Synchronous Generator Model Transformation Between BPA And PSCAD

This chapter presents the calculation results of model (type XT) parameters of a synchronous generator (PN = 44 kW) operating in the laboratory obtained with the use of the measured waveforms after introducing a PRBS disturbance in the generator voltage regulation channel. Determination of model parameters of synchronous generators operating in power plants is also presented. Sample calculations of mathematical model parameters of synchronous generators were made on the basis of dynamic waveforms recorded at the Pątnow Power Plant (PN = 230 MW—GENROU model) and Halemba Combined Heat and Power Plant (PN = 50 MW—RL models, GENROU model). Determination of parameters of the excitation system models is described in the further part of this chapter. Sample calculations of mathematical model parameters of the excitation systems operating in the Polish PS were carried out based on the dynamic waveforms recorded in the Pątnow Power Plant (electromachine excitation system model) and Skawina Power Plant (static excitation system model). Conclusions drawn from the calculations of the synchronous generator and excitation circuit model parameters as well as some comments on the errors of parameter estimation of the generating unit element models are given at the end of the chapter.

In this paper we present the development of an energy and power system modelling, simulation, and analysis (ePowerSim.jl) package in Julia programming language. ePowerSim.jl is designed to present a uniform data interface for static, quasi-static, dynamic analysis, as well as network operation optimisation. It provides a co-simulation framework for the further development and experimentation of various types of models of electric power systems components or abstract entities that have mathematical formalism or data representation. ePowerSim.jl makes extensive use of cutting edge packages such as DifferentialEquations.jl, Dataframes.jl, NamedTupleTools.jl, Helics.jl, ForwardDiff.jl, JuMP.jl, and BifurcationKit just to mention a few in the Julia ecosystem. Models of synchronous generator, synchronous condenser, excitation systems, and governors developed in the package were used to model IEEE 9 bus and IEEE 14 bus test networks and subsequently validated by a real-time digital simulator of electric power systems (RTDS). The results obtains for static and dynamic models simulation in ePowerSim.jl show a close match with a simulation of the same system in RTDS. A maximum error of 0.00001 pu and 0.0001 pu were obtained for steady states and transient state respectively. Similarly, a maximum deviation of 0.0001 pu was obtained during validation for voltage magnitude during transient state at buses in the network.

This paper presents the investigation carried out on the portability and compatibility of a model in different simulation software. The offer of simulation software for power system simulation is wide, with each program having its own modelling interface and its own methods of model development. The lack of a widespread standard for portability between applications implies that the same organisation needs to carry out studies on different applications, requiring the development of a model of the same element or system for each application. This study presents an example of the integration of an inverter model in DigSilent, PSCAD and Simulink by means of the Multilink tool. Throughout the article, the differences found when performing the integration and the same simulation scenario in these three simulation tools are listed. It concludes with a comparison of the results obtained from an electromagnetic transients (EMT) simulation in the three simulation software. The results show a greater similarity between PSCAD and Simulink, with respect to the results obtained in DigSilent. Key words. DIGSILENT, MATLAB, MULTILINK, PSCAD, SIMULINK.

This paper presents an application of the singular perturbation method to power system simulations. The focus is on treatment of the fast states associated with generators and their controls. Models of generators, static exciters, power system stabilizers (PSS) and governors are reformulated using singular perturbation techniques. These singularly perturbed models are implemented in a two-area, four-machine power system. The results bear a close correlation to those obtained from a full model in which the fast states are fully simulated. This study contributes a new and efficient method in dealing with the fast states to speed up power system simulations.

Transient stability constrained optimal power flow considering fourth-order synchronous generator model and controls

This paper presents a new asymmetrical model of synchronous generators for power system transient stability simulations. The symmetrical component method has been used traditionally in the analysis of unbalanced faults in power systems. This is mainly because the synchronous generators, which play an important role in the power system, can be easily treated by the method. However, when analyzing a system that has elements with asymmetrical impedance, it may not be easy to use the symmetrical component method. In such cases, the simulations can be easily executed by using the phase coordinate method. However, there are few papers that derive a phase coordinate model of synchronous machines. This paper analyzes synchronous generators under asymmetrical conditions in detail by using the symmetrical component method, then derives a model of synchronous generators for the phase coordinate method. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(2): 46–59, 1997

The large capacity nuclear power plants have been widely constructed in recent years to cope with social economic development and electrical energy demands. Consequently, it is necessary to be aware of nuclear power plant (NPP) dynamic characteristics in order to study the transient and midterm dynamic process of power system. Due to lacking suitable NPP model which is described the detail characteristics of the Nuclear Power Unit in the power system simulation, at first, the paper presents functional description of nuclear power plant. Then a detailed pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant overall model for medium-term and long-term power system transient stability is proposed based on PSASP through user-defined modeling program. In the end, dynamic response characteristics of pressurized water reactor is presented. The simulation results are obtained.

ABSTRACTThe increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and power electronic devices introduces dynamics notably different from those of synchronous machines. Their extremely high‐order models demand tiny simulation time steps and substantial computational resources, posing significant challenges for power system simulation. Equivalent models, including surrogate models, reduced‐order models (ROMs) and hybrid models, have garnered considerable attention. Although these equivalent modelling techniques provide powerful tools for power system simulation, their diversity and distinct characteristics necessitate a careful selection of appropriate models under different scenarios. This paper first summarises the challenges in DER‐based power system simulation. Then, we categorise equivalence modelling techniques along with their advantages while addressing simulation difficulties and accordingly discuss the applicability of various models. Furthermore, unsolved challenges in power system simulation are identified and potential solutions are proposed. This review aims to facilitate the broader adoption of equivalent modelling techniques in power system simulation studies.

Practical Learning is a great way of learning as it aids to increase a learner’s interest in a certain subject. It entails the use of visual aids to convey ideas even more effectively. Students can more easily understand and adapt the information from the subject, when they can visually see how it really works. Rather than just explaining the theory concepts, using animating slides, simulation software that explain the theory concepts easily can be used by the instructor to develop the stu-dent’s skill in the particular subject. Simulation tools provide significant cost savings in Education. This is because a topic can be taught effectively to large numbers of people without the need of buying expensive equipment. Like wireless networking labs, if we want to construct the lab with the equipment like wireless router, access points, different cabling it is more cost effective. Now in net, we can find out more simulation software for networking. One of the best simulation tools for Networking is Packet Tracer which can be freely downloadable from Cisco Networking Academy Students. It includes assessment task with automatic scoring and reporting. This paper presents the features of the simulation tool and analyzes the student’s performance over this simulation soft-ware with the given questionnaires. This study provides evidence in support of the instructional effectiveness of the use of Simulation software tool for the teachers and the learners who are interested in networking concepts.

The paper presents the two-dimensional, field-circuit model of a high power synchronous generator verified by measurements. The model enables determining the waveforms of electromagnetic quantities in steady and transient states. Verification of the model was based on comparison of the measured and calculated waveforms after a disturbance in the voltage regulation system of a TWW-200-2 generator operating in Połaniec Power Plant. There are also presented the field methods for determining electromagnetic parameters (synchronous reactances and time constants) when using the distributions of static and quasi-static, magnetic and electromagnetic fields calculated by the finite element method (FEM). The set of these parameters was used as the starting parameters of the optimization algorithm for estimation of electromagnetic parameters of the synchronous generator circuit model. The dynamic waveforms under the generator load conditions calculated by the finite element method are the basis of parameter estimation. The parameter estimation of the generator model was performed with the use of the least squares method.

In this paper a real-time short-circuit calculation method for large-scale distribution systems with a high penetration of distributed generators is proposed. Recent years have witnessed increasing penetration of distributed generators. Thus, distribution systems have become active, where the fault current flow is no more straightforward. Additionally, modern distributed generator's models differ from the classical synchronous generator's models. Hence, traditional short-circuit calculation methods are not applicable in today's systems. The proposed method is based on the superposition theorem. An improved back/forward sweep in the sequence domain is used for calculation of the faulted system state. Results show that the proposed method is highly accurate and particularly suitable for real-time applications in large-scale systems, where the calculation time is of critical interest.

This paper describes the digital modelling and simu lation of aircraft electrical power systems. Models of the main power generators, automatic voltage regulators, and a polyphase transformer-rectifier unit typical of ac-to-dc power conversion equipment are described. The main generator is the most com plex component in the system to model, and its per formance with a radar load and two generators in parallel is described. These two examples indicate how individual models may be made to interact and how the tensor approach may be used to eventually form a complete system.

Robot joints driven by permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) often cannot have both superior accuracy and rapidity when they track target signals. The robot joints have fine dynamic characteristics and poor steady-state characteristics when the signal controller is used, or they have fine steady-state characteristics and poor dynamic characteristics when the energy controller is used. It is hard to make robot joints that have both superior dynamic and steady-state characteristics at once using a single control method. In order to solve this problem, the strategy of optimized cooperative control is proposed. First, an error port-controlled Hamiltonian (EPCH) energy controller and an adaptive backstepping sliding mode (ABSM) signal controller are designed. Second, an optimized cooperative control coefficient based on the position error of a robot joint is designed; this enables the system to switch smoothly between the EPCH energy controller and ABSM signal controller. Next, the strategy of optimized cooperative control is designed. In this way, robot systems can combine the advantages of the EPCH energy controller and the ABSM signal controller. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that using the strategy of optimized cooperative control gives robot joints outstanding control performance in terms of tracking accuracy and response rapidity.

This article presents a practical method for validating generator saturation factors together with direct-axis model parameters by collectively using several field test results conducted on the same generator. The method is devised from many years of WECC/NERC synchronous generator model validation experience. Model validation following this method can significantly eliminate the mismatch between the computer simulation results and field measurements for tests on generator direct-axis model parameters. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by comparing field test results on a hydro-turbine generator with computer simulation results using validated generator model parameters. Future application of the method is proposed and discussed.

Parameter estimation of a synchronous generator model under unbalanced operating conditions