the dangerous pests for red currants. The aim of the research was to study the level of resistance of hybrid red currant seedlings to this pest and select seedlings combining high aphid resistance with other valuable traits. The observations were conducted in 2015…2017 on the selection plot at the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (Orel region). 299 hybrid seedlings of 7 crossing combinations and 96 outbred seedlings were studied. When estimating the degree of seedling damage by aphid, we were guided by “Program and methodology of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops”. The evaluation was carried out on a 5-point scale, where 0 points - no signs of damage; 5 points – severe damage (the loss of over 75% of leaf surface). High resistance to Cryptomyzus ribis L. was observed in hybrid families OS 120-15-77 × Niva, OS 984-21-84 × Niva and in the population from the open pollination ELS 1662-31-100 (Niva × OS 1097-25-118). Niva is a promising initial genotype in breeding for resistance to Cryptomyzus ribis L. The offspring of breeding families Belaya Potapenko × OS 1426-21-80 and Dana × Svetlitza turned out to be the most susceptible to this pest. On the basis of the hybridological analysis, it can be assumed that the resistance to Cryptomyzus ribis L. in red currants is polygenic. We have allocated seedlings of different genetic origin that combine resistance to Cryptomyzus ribis L. with other valuable traits which are of interest for breeding.

The paper presents the results of research for 2022–2023, as well as the analysis of the effect of prolonged negative late spring temperatures on garden strawberry on May 8-12, 2023. The research was aimed at evaluating garden strawberry varieties for a complex of economically valuable characteristics after exposure to prolonged late spring frosts on May 8–12, 2023. Objects of study included 14 garden strawberry varieties of foreign selection: NF 421, ‘Festivalnaya romashka’, ‘Florida Festival’, ‘Verona’, ‘Dely’, ‘Joli’, ‘Senga Sengana’ (k), ‘Sweetheart’, ‘Syria’, ‘Cabot’, ‘Elianni’, ‘Malvina’ and 2 varieties selected by the Institute: ‘Zvezdochka’ (k), ‘Zhanna’. The plants were planted on May 6, 2022, the survival rate accounted for 100%. The research was conducted in the Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants “Zhigulyovskie sady” (Samara, Russia) on the collection variety plot in accordance with the generally accepted program and methodology of varietal study of fruit, berry and nut crops. The analysis of weather conditions for 2022–2023 was performed using the data of the Volga Department for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (UGMS), with additional data obtained from the temperature and humidity control system located on the test plot in Malaya Tsarevshchina, Krasnoyarsky District, Samara Oblast. The varieties ‘Verona’, ‘Zvezdochka’ (k), ‘Cabot’, ‘Sweetheart’, ‘Festivalnaya Romashka’, and ‘Malvina’ demonstrated the highest resistance to late spring frosts according to the complex of characteristics. The main part of the varieties had 28-33% damage to flowers and buds. The highest damage figure was revealed in the variety of the average maturity period NF 421 and the early variety ‘Zvezdochka’ (k). The late variety ‘Malvina’ did not suffer from frost.The lowest degree of fruit deformation was observed in the varieties ‘Sweetheart’, ‘Zvezdochka’ (k), and ‘Malvina’. The greatest degree of freezing after exposure to low temperatures on May 8-12 was observed in the varieties ‘Dely’, ‘Joli’, ‘Florida Festival’ and ‘Elianni’. The best adaptive capacity according to the results of overall plant condition for the period 2022-2023 was shown by the varieties ‘Verona’, ‘Zvezdochka’ (k), ‘Senga Sengana’ (k), ‘Cabot’, ‘Sweetheart’, ‘Syria’. The highest average berry weight was recorded in NF 421 (19.5 g/bush). The highest productivity was observed in later ripening varieties – ‘Malvina’ (261.4 g/bush) and ‘Cabot’ (241.0 g/ bush), as well as in the control variety ‘Seng Sengana’ (k) (197.1 g/bush). The lowest indicators were reported in ‘Dely’ (50.1 g/bush) and ‘Florida Festival’ (29.0 g/bush). The genotype was revealed to influence the resistance to low late spring temperatures and recovery ability of plants after late spring frosts.

Topicality. In the wartime and postwar periods, the issue of forming an effective mechanism for the development of domestic agricultural commodity markets is relevant. Its construction requires the study of market trends, since the war caused significant imbalances in the development of agri-food markets. Significant destruction of production and processing enterprises, disruption of logistics supply chains, loss of market advantages in strategic international markets, certain market segments, entrepreneurial initiatives, and imbalance in foreign trade - all this necessitates monitoring trends in the development of agricultural commodity markets to determine development priorities in the war and post-war periods. Particular attention should be paid to the market of grapes and fruit and berry crops as strategically important for the development of related commodity markets.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to determine the trends and priority areas of development of the domestic market of grapes and fruit and berry products in the war and post-war periods. Objectives of the study: based on the analysis of trends in the development of the market of grapes and fruit and berry products, to outline the priority areas of development in the war and post-war periods, taking into account world trends in the light of the restructuring of the global economic system.Materials and methods. The research materials are based on the work of domestic scientists on the study of the development of agricultural markets. The data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, and the Ukrainian Agrarian Export Association were used to conduct an analytical review and identify market development trends. The main methods used were: induction and synthesis, systemic and structural approach, statistical method, and for visual presentation of the data obtained - tabular and graphical methods.Research results. The trends in the development of the grape and fruit and berry market are analyzed. It is shown that even during the war, Ukraine is trying to maintain its position as a key exporter of agricultural products. It is determined that in recent years, changes have occurred in the varietal composition of fruit and berry crops, which have affected the yield and production of fruit and berry crops. It has been studied that wine is produced in all regions of Ukraine, and vineyards are concentrated mainly in the South, which carries certain risks - due to the loss of vineyards, logistics is disrupted and production is interrupted. It has been determined that berry products are a commodity characterized by growing demand and expanding markets, which requires producers to find ways to improve and establish production. This requires improvement of production technology and deep processing, formation of an effective foreign economic policy aimed at exporting goods with high added value.Conclusion. It is determined that due to military actions, there was a decrease in the production of grape planting material and wine production, which led to a decrease in the competitiveness of wineries at both the national and international levels. It is determined that the market of fruits and berries has a tendency to reduce exports overall, although producers have managed to increase volumes for some items, despite the fact that the shortage of fruits in the domestic market is quite high. Promising areas for study include the quality of finished products, limitations on the range of products, lack of high-quality packaging and packing of fruits and berries and appropriate storage and processing facilities, pricing policy, development of new logistics systems and global value chains.

Background. The northern and north-eastern slopes of Stavropol regio, which are unsuitable for growing field crops have favorable natural and climatic conditions that meet the biological requirements of the sweet cherry crop. Modern agricultural production technology does not sufficiently take into account the needs of sweet cherry in well-drained soils, relatively low frost resistance and early flowering of varieties, self-fertility of the crop, high requirements for the selection and placement of pollinator varieties, as well as the organization of cross-pollination of flowers by various types of insects. Purpose. The aim was to work out the practical recommendations for growing cherries on low-arable slopes of the Stavropol region with a steepness of up to 15-20 degrees. Materials and methods. The researches were conducted from 2007 to 2024 on experimental production gentle slopes in the central and foothill zones of the Stavropol region. While designing the width of the terrace fabric, there were used the recommendations for the care of agricultural crops. The agroecological and biological potential of garden agrolandscapes was determined in accordance with the methods of variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. Field studies were carried out according to the "Methodological recommendations for phytosanitary and toxicological monitoring of fruit species and berry bushes". The yield was taken into account by the weight method. Results. The existing principles of pruning and crown formation are of little use in a cherry orchard. The possibility of implementing mechanized technologies for pruning and harvesting is not taken into account. Uneven precipitation only in cherries has catastrophic losses of fruit yield due to their cracking. Forecasting, prevention and dumping regulation of abiotic factors are rarely used. Conclusion. Recommendations are offered for the placement and formation of the structure of cherry plantations, crop care, the possibilities of reducing the cost price by improving the varietal composition and machine suitability of plantings are revealed.

The fruit crop industry is continuously seeking for new technologies able to improve the overall sustainability of the production systems together with an enhancement of quality and safety of the products. Over the last 10 years, plant biostimulants have emerged as new and promising production tool able to increase the use efficiency of other agronomical inputs (i.e. irrigation water and fertilizers), to promote crop tolerance toward different abiotic stressors (i.e. drought, salinity, extreme temperature and radiation) and to enhance the final quality of food products. Despite the considerable amount of researches that have been conducted to elucidate the mode of action of plant biostimulants and their agronomical performances, the number of studies focusing on fruit crops is relatively limited and the current knowledge on the interaction of these substances with the fruit tree growth and physiology is still largely incomplete. This review provides a complete scientific overview of the available literature on the experimental application and the physiological mechanisms of plant biostimulants on the most relevant fruit crops, including berry crops, grapevine, olive, citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits and other fruit species. Following the functional claims currently used for the biostimulants definition at European level, the review is articulated in sections focusing on i) the evidences of the biostimulants implication for fruit tree resistance toward abiotic stresses (drought, salinity and thermal extremes); ii) the evidences of the biostimulants capacity to enhance nutrients use efficiency in fruit crops; iii) the evidences of the biostimulants effects on tree yield and final fruit quality. Overall, the potentiality of plant biostimulants to be successfully integrated within the current management of modern orchards and vineyards emerges as clear. There are anyway aspects typically linked to the perennial nature of fruit trees (i.e. the carry-over effect of previous seasons on the tree internal reserves) or the different environmental conditions imposed by the open-field cultivation systems that need to be further investigated and that represent the future challenges for the research applied on the use of plant biostimulants for fruit crops.

Relevanse. An important condition for the effectiveness of gardening is the systematic replacement of old plantings with new ones. The supply of planting material to the industry is important. Imported planting material does not always meet quality requirements and is not always adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the region in which fruit and berry plantings are planted. Despite the spread of low-volume irrigation, for the regions of the Central Non-Black Earth Region (Central NonChernozem region) of Russia, only a few studies have been carried out to study drip irrigation regimes for fruit and berry nurseries, therefore, issues related to the development of rational irrigation regimes are of particular relevance.Methods. Field research was carried out on the territory of the educational and experimental farm of the Michurinsky Garden fruit growing laboratory of the Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy from 2011 to 2022. Field experiments on growing one-year-old, twoyear-old and three-year-old seedlings were carried out in triplicate according to the following options: 1) control (without irrigation), 2) maintaining the moisture content of the root layer in the range of 60-80 %, 3) 70-90% and 4) 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity. The obtained experimental data were processed using regression analysis methods.Results. The resulting mathematical and statistical models make it possible to calculate the bioclimatic coefficients of plum, cherry, raspberry, pear and apple seedlings depending on pre-irrigation soil moisture and the sum of average daily temperatures for the conditions of the Central NonChernozem Zone of Russia. All the fruit and berry crops under consideration are characterized by a general pattern that, depending on the sum of average daily temperatures, bioclimatic coefficients change according to a parabolic dependence, and have minimum values at the beginning of the growing season, reach maximum values during the period of intensive growth of seedlings and gradually decrease towards the end of the growing season.

In the modern world, interest in health products has increased due to increased attention to a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet. However, there is a need to master technologies for the production of health products to preserve the maximum amount of useful substances and use innovative methods of processing raw materials. That is why the purpose of this study was to review and analyse existing technologies for the production of health-improving food products, in particular, with the use of plant raw materials. Scientific and technical literature and regulatory documentation served as materials and methods. A sample of individual periods was created and analysed according to selected indicators, namely the volume of food production, the dynamics of vegetable, fruit, and berry crops, the commodity structure of the wholesale turnover of processed fruits and vegetables, the volume of baby food and dietary food production, the volume of cocoa, chocolate, and sugar confectionery production, and the average daily consumption of basic microand macro-nutrients in certain food products by the population. It was determined that the volume of the health food market for the period 2015-2020 increased by 1.3 trillion USD in value terms, while the range of traditional food products expanded by an average of 2-3% per year. The production of vegetable crops by households in 2021 exceeded the production of enterprises by 6.2 times, in 2020 – 5.5 times and in 2019 – 5.2 times. The production of fruit and berry crops in Ukraine in 2021 was 6.3% more than in 2020, and in 2020 – 8.7% more than in 2019. The dynamics of the average daily intake of protein, fat, iron, niacin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, calcium, retinol, β-carotene equivalents, retinol and β-carotene (RET+ 1/6 B-CARQ) in food products help to determine the deficit and surplus of macro- and micro-nutrients in the diet of consumers. In general, the use of health food products, including children's and dietary nutrition, is promising and competitive, and the feasibility of using plant-based raw materials in health nutrition and the development of new health products is also confirmed

This book is a comprehensive reference work on the current status of biotechnology of the major temperate, subtropical and tropical fruit and nut crop species of the world, including Actinidia spp., Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica, Pistacia vera, Annona spp., Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Ananas comosus, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana, Vaccinium spp., Castanea spp., Carya illinoinensis, Juglans regia, Persea americana, Ficus carica, Artocarpus spp. and Morus spp., Musa spp., Psidium guajava, Olea europaea, Averrhoa carambola, Passiflora spp., Fragaria spp., Malus domestica [M. pumila], Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Cydonia spp., Rubus spp., Citrus spp., Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Theobroma cacao and Vitis spp. It reviews the advances and current knowledge in key areas of biotechnology as applied to crop production and breeding. Tissue culture, genetic transformation or immunoassay, molecular and cell biology of fruit and nut crops are also discussed. Some of the older biotechnological techniques such as somatic hybridization, in vitro mutagenesis and selection, ploidy manipulation, etc., are only now being employed for many of the species considered here while genomics and the application of molecular marker-assisted selection to conventional breeding are becoming increasingly important. This book is intended for those working within the areas of plant biotechnology, perennial plant breeding and genetics and horticulture.

The rose family (rosaceae) is of great importance because it includes a variety of edible fruits such as apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, almonds, strawberries, loquat, and raspberries but its flavor quality wasn’t the best. The positive impact of flavor quality on consumers and, most importantly, breeding industries can never be overemphasized. Even in the developed world, fruits with quality flavor undoubtedly impact overall health by shifting eating habits away from ceremonial food to daily meals. Although fruit flavor has considerable benefits to consumers, it is difficult to improve, requiring the integration of several complex biochemical pathways controlled by developmental, physiological, and environmental factors. Hence, this paper reviewed the flavor compounds composition of rosaceous fruits and nuts including the factors influencing their contents and concentrations, commonly found volatile organic compounds in rosaceous fruits and nuts, and breeding strategies and challenges in breeding for flavor in rosaceae fruits and nuts. Breeding strategies for improving fruit flavor include molecular-assisted breeding (MAB) and transgenic approaches.Both strategies will develop fruit varieties that not only meet market demands but also provide superior taste and nutritional benefits for consumers.

Purpose. To establish correlation dependence of influence of such factors as seeding rate, sowing time and seeding methods on yield indicators, as well as individual response of winter wheat varieties to them in case of the ecological system of seed production, that would allow to form elements of intensive varietal technology and obtain the genetically determined productivity potential of the variety in the future. Methods. Weight measuring was used to determine seed yield; the reliability of the experiment results was identified by statistical evaluation, analysis of variance and regression procedure. Results. During the period of investigation, the weather conditions differed significantly both for the temperature regime and the amount of precipitation, but the stability of grain and seed yield over years was the main requirement to varieties, that allowed to study the intergenotypic correlation relationships of crop yield indices and the dynamics of their changes under the effect of ecological factors. In the course of investigation, winter wheat yield indices were fixed annually from 684 plots, which were grouped and analyzed for factors of influence in order to ensure the complete certainty. Conclusions. Variants of investigation were defined for the certified seed yield and environmental factors (sowing time and seeding method, seeding rate), that had strong positive correlation relationships. Seeding rate and seeding method had the greatest impact on 1000 kernel weight. For tille­ring coefficient, varieties depending on the variant of the investigation had a negative close correlation relationship, which was greatly affected by seeding rate. For correlation relationships, winter wheat varieties ‘Bohdana’ and ‘Slavna’ appeared to be the most stable, ‘Chorniava’ and ‘Astarta’ were the most plastic.