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The concept, meaning, and embodiment of home are different from culture to culture. Cultural and social traits are, therefore, determinants in the definition of home topology and layout. The kitchen, a universal core space in domestic interiors, represents a room whose creation and definition are greatly influenced by social and cultural characteristics. Transformations of the latter result in transformations and metamorphosis of the kitchen space, either conceptually or morpho-topologically. The article aims at understanding the history of the Kitchen in urban Western civilization, focusing on the creation, transformation, and metamorphosis of this space, analyzing its functional and symbolic meanings in rapport with social norms and cultural traits. The article brings light to the possible understandings of the metamorphosis of the Kitchen per se or when the home is transformed into different uses and/or meanings. The study contributes to the field of housing architecture by demonstrating that social aspects and modes of living are pivotal in the definition of the home, intrinsically connected to the kitchen space, whose location in the topological system of the Western Home has changed over time as has its nature, purpose, and meanings.

Health political backgroundComputerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems are software to electronically enter medication orders. They can be equipped with tools for decision support (CDS). In Germany, various vendors offer such systems for hospitals and physicians’ offices. These systems have mostly been developed during the last five to ten years.Scientific backgroundCPOE-systems exist since the 1970’s. Usually, clinical decision support is integrated into the CPOE to avoid errors.Research questionsThis HTA-report aims to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of CPOE-/CDS-systems and their ethical, social and legal aspects. MethodsThe systematic literature search (27 international data bases) yielded 791 abstracts. Following a two-part selection process, twelve publications were included in the assessment.ResultsAll reviews and studies included in the present report show that the use of CPOE-/CDS-systems can lead to a reduction of medication errors. Minor errors can be eliminated almost completely. The effect of CPOE-/CDS-systems on the rate of adverse drug events (ADE) is evaluated in only two primary studies with conflicting results. It is difficult to compare the results of economical studies because they evaluate different settings, interventions and time frames. In addition, the documentation often is not fully transparent. All four studies included measure costs and effects from the perspective of a hospital or hospital affiliation. Concerning social aspects, the literature points at changes regard competing interests of technology and humans that result from the implementation of CPOE-systems. The experience of institutions in which the implementation of CPOE-systems leads to problems showed that the importance of considering the socio-organisational context had partly been underestimated.DiscussionCPOE-/CDS-systems are able to reduce the rate of medication errors when ordering medications. The adherence to guidelines, communication, patient care and personnel satisfaction can also be affected positively. However, the literature also reports negative effects, as through the use of CPOE-/CDS-systems new errors can be generated. This makes continuous revisions of the system, as well as data-updates necessary. Concerning the cost-benefit-ratio from the hospital perspective, the two qualitatively best economic studies show contradictory results. Therefore, a positive cost-benefit-ratio for individual hospitals cannot be assumed, particularly as the study results cannot be generalized.ConclusionsIf the implementation of CPOE-/CDS-systems is well planned and conducted, the system adapted to the needs of the institution and continuously reviewed, and data used are updated on a regular basis, the rate of medication ordering errors can be reduced considerably by using CPOE-/CDS-systems. However, it is not clear how this results in a reduction of ADE. Prospective, systematic multi-centre evaluation-studies with clear methodology are needed, which include an analysis of the user-friendliness and of social and technical aspects of the system. Such studies should evaluate the impact a CPOE-/CDS-system has on ADE-rates and mortality. A detailed description of the system used and of the hospital evaluated is essential. If possible, costs and cost effects should be surveyed and documented transparently.

This research aims to analyse the conditions and obstacles faced by both groups in the context of human rights violations, as well as provide practical suggestions to improve their protection. The research method used is normative legal methodology, which involves the examination and analysis of legal standards in the literature. A conceptual approach was taken through an exploration of ideologies and teachings that generate legal terminology. Primary and secondary legal materials were collected through inventory, classification, and systematics, with a deduction method for analysis. The results emphasise the need for a comprehensive strategy that considers legal, social, cultural and psychological aspects. The research also suggests the need for cooperation between the government, civil society and relevant institutions to create an environment conducive to the protection of women's and children's rights. The implication of this research is the need for a comprehensive approach in legal policy formulation, which not only focuses on legal aspects but also considers social, cultural, and psychological factors. The research emphasises the importance of increasing public awareness and understanding of human rights, as well as the need to strengthen legal and policy institutions. There is a need to improve the competence of law enforcement and the judiciary, as well as to involve various stakeholders in formulating policies that are more in line with gender issues and the needs of children.

The idea that ethical, social, legal and economic aspects are important considerations in the development of emerging technologies is nothing new. In the 1990s, science policies in the United States began combining public funding for science with research on ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI). This inspired the ongoing development of related funding schemes in Europe such as ELSA (Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects) and RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation), the latter of which also addresses economic considerations. In addition, the academic disciplines representing these aspects – ethics, law, the social sciences and economics – have their own histories of relating to and influencing technological innovation.

This contribution presents a concise and up‐to‐date report of doctoral studies in Romania, with a special emphasis on legal and social aspects. The author also argues that in order to be sustainable, the reform of doctoral studies should be substantiated by the differentiation of universities, reliable post‐doctoral programmes, and a substantive rejuvenation of PhD supervisors.

Nanotechnology as an enabling technology for many future medical applications touches on issues such as sensitivity of genetic information, the gap between diagnosis and therapy, health care resources and tensions between holistic and functional medicine. On the other hand nanotechnology will add a new dimension to the bio (human) and non-bio (machine) interface such as brain chips or implants, which eventually might raise new ethical issues specific to NanoMedicine. This requires careful analysis of ethical aspect in view of existing standards and regulations by ethics committees at the European scale. At the same time new nanomedical inventions have to be evaluated for new ethical aspects by Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects — specialists. The most crucial point in this regard is an early proactive analysis of new technological developments to identify and discuss possible issues as soon as possible. This requires a close collaboration and co-learning of technology developers and ethics specialists assisted by communication experts to ensure open and efficient information of the public about ethical aspects (old or new) related to nanomedicine. This co-evolution will ensure a socially and ethically accepted development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools in NanoMedicine.

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the methodological characteristics and compare the assessment methods applied in health technology assessments (HTAs) of public health interventions (PHIs). We defined a PHI as a population-based intervention on health promotion or for primary prevention of chronic or nonchronic diseases. HTAs on PHIs were identified by systematically searching the Web pages of members of international HTA networks. We included only full HTA reports published between 2012 and 2016. Two reviewers extracted data on the methods used to assess effectiveness/safety, as well as on economic, social, cultural, ethical, and legal aspects using a-priori standardized tables. We included ten HTAs provided by four different organizations. Of these, all reports assessed the effectiveness of the interventions and conducted economic evaluations, seven investigated social/cultural aspects, and four each considered legal and ethical aspects, respectively. Some reports addressed applicability, context/setting, and intervention fidelity issues in different ways. We found that most HTAs adapted their methods to some extent, for example, by including nonrandomized studies, expanding the search strategy, involving stakeholders, or applying a framework to guide the HTA process. Our analysis provides a comprehensive overview of methods applied in HTAs on public health interventions. We found that a heterogeneous set of approaches is used to deal with the challenges of evaluating complex public health interventions.

One of the ways that supports the village government in realizing the welfare of its people is through economic institutions located in the village, namely the Village-Owned Enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Desa or BUM Desa). Kersik Mart is one of the planned business units owned by BUM Desa Pelangi Kersik. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of establishing Kersik Mart from the aspects of legal, market, financial, organizational management, and social economic aspects. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using interactive data analysis techniques consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. However, in two aspects, namely market and financial aspects, data analysis methods were added, such as market analysis using targeting, segmenting, positioning, and marketing mix analysis. In the financial aspect, the investment feasibility assessment methods used were payback period, net present value, and profitability index. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that all five aspects examined are positive, indicating that the establishment of Kersik Mart is feasible. Legal aspects have been planned and the market potential is significant, but more effective marketing strategies are needed. Furthermore, the financial evaluation using PP, NPV, and PI methods resulted in positive values, but attention should be given to investors. The organizational management plan is clear, but competent human resources are still needed. In terms of socio-economic aspects, Kersik Mart can provide positive impacts or benefits for BUM Desa Pelangi and the surrounding community.Top of Form

The moderating role of childhood socioeconomic status on the impact of nudging on the perceived threat of coronavirus and stockpiling intention

In 2015, Law No. 13,104 was enacted, which introduced a qualifier to punish, more severely, when the murder is committed against women due to the condition of the female sex, characterizing itself as feminicide. The problem question that led this research is based on the following question: What motivated the creation of Law No. 13,140/15outside of political, social or both reasons? The general objective of this article was to analyze this Law, under the social and political aspects that led to its edition, in order to deepen the critical study on its controversial creation, the target of numerous practical and theoretical crites. Regarding technical procedures, this research is classified as hypothetical deductive, seeking to bring answers to the research problem raised along with the bibliography available in the area. With the research developed by essand study it can be concluded that the creation of Law No. 13,140/15 had both political and social motivation, but that it is not yet being effective to reduce the number of feminicides in Brazil, and that, like the Maria da Penha Law, it needs investments in personnel training and improvement of records to increase the visibility of the motivations of homicides of women, identifying more specifically those who are feminicides. In addition, it is essential that there is greater attention in prevention actions, which should be associated with social and educational policies aimed at reducing gender disparities, which are the root of problems. Otherwise, you can never end this violence.

Narrow barred Spanish mackerel is a high-value pelagic fish and is mostly caught in Bone Bay waters. These fish can be caught using purse seines, drift gill nets, lift net and hand lines, but the most catches are in drift gill nets and hand lines. This study aims to compare the performance of drift gill nets and hand line technologies. Biological, technical, social, economic and legal data were collected from 2018 to 2020 through direct field observations and interviews. Performance according to the four aspects and the combination of all aspects of the two fishing gear were analyzed using the Mangkusubroto Scoring method. Based on the biological and technical aspects the performance of the hand line was better than the drift gill nets, while on the contrary, based on the economic and social aspects, the performance of gill nets was better than the hand lines. Based on legal and institutional aspects, the two technologies do not show any differences. Although there are differences in the performance of the biological, technical, social and economic aspects, the performance of the two technologies is classified as good.

IntroductionChronic diseases substantially contribute to the continuous increase in health care expenditures, including type-2 diabetes mellitus as one of the most expensive chronic diseases. Arterial hypertension presents a risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus.Numerous analyses have demonstrated that antihypertensive therapies promote the development of type-2-diabetes mellitus. Studies indicate, that the application of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor-blockers (ARB) lead to less new-onset diabetes compared to beta-blockers, diuretics and placebo. Given that beta-blockers and diuretics impair the glucose metabolism, the metabolic effects of different antihypertensive drugs should be regarded; otherwise not only the disease itself, but also antihypertensive therapies may promote the development of new-onset diabetes. Even though, the cost of ACE inhibitors and ARB are higher, the use in patients with metabolic disorders could be cost-effective in the long-term if new-onset diabetes is avoided.ObjectivesTo evaluate which class of antihypertensive agents promote the development or the manifestation of type-2 diabetes mellitus. How high is the incidence of new-onset diabetes during antihypertensive therapy and how is treatment-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus evaluated clinically? Which agents are therefore cost-effective in the long term? Which ethical, social or legal aspects should be regarded?MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted including clinical trials with at least ten participants which reported new-onset diabetes in the course of antihypertensive treatment. The trials had to be published after 1966 (after 2003 for economic publications) in English or German.ResultsA total of 34 clinical publications meet the inclusion criteria. Of these, eight publications focus on the development of diabetes mellitus under treatment with diuretic and/or beta-blockers, six publications focused on ACE inhibitors alone or in combination with calcium-channel-blockers, ten publications on ARB and/or ACE inhibitors with respect to their effects on new-onset diabetes or their preventive aspects. Furthermore, five publications investigate the role of calcium-channel-antagonists in the development of diabetes, and five publications indicate the development of new-onset diabetes with different antihypertensive agents amongst each other or in comparison to no antihypertensive treatment. The clinical trials show a significant difference in the development of new-onset diabetes. Therapies with diuretics and/or beta-blockers result in a higher incidence of new-onset diabetes. ARB as well as ACE inhibitors have a preventive effect and calcium-channel-blockers show a neutral position regarding the development of new-onset diabetes. Two publications report on economic results. The first one evaluates the cost-effectiveness of ARB alone or in combination with calcium-channel-blockers in comparison to diuretics alone or in combination with beta-blockers. The second publication compares economic outcomes of calcium-channel-blockers and beta-blockers considering the development of new-onset diabetes. Treatment with the ARB candesartan lead to savings in total costs of 549 US-Dollar per patient and in incremental costs of 30,000 US-Dollar per diabetes mellitus avoided. In the second publication, costs to the amount of 18,965 Euro in Great Britain and 13,210 Euro in Sweden are quoted for an avoided event. The treatment with calcium-channel-blockers compared to beta-blockers is proven to be more cost-effective.No publications were identified regarding ethical, social and legal aspects.DiscussionThe available meta-analyses allow for a high clinical evidence level. A few studies vary in terms of diabetes definition and study duration. In most of the trials, the incidence of new-onset diabetes is not an endpoint. The evaluation of treatment-induced diabetes mellitus cannot be conducted, due to the lack of sufficient results in the identified literature. The two economic studies do not address all the objectives sufficiently. Ethical, social and legal aspects are discussed but not analysed systematically.ConclusionBased on these studies, sufficient evidence to confirm the presumption that diuretics and/or beta-blockers promote the development of new-onset diabetes compared to other antihypertensive agents, especially in patients who are predisposed, is presented with this report. Trials reflecting the clinical relevance of treatment-induced diabetes mellitus compared to existing diabetes mellitus regarding cardiovascular outcomes are required. Also health economic evaluations considering the development of new-onset diabetes should be conducted for the different classes of antihypertensive agents.

Forest biomass-to-biofuel factory location problem with multiple objectives considering environmental uncertainties and social enterprises

The corruption case involving PT Timah attracted widespread attention due to its significant impact on legal and social aspects. This research aims to investigate the implications of criminal acts of corruption for various related parties and society in general. Through normative juridical methods with library research, data was obtained from library materials and a statutory approach to understand how the corruption case at PT Timah affected various legal and social aspects. The corruption case at PT Timah had a significant impact on a number of parties, including company employees, investors, suppliers and business partners. Economically, this case caused financial losses for the company and reduced investor confidence in the mining sector. Meanwhile, socially, this corruption case causes a lack of public trust in the integrity of companies and the legal system as a whole. Apart from that, this research also identifies the chronology and legal implications caused by several factors such as lack of internal supervision, unhealthy organizational culture, and low awareness of business ethics and legal compliance. Based on this, it reminds us how necessary it is to improve the internal monitoring system, transparency and culture of integrity in order to prevent and handle corruption cases at PT Timah and related sectors

In this chapter, the ethical, legal, and social aspects (ELSA) under the view of personalized medicine (PM) research and implementation in the healthcare context are illustrated.Nowadays, there is a multidisciplinary open debate on the current state of research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of PM. This chapter will be of interest to researchers and healthcare professionals to start their knowledge on PM, focusing on ELSA basic concepts related to the opportunity of sharing genomic and health-related data, ensuring continued progress in our knowledge of human health and well-being.In a general framework, the citizens’ data sharing and risk to privacy, informed consent, unsolicited or “incidental” findings, General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and some other general aspects related to data regulation are illustrated for providing basic knowledge and starting point to understand ELSA and gradually becoming more adept in performing these aspects under PM research and implementation. It is also briefly described the aspect of intellectual property and health technology assessment. Last but not least, one short section is dedicated to work and genetic discrimination. Also, briefly, the concept of equity and PM is described.This chapter closes with a discussion about the sometimes confusing concept of ELSA research versus ELSA on PM research.KeywordsEthical, legal, and social aspects (ELSA)Data sharingPatient recruitmentFAIRInformed consentGenetic discriminationEqual accessEquityPersonalized medicine