Sunscreen sun protection factor claim based on in vivo interlaboratory variability.

Abstract. Skin is the outermost protective layer of body, so it needs to be protected. Exposure UV rays has been proven to affect the skin, where UV-A rays are cause skin aging, and UV-B is cause redness. One way to protect skin from exposure UV rays is use sunscreen. Lime peel has potential as a sunscreen because it contains flavonoids, tannins and phenols which have conjugated double bonds which can make them absorb UV rays. This research aims to test lime peel extract which has potential as a sunscreen by determining Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value, percent transmission value of erythema (%Te), and percent transmission of pigmentation (%Tp), as well as looking at the effect of different extraction methods on the SPF value, %Te, and %Tp. Based on the research results, it is known that lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia (Critsm) Swingle) has potential as a sunscreen where at a concentration of 600 ppm an SPF value of 39.76, %Te 0.020%, and %Tp 0.857% is obtained for the reflux extraction method, and SPF value was 39.71, %Te 0.021%, and %Tp 0.978% for maceration extraction method. Based on the results obtained, it is known that there are no differences in the categories of SPF values, %Te and %Tp in maceration and reflux extraction method. Abstrak. Kulit merupakan lapisan pelindung terluar pada tubuh, sehingga perlu dilindungi. Paparan sinar UV terbukti dapat mempengaruhi kulit, dimana sinar UV-A berhubungan dengan penuaan kulit, dan UV-B berhubungan dengan kemerahan kulit. Salah satu cara untuk melindungi kulit dari paparan sinar UV ini adalah dengan memakai tabir surya. Kulit buah jeruk nipis memiliki potensi sebagai tabir surya karena mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, dan fenol yang memiliki ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi yang dapat membuatnya menyerap sinar UV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengujian terhadap ekstrak kulit buah jeruk nipis yang berpotensi sebagai tabir surya melalui penentuan nilai sun protection factor (SPF), nilai persen transmisi eritema (%Te), dan persen transmisi pigmentasi (%Tp), juga melihat pengaruh perbedaan metode ekstrkasi terhadap nilai SPF, %Te, dan %Tp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa kulit buah jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia (Critsm) Swingle) memiliki potensi sebagai tabir surya dimana pada konsentrasi 600 ppm diperoleh nilai SPF 39,76, %Te 0,020%, dan %Tp 0,857% untuk metode ekstraksi refluks, dan diperoleh nilai SPF 39,71, %Te 0,021%, dan %Tp 0,978% untuk metode ekstraksi maserasi. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut diketahui bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kategori nilai SPF, %Te dan %Tp pada metode ekstraksi maserasi dan refluks.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is a plant that is easy to grow in lowlands that contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids that have the potential to be sunscreen. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity of sunscreen from water extract and chloroform of moringa leaves as seen from the SPF parameters. The process of making extracts by infusion and maceration methods. Testing of SPF values with the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method. The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer by measuring absorbances from concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm water extract solutions and chloroform moringa leaves at wavelengths (290-320 nm) every 5 nm intervals with ethanol pa as a blank. The calculation of the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value uses the Mansyur equation. The experiments that have been carried out have obtained results that there is sunscreen activity with the highest SPF value in water extract with a concentration of 250 ppm of 7.97 (extra protection) and in chloroform extract with a concentration of 250 ppm of 8.72 (ultra protection). Based on this study, it can be concluded that chloroform extract has a higher SPF value content compared to moringa leaf water extract at the same concentration.

Research has been conducted on the determination of the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) extract of rhizome bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) in spectrophotometer UV-Vis As an active ingredient of sunscreen. This study aims to determine the SPF value using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Rhizome bangle extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, then made in a concentration of sample solution 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm 40 ppm and 50 ppm. The solution was then measured for absorbance in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 290-320 and an interval of 5 nm. Calculation of SPF values using the Petro method, and the results of the study showed that rhizome bangle extract had activity as a dark veil with a minimum level of protection sun protection at a concentration of 20 ppm with a value of SPF 3,60003. A concentration of 30 ppm shows extra protection with an SPF value of 6.30566. The concentration of 40 ppm showed maximum protection with a value of SPF 9,38396 and a concentration of 50 ppm indicating ultra-protil with a value of SPF 28,10936. Based on the results of these tests also obtained a linear relationship between concentration and SPF value.

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate sunscreen products containing an organic UV filter (Tinosorb®S) with an inorganic UV filter (microfined titanium dioxide, TiO2) and in combination with an herbal extract (grape seed) for determining of sun protection factor (SPF) value. The combination of Anisotriazine (Tinosorb®S) and microfined TiO2 was used to formulate the sunscreen lotion with varying ratios of Tinosorb®S and microfined TiO2. Then, 1%w/w of a grape seed extract was added to the selected sunscreen lotion. The physical properties (appearance, pH, and viscosity), antioxidant activity, in vitro SPF and stability test of formulations were determined. The selected formulation of sunscreen lotion composed of Tinosorb®S and microfined TiO2 at the ratio 8 and 12% displayed good physical properties and high SPF value (45.17±3.97). The adding of 1%w/w grape seed extract in the selected sunscreen lotion resulted in increasing SPF value of formulation (53.58±4.45) and had good antioxidant activity (84.04±3.92%). In addition, the formulation showed the light brown lotion with pH 7.35, viscosity 625.38±12.58 cps and stable at room temperature (30±1°C) protect from light for at least 1 year of storage condition. The results of this study revealed that the grape seed extract was a potential antioxidant and SPF booster for sunscreen products.

BACKGROUND:Soybean oil contains vitamin E and acts as a natural sunscreen which can absorb Ultra Violet (UV) B light and has antioxidant properties to reduce the photooxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UV blocking from most natural oils is insufficient to obtain a high UV protection. The strategies for preparations of sunscreen products with high SPF can be done by nanoemulsion formulation and Ultra Violet filter combinations of Soybean Oil, Avobenzone and Octyl methoxycinnamate.AIM:The purpose of this study was to prepare and in vitro efficacy evaluation of sunscreen nanoemulsion containing Soybean oil, Avobenzone and Octyl methoxycinnamate.METHODS:The sunscreen nanoemulsions were prepared by the high energy emulsification method. The formulation uses a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate, with different ratio of Soybean oil and Liquid Paraffin. The nanoemulsion was evaluated for droplet sizes by using particle size analyzer, physical stability in room temperature (25 ± 2°C during experiment for 12 weeks of storage, physical stability (cycling test), phase separation by centrifugation at 3750 rpm for 5 hours, pH, viscosity, and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value by UV spectrophotometric. The SPF value of sunscreen nanoemulsion was compared to sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil and sunscreen emulsion. Particle morphology observation of nanoemulsion by using Transmission Electron Microscope.RESULTS:The sunscreen nanoemulsion formulation containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate with a ratio of 2.73% Soybean Oil and 0.27% Paraffin Oil resulted in the smallest average droplet size of 68.47 nm. The sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil had an average droplet size of 384.07 nm. The globules size was increased during the experiment for 12 weeks of storage at room temperature, but there was no phase separation after centrifugation. The formulation of sunscreen emulsion, phase separation was formed after centrifugation. The nanoemulsion had a pH value of 7.23 ± 0.06 and a viscosity value of 133.33 ± 7.22 cP. The sunscreen nanoemulsion containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate 2.73%, Soybean Oil, 2.73% and 0.27% Liquid Paraffin had SPF value (21.57 ± 1.21) higher than sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil (16.52 ± 0.98) and sunscreen emulsion (15.10 ± 0.22). The TEM analysis of globules morphology showed that the sunscreen nanoemulsion formed a spherical globule.CONCLUSION:The sunscreen nanoemulsion containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl Methoxycinnamate, 2.73% Soybean Oil and 0.27% Liquid Paraffin showed synergistic sunscreen efficacy on SPF. This sunscreen nanoemulsion is more stable than sunscreen emulsion formulation during the experiment for 12 weeks at room temperature.

Exposure to sunlight has a negative effect on the skin. Sunscreens are used to protect the skin from the harmful effects caused by UV radiation. The ability of a sunscreen to protect the skin by delaying erythema is expressed by the value of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The purpose of this study was to analyze the UV protection activity of chayote (Sechium edule) based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value, which was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and calculated using the Mansyur equation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the SPF value of chayote (Sechium edule) extract has UV protection activity. At concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% there is activity as UV protection with SPF values of 7.487; 11.817; and 16,889. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the higher the concentration, the greater the SPF value obtained.UV-Protection Activities of Labu Siam (Sechium edule) Extract Based on Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

In vitro photoprotective efficacy and photostability of synthesized star-shaped ZnO nanoaggregates associated with ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane

The relation between the amount of sunscreen applied and the sun protection factor in Asian skin

Indonesia is a tropical country where it is very possible for the skin to continue to be exposed to sunlight. Free radicals in the form of ultraviolet rays from the sun when excess will cause damage to the skin. Prevention of adverse effects due to sun exposure can be done by using sunscreen. One of the most common sunscreen products is lotion. The use of lotions that contain antioxidants can be done to make it easier to protect the skin from exposure to free radicals. One of the plants that has antioxidant activity is kecombrang leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value of kecombrang leaf extract lotion (Etlingera elatior) using the Uv-vis spectrophotometry method. The results showed that F1, F2 and F3 had SPF values. F3 at a concentration of 800 ppm has the highest SPF value of 18.59 and is included in the ultraprotection category.

Background: Prolonged exposure to sunlight poses detrimental effects on the skin. Lime peel extract, containing over 60% flavonoids, demonstrates significant potential as a sunscreen agent due to the presence of conjugated aromatic benzene rings capable of absorbing UV-A and UV-B radiation. To mitigate sun-induced skin damage, lime peel extract has been formulated into a spray gel, offering rapid drying properties that enhance user convenience and comfort during application. Objective: To evaluate the impact of varying concentrations of lime peel extract in sunscreen spray gel formulations on their physical properties and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) values. Methods: Lime peel crude extract was obtained using 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent. The extract was incorporated into sunscreen spray gel formulations at concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). These formulations were assessed for their physical properties, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, and adhesion, alongside their in vitro SPF values. Results: The concentration of lime peel extract significantly influenced both the physical properties and SPF values of the spray gel formulations. All formulations (F1, F2, and F3) exhibited satisfactory physical stability and met the quality criteria for spray gel preparations. The SPF values for F1, F2, and F3 were determined to be 15, 20, and 30, respectively, indicating a progressive increase in photoprotective efficacy with higher extract concentrations. Conclusion: The sunscreen spray gel formulations containing lime peel extract at concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) demonstrated physical stability and provided moderate to high SPF protection. Among the formulations, F3 (15%) exhibited the highest SPF value of 30, suggesting its superior efficacy as a sunscreen agent.

The sun protection factor (SPF) has been the internationally accepted standard characterizing sunscreen efficacy for the past decades. This factor is based solely on prevention of erythema, principally induced by UVB irradiation. However, UVA and even visible and infrared radiation have been equally implicated to contribute towards sun induced skin damages, thereby highlighting limitations implied with the use of the SPF as single indicator. Alternative efficacy indicators, providing a more comprehensive approach for characterization, have been proposed. The aim of this study was to determine the protective efficacy of sunscreen utilizing two of these alternative indicators, the spectroscopic universal sun protection factor -USPF- and the radical formation ratio -RF-, calculated based on electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. By comparing these results to SPF values, provided by an outside institution, conclusions regarding capabilities and limitations of both efficacy indicators could be drawn. Five specially developed formulations, containing commonly utilized active ingredients - chemical filters, physical filters and antioxidants, which exhibit different mechanisms of action, were evaluated in changing composition. As expected, chemical filters were shown to provide a protective effect measurable by each method utilized. When physical filters were investigated as single active ingredient, USPF and SPF values increased. Due to the relatively low amount (2%) of physical filter contained in the formulations and a possible interaction of physical filters with antioxidants, leading to a decrease in antioxidant capacity, no clear conclusion could be drawn when physical filters were utilized in combination. Antioxidants were shown to significantly increase SPF values. As anticipated, this effect failed to appear in the solely spectroscopically based USPF values. However, there was also no effect observed for RF values, possibly attributable to the high radiation intensity used in the ex vivo setting, obliterating antioxidants early on. A comparison of determined USPF values with previous results from sunscreen formulations containing similar compositions of active ingredients confirmed the expected linear correlation for USPF and SPF values. The values obtained verify the significance of USPF values for objective evaluation of sunscreen efficacy over the entire UV spectrum, independent of biological responses. In combination with the RF for infrared and visible ranges, these indicators could lead to a more comprehensive sunscreen characterization. The results of this study provide important information regarding effectiveness and capabilities of the investigated efficacy indicators, but also highlight the need for further research to eventually implement altered, more comprehensive efficacy indicators in international sunscreen evaluation standards.

The study involves determination of sun protection factor (SPF) values of some sunscreen formulations for their use in cosmetics. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a very popular instrument in the marketing of sunscreens. Sun protection factor is a laboratory measure of the effectiveness of sunscreen, the higher the SPF, the more protection a sunscreen offers against the ultraviolet radiations causing sunburn. It is often not understood how sunscreens work and where the limitations of the SPF are. A lot of aspects of the SPF are confusing, e.g. the race for higher and higher numbers, the effect on SPF when less sunscreen is applied and if sunscreen should be used at all because they may block the Vitamin D synthesis. The study explains how sunscreens work, how the SPF is determined and where the limitations of the current methods exist. The dynamic view of 'UV radiation applied' and the 'UV dose transmitted' through the sunscreen onto the skin as well as onto a substrate in vitro help in the understanding and are also promising approaches in the in vitro assessment. The study is helpful in selection of some sunscreens formulations used in cosmetics with better safety and high SPF values.
 Keywords: Sun Protection Factor, SPF, Sunscreens

Background: The need for skincare is increasing. One of the indicators of skin health is the brightness of the skin tone. Tyrosinase enzymes can darken the skin color due to their activity against melanin biosynthesis. The skin color will also change when exposed to UV rays, and even at a more severe level, it can cause cancer. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme and the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value of ethanol extract, water fraction, and n-butanol fraction from Chromolaena odorata L. leaves. Methods: In this study, tests were carried out on ethanol extract, water fraction, and an n-butanol fraction of C. odorata leaves to inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity based on percent inhibition and determination of inhibitory activity against UV light based on the SPF value. Determination of tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity using an ELISA reader was carried out by calculating the IC50 value with kojic acid as a positive control and measuring the SPF value using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Result: The results showed that the IC50 value of the tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity test, kojic acid as a positive control was 24.85 µg/mL (very strong), ethanol extract samples, water fraction, and n-butanol fraction were 191 µg/mL (weak), 65.86 µg/mL (very strong), and 14.59 µg/mL (very strong), respectively. The SPF value, including minimal protection shown by the ethanol extract at a concentration of 60 µg/mL, the water fraction at a 120 µg/mL concentration, and the n-butanol fraction a concentration of 40 µg/mL. Conclusion: The ethanol extract, water fraction, and n-butanol fraction of the Chromolaena odorata L. had an inhibitory effect on the tyrosinase enzyme and sun protection capacity used as an ingredient in cosmetic preparations

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the grape seed oil (GSO) on the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen emulsified formulations containing butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone (AVO)) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) developed by phase inversion temperature (PIT) employing a Central Composite Design. Formulations were prepared by PIT emulsification process. Seventeen emulsions containing different amounts of GSO, AVO and OMC were obtained according to experimental design. In vitro SPF was determined using a spectrophotometric method. As expected, formulations with the highest concentrations of UV filters, AVO and OMC, resulted in the highest SPF values, while the lowest SPF values were obtained by formulations containing concentrations of these filters below the central point. In the tested concentrations, the variable OMC and its combination with GSO showed to influence the SPF linearly as a function of their concentrations in formulations. The combination of GSO with OMC contributed to increase in vitro SPF. The use of natural compounds with antioxidant activity, such as GSO, is a viable strategy to increase the effectiveness of sunscreens to protect the human skin against UV-induced damage.

Skin that is continuously exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sun can experience damage such as sunburn (reddish skin), tanning (brown skin), photoaging (premature aging), photocarcinogenesis (uneven skin pigment) and skin cancer. Sunscreen is a cosmetic preparation used to protect the skin from exposure to sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) which can absorb, scatter and reflect UV rays. Order leaves from the Piperaceae family contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenols. Phenolic compounds, especially the flavonoid group, have potential as sunscreens because of the chromophore group which is able to absorb UV rays, both UV-A and UV-B, thereby reducing their intensity on the skin. This research was conducted to determine the formulation and determine the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value in vitro. Tabir suya with ethanol extract of suruhan leaves is made with 3 formulations and tested organoleptically, homogeneity, pH, and Absorption Test. Calculation of SPF using UV-VIS spectroscopy using a wave length of 290-320 nm and SPF values tested in vitro and calculated using Mansur calculations are A1= 1.82134, A2= 4.54284, A3= 5.70566. The SPF values A2 and A3 are included in the good cream category according to SNI.