Summarizing Data: Descriptive Statistics and Histograms

The thrust of this study is to examine the influence of head teachers’ leadership styles (autocratic, democratic & laissez- faire) on pupils’ academic performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) in Mbooni Division, in Makueni County, Kenya. This study is guided by four research objectives: i. Sought to establish the extent to which head teachers’ autocratic leadership style influence pupils’ performance at KCPE examinations. (ii) Examine whether Democratic and Autocratic leadership styles have different influences on pupils’ performance at KCPE examinations. iii. To determine whether laissez-faire, Democratic and Autocratic leadership styles have different influences on pupils’ performance at KCPE examinations. iv. Identify how many head teachers use each type of leadership style (Autocratic, Democratic and laissez-faire) respectively that influences pupils’ performance at KCPE examinations. The study targeted 63 public primary schools in the Division. A sample of 30 schools was selected using Stratified random sampling technique. The study employed descriptive research design. Questionnaires and Document Analyses were used to collect data for the study. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, means, variance, and standard deviations were calculated, and presented in tables and graphs. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation of Coefficient was done testing at alpha value 0.05 and multiple regression analysis for Variance was used for research objectives one, two and three. Chi Square test was used on research question four. The study findings revealed that autocratic leadership style have significant influence of positive 0.16*, and is practiced by 5 out of 30 head teachers representing 16.7%. Majority of the head teachers’ 24 out of 30 practice democratic leadership style representing 80% with positive influence though not significant. Laissez faire is practiced by header teacher out of 30 representing 3.3% with a negative influence and not significant. Therefore, influence of head teachers’ leadership styles towards pupils’ KCPE performance contribute 22%. The remaining 78% which influence pupils’ academic performance at KCPE is not yet clear and are varied; this could be motivational levels of teachers and instructional materials among others which this study suggest for further research. This study recommends that, the Government of Kenya and MoE to restructure leadership courses in teacher training institutions to enhance the establishment of effective leadership practices among teacher trainees in the 21st century schools’. Further, Kenya Education Management Institute (KEMI) to organize capacity building programs to empower practicing primary schools’ head teachers on the most effective leadership styles. Article visualizations:

Using macroeconomic variables in the prediction of stock market indices:A theoretical and empirical assessment within BRICS and selected developed economies

This study aims to describe: (1) learning to write text description by using discovery learning in grade X SMK students, (2) ability of student of class X of SMK in writing description text by using discovery learning method. This lesson plan with qualitative descriptive research. The subject of this research is teachers and students of class X SMK. The object of this research is to learn to write description text with discovery leraning method. This method to collect data is the method of observation and test method. The collected data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive and descriptive quantitative analysis method. The results show that (1) learning to write description text using discovery learning method by teacher in accordance with existing plan. (2) the ability in class X of SMK in writing description text is good. The scores obtained are 78.13. Although a good score is achieved after achieving success, teacher performance improvements must be improved by providing better practice questions, to achieve maximum results.

Subject Elementary Statistics, Statistical Methods and Statistical Methods Practicum aimed to equip students of Mathematics Education about descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The students' understanding about descriptive and inferential statistics were important for students on Mathematics Education Department, especially for those who took the final task associated with quantitative research. In quantitative research, students were required to be able to present and describe the quantitative data in an appropriate manner, to make conclusions from their quantitative data, and to create relationships between independent and dependent variables were defined in their research. In fact, when students made their final project associated with quantitative research, it was not been rare still met the students making mistakes in the steps of making conclusions and error in choosing the hypothetical testing process. As a result, they got incorrect conclusions. This is a very fatal mistake for those who did the quantitative research.There were some things gained from the implementation of reflective pedagogy on teaching learning process in Statistical Methods and Statistical Methods Practicum courses, namely: 1. Twenty two students passed in this course and and one student did not pass in this course. 2. The value of the most accomplished student was A that was achieved by 18 students. 3. According all students, their critical stance could be developed by them, and they could build a caring for each other through a learning process in this course. 4. All students agreed that through a learning process that they undergo in the course, they can build a caring for each other.

The global business environment is witnessing digital revolution, and traditional management practices are being replaced with the electronic methods. This study focused on electronic human resource management and employees’ job satisfaction in selected pension fund administrators’ offices in Anambra State. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. A sample of 151 was determined from a population of 243, using Taro Yamane’s Statistical formula. The data gathered from the study were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Whereas descriptive statistics was used to analyze personal data of the respondents and provide answers to the research questions, inferential statistics of Pearson Correlation and Multiple regression analysis were used to verify the various claims of formulated null hypotheses. Major findings from the study suggest that electronic recruitment, electronic compensation and electronic performance management, have positive significant effects on employees’ job satisfaction in the selected PFAs offices in Anambra State. The study concluded that Electronic human resource management promotes employees’ job satisfaction which is a necessary condition for enhanced productivity. We recommended among others that management should improve on practice of electronic human resource management given its numerous benefits which includes efficiency in operational performance.

The present study verified the effectiveness of utilizing digital learning instruction on developing the reading comprehension skills of Egyptian EFL first year secondary school students. Sixty students took part in the current study and were equally divided into a control group and an experimental group by assigning a class for each group. The experimental students were taught reading comprehension skills by using the digital learning-based instruction, whereas the control group studied the same skills by using the regular method. Elicitation of data relied on the research design of pretest and posttest. The study analyzed the collected data by adopting the mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approach. The quantitative analysis relied on descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics used mean scores and standard deviations of the two groups' pre-and-posttest performances. The inferential statistics employed the paired samples t-test and the independent samples t-test. Gained mean scores of both groups were computed to verify the effectiveness of digital learning-based instruction and regular instruction on developing the participants' reading comprehension skills. The results showed the higher gained mean score was in favour of the experimental group compared to the control group. The study strongly recommended the use of digital leaning-based instruction in teaching reading comprehension skills to first year secondary school students.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a treatable and curable braindisorder. However major proportion of individuals with this disease in developingcountries receives no treatment because of misunderstandings of the public. Other thanthat, poor adherence to ordered medication is considered the primary cause of drug therapyfailure in epilepsy. This study conducted to assess the adherence pattern to antiepilepticregimen, among patients with epilepsy and to identify the clinical and patient-relatedfactors contributing as barriers. Methods: A cross sectional survey design was used in 100epilepsy patients in an Outpatient unit of tertiary care center. A Convenient samplingtechnique was used to enroll the patients who meet inclusion criteria. Structuredinterview with pre-tested questionnaire and eight item Morisky Medication Adherence Scalewas used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used foranalysis of data. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency andpercentages) were used to describe the clinical and demographic variables of studyparticipants. The determinants of medication adherence were analyzed using Chi-Square testand independent student t- test. The analysis was done with SPSS 20th version. Results: Majority (71%) of patients were not adherent toantiepileptic treatment. Severity of seizure (indicated by the presence of seizure lastyear), medication frequency and complexity of treatment were found to have significantassociation with the Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AED) adherence status. Status of adherence issignificantly associated with frequency of seizure/year and positive life style. Conclusion: As Medication adherence was observed to be low,services for adherence counseling and health educational interventions in the epilepsyclinics is recommended.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of organizational competencies on organizational competitive advantage of the banking sector in Kenya. The specific objective of the study was to; determine the effect of organizational competencies on organizational competitive advantage. This study was informed by resource based theory, stakeholder theory and Michael Porter’s theory of competitive advantage. The study employed explanatory research design. The survey was carried out in 25 banks within Eldoret town, Uasin - Gishu County. The target population was 748 respondents. A two stage sampling technique was used whereby cluster sampling techniques was used to select the banks, thereafter; simple random sampling was a used to select sample of261 respondents from a population. Sample size was calculated using Yamane formula and distributed within the clusters according to Neyman allocation formula. Structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data while secondary data was obtained from published sources such as library, internet and research done by other scholars. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, mean and standard deviation were used. For inferential statistics, ANOVA and linear Regression were used.The outcome was a probability of R2= 0.620 which means there was 62.0 percent probability of organizational competencies predicting competitive advantage. Organization competencies had positive and significant B values of .565.It also had a positive and significant correlation of .787 with competitive advantage. The study recommends that organizational competencies as a predictor of competitive advantage should be ingrained in the organization policies to foment competitive advantage. Thus, banks should embrace competencies and strategically align them to organization policies for competitive advantage.

The study sought to examine the extent to which directive and achievement-oriented path-goal leadership styles influence employee performance of coffee trading companies in Kenya. The positivism philosophy was adopted and the design used was a descriptive correlational research design. The population for the study was 180 senior managers of coffee trading companies in Kenya. Using stratified random sampling technique, a sample size of 139 was determined from the total population and structured questionnaires were administered to collect primary data. Out of 139 questionnaires administered, 117 questionnaires were successfully completed, representing a response rate of 84.2%. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The descriptive statistics were mean and standard deviation while the inferential statistical analysis included correlational analysis, chi-square and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that directive leadership style negatively and significantly predicted employee performance, R 2 = 0.035, F (1, 114) = 4.141, p≤ .05 , β = -0.153, p ≤ .05 . Multiple linear regression analysis further revealed that achievement oriented leadership style positively and significantly predicted employee performance, R 2 = 0.161, F(1, 116) = 20.686, p ≤. .05, β = 0.391, p ≤ . 05. The study provided a unique contribution to theory and practice of leadership by contributing to knowledge in the application of Path-goal leadership styles in coffee trading companies. The study findings led to the conclusion that the use of directive leadership style in coffee trading companies can adversely affect performance and leaders should avoid its use. On the other hand, achievement oriented leadership style positively and significantly affects employee performance of coffee trading companies. Leaders of coffee trading companies should engage in goal setting, give feedback to employees on the progress on their goals and reward employees for achieving their goals. These behaviors will motivate employees and enhance their performance. Recommendations for further research are that scholars should carry out similar studies for supervisory level managers to assess the influence of path goal leadership styles on employees at this level. Keywords: key words, orkforce sizing, job-shop production, holonic model DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-19-04 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

The measles vaccine represents one of the most efficacious means of safeguarding pediatric populations against the measles virus. Empirical evidence consistently demonstrates that over 99% of recipients who complete the two-dose regimen achieve immunity to the disease. Despite this high efficacy, suboptimal vaccine coverage persists as a significant impediment to the containment and eventual eradication of measles. To augment immunization coverage, routine vaccination programs are often supplemented by second-dose opportunities administered through Supplemental Immunization Activities (SIAs), particularly in countries with a high measles burden. This study aims to evaluate the measles vaccination coverage attained after the nationwide SIAs in May 2025 as well as vaccination coverage prior to SIAs. This study was conducted from May 26th to June 5th, 2025. A two-stage cluster sampling design was utilized, where 938 clusters were randomly selected from a national sampling frame of 6,936. This sampling frame covered all accessible districts, villages, and nomadic areas throughout the country. The sample size was calculated using the WHO-2018 manual, resulting in the selection of 134 clusters and 1,780 households from each state, culminating in 12,832 interviews overall. A total of 355 interviewers, equipped with the KoboCollect app for digital data collection, conducted surveys. We calculated vaccine coverage during supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) and prior to SIAs (which means routine immunization). To calculate the national coverage, a survey weighting methodology was applied. Specific procedures were used to determine cluster and household weights, following the formula outlined in the WHO Vaccination Coverage Cluster Survey 2018. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts and proportions, enabled us to summarize the general attributes of the sample. Conversely, inferential statistics were used to estimate national vaccine coverage, featuring point estimates and confidence intervals (Wilson 95% Confidence Intervals), with the application of survey weights. Ethical approval was obtained from the Somali National University Ethical Committee. Of 17,700 children across seven states, 46.5% were girls and 53.5% were boys. Most children (56.2%) lived in urban areas, followed by 25.8% in rural areas and 14.2% in nomadic areas. Additionally, 3.76% of children lived in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps. Weighted coverage estimates indicate that 73% (CI: 68.14-77.3) of children in Somalia received the measles vaccine during SIAs. Regarding the regional variation of vaccine coverage, the highest coverage was observed in Somaliland (87.4%, CI: 81,7-91.3) and Puntland (87.1%, CI: 82.7-90.5), while the lowest were found in Hirshabelle (48%, CI: 32.6-63.8) and Southwest (50%, CI: 40.4-59.7) states. In terms of geographic settlements, the nomadic population had the lowest measles vaccine coverage during SIAs (70.9%, CI: 57.8-81.3), and had the highest zero-dose children of 15.4% (CI: 8.9-25.2) compared to urban and rural populations. The national measles coverage prior to SIA was found to be 78,6% (CI: 74.6-82.09). The SIAs achieved a national coverage rate of 39.8% among children who had previously received no doses (zero-dose children) and 82% among those who had received at least one dose prior. The predominant reason for children not being vaccinated during the SIAs was a lack of awareness about the vaccination campaign. The lowest national vaccine coverage and the highest proportion of zero-dose children were predominantly found in the Hirshabelle and Southwest states and among nomadic communities. This difference in vaccine coverage among states and communities is concerning and suggests the need for targeted intervention to address these gaps.

The study examined factors influencing the acceptance of cesarean sections among Women of Reproductive age in Ekiti State. Specifically, the study assessed how socio-demographic and socio-economic factors influenced the acceptance of cesarean sections. A descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The population for this study consisted of women of reproductive age spread across the three senatorial districts of Ekiti State. The sample for the study was 325 women of reproductive age whose selection was based on multistage sampling procedure. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The reliability of the instrument was determined through Cronbach's Alpha method and a reliability co-efficient of 0.9 was obtained. All data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The research questions were analyzed with descriptive statistics using frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Hypotheses formulated were tested using linear and multiple regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that age, educational status, religious belief, cultural belief and socio-economic status respectively has significant influence on acceptance of cesarean sections among the participants. It was therefore recommended that public health officials should re-orientate women of reproductive age on cesarean sections as an alternative means of child delivery; elderly Primigravida and Multigravida women should be encouraged to undergo cesarean sections delivery if there are indications for it in order to reduce the risk of complications through vaginal delivery method.

Bangladesh is a densely populated country of the world. More than 170 million people live in this country. Mobile banking is a very important and new phenomenon in Bangladesh. In recent years, mobile banking has got highest importance by the customers in the country as it provides immense scope for consumers for banking transactions at any time with the option to access bank’s facilities anywhere of the country. It is a subset of electronic banking, the use of which is increasing day by day in Bangladesh. Hence, this paper aims at indentifying the factors that influence the customer experience in mobile banking in Bangladesh. This study is based on a survey of 231 mobile banking customers of nine private commercial banks of Bangladesh. Literature review identified some factors related to mobile banking like convenient and responsive system, transaction speed and accuracy, reliability, transaction security in ATM booth and technological difficulty that affect customers’ experience in mobile banking systems etc. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the present situation of the mobile banking systems in Bangladesh.

BackgroundWhile many cancer patients survive long after diagnosis, one is bound to experience long-term and latent side effects as a result of the treatment. This experience results in a poor quality of life, morbidity, and mortality for cancer survivors. Understanding how to manage these side-effects is quite important and a key to cancer survivorship.ObjectiveGiven the importance of this area, the main objective of this study seeks to understand the risk factor associated with cancer survivorship.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 154 cancer survivors from King Fahad General and Kind Abdul-Aziz hospitals. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analyzing the responses. Descriptive statistics were used in understanding the extent of the risk factors while inferential statistics were used to understand the cross-relationships.ResultsThis study included 154 cancer survivors aged 18 and above at King Fahad Hospital and King Abdul-Aziz Hospital in Jeddah, Makkah Region, KSA. Thirty-one (20.1%) of the sample were males and 123 (79.9%) were females. Of all the survivors who screened, 111 (72.9%) symptoms occur before treatment, 116 (75.3%) within the treatment, and 57 (37.09%) after treatment. The relationship between Socioeconomic Status Cross Symptoms categories demonstrated below includes accommodation type, education level, age, gender, and job.ConclusionThe study concludes that post-cancer treatment symptoms are highly affected by other factors such as social-economic status as well as family support. As a result, the study recommends the establishment of educational materials on post-treatment symptoms, care-plans, and support groups for cancer survivors.

Moral education, which includes Islamic moral and ethical values, is integrated into the school curriculum through various methods, including lectures, discussions, and extracurricular activities. This study aims to evaluate the effect of moral education on student behavior at MAN 3 Medan School. This study uses a mixed approach, namely quantitative with surveys and qualitative through in-depth interviews through surveys analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the distribution and tendency of data, such as averages, medians, and percentages. The results of the study indicate that moral education has a significant impact on improving students' positive behavior. Students involved in the moral education program showed improvements in aspects of discipline, honesty, responsibility, and tolerance and empathy. In addition, moral education also helps reduce negative behaviors such as disobedience and disrespectful behavior. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating moral education into the school curriculum to shape the character of students with noble character. Educational institutions are advised to continue to strengthen moral education programs with innovative and relevant approaches, and involve the entire school community, including teachers, students, and parents.

The Kenyan higher education sector has been rapidly expanding in terms of student enrolments. Available statistics shows rapidly expanding higher education sector student enrolments levels from each year. The expansion in the higher education sector is also experienced across private institutions. These rapid expansions of the university population as well as the university numbers have created an extremely competitive environment. The Kenyan higher education sector, the largest within East Africa, is operating in a hyper competitive environment due to the rising number of the universities, university colleges and university satellite campuses spread across different towns. The cost leadership policy is among the strategies that universities have adopted. This study seeks to examine the effect of various cost policy aspects that is pricing policy, scale policy, and structure centralization on institutional policy at public universities in Kenya. The theoretical framework is based on the Bowman's strategy clock, dynamics capabilities theory, and Michael porter's generic strategies. The descriptive research design will be utilized for the study. The target population constituted of the principals, deans and directors of diverse public universities. A sample size of 87 respondents was used for the study. Structured questionnaires were used for the data collection. The SPSS version 22 was used for the analysis of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics that will be used include standard deviations and means. The study also found a statistical significance between pricing policy and institutional performance of public universities in Kenya. The study also found a statistical significance between scale policy and institutional performance of public universities in Kenya. The study found a statistical significance between structure centralization policy and institutional performance of public universities in Kenya. The multiple correlation effect of 0.947 indicates a relatively strong positive relationship effect between the three independent variables (pricing policy, scale policy and institutional policy) and the dependent variable (institutional performance). The coefficient of determination (R Square) indicates the variance on the dependent variable attributed to the four independent variables. In this context, the coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.896 indicates that the three independent variables contributed to 89.6% of the variance in dependent variable.