Synergistic integration of refined pelican optimization algorithm and deep neural networks for autonomous vehicle control in edge computing architectures

In this paper, we investigate a new mobile blockchain-enabled edge computing (MBEC) network, where mobile users can join the empowered process of public blockchains and meanwhile offload computation-intensive mining tasks to the mobile edge computing (MEC) server. However, the trustiness of the MEC server and the fairness of computation resources allocated by the MEC server for each user become key challenges. To tackle these challenges, we consider an untrusted MEC server and propose a nonce hash computing ordering (HCO) mechanism in MBEC networks. Then we formulate nonce hash computing demands of an individual user as a non-cooperative game that maximizes the personal revenue. Moreover, we also analyze the existence of Nash equilibrium of the non-cooperative game and design an alternating optimization algorithm to achieve the optimal nonce selection strategies for all users. With the proposed HCO mechanism, the MEC server can provide much fairer computation resources for all users, and we can achieve the optimal nonce strategies of hash computing demands by using the proposed alternating optimization algorithm. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed HCO mechanism can provide fairer computation resource allocation than the traditional weighted round-robin mechanism, and further verify the effectiveness of this alternating optimization algorithm.

Deep Neural Networks meet computation offloading in mobile edge networks: Applications, taxonomy, and open issues

Computing efficiency and latency optimization in intelligent reflecting surface-enhanced device-to-device mobile edge computing via lagrange-dual deep learning

As the deep learning models keep growing larger, it becomes more difficult to carry out highly accurate inference on mobile and Internet of things (IoT) devices with acceptable latency. By using edge computing, a popular approach to reducing inference latency is to partition the deep neural network (DNN) model and off-load part of the model inference to the edge server for processing. However, the partition approach still has some limitations, such as data transmission latency and inflexible model deployment. In this research, we propose a novel two-level inference architecture for deep learning applications in mobile edge computing. Instead of partitioning a large DNN model, we use small models to do two levels of inferences on edge devices and edge servers respectively. With our architecture, the on-device first-level inference is conducted in parallel with the feature uploading to the edge server and different types of second-level models can be flexibly deployed in edge servers according to their environments. Experiments demonstrate that our architecture can decrease computing costs and inference latency in complicated edge environments.

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized mobile cloud computing toward mobile edge computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also discuss a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

Remote sensing from a single integrated system in autonomous vehicles often leads to false alerts and deadlock conditions, posing major challenges to safety and functionality. To address this, cloud-based vehicle control systems have been explored, as they can synchronize data from multiple vehicles using distributed sensors. However, cloud systems face inherent limitations such as long-haul connectivity issues, increased latency, and packet loss due to interference. As a result, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has emerged as a promising solution in next-generation wireless networks, particularly in 5G environments. This paper proposes an edge computing (EC) based method for vehicle charging, aligned with a broad, data-driven development model. In this framework, mobility-aware edge servers interact with nearby vehicles, providing real-time information on the availability of charging stations (CSs), collecting dynamic data from moving vehicles, and implementing decentralized big data processing. This method reduces dependency on the cloud, enabling faster response times and more efficient data handling. If the access schedule between edge servers and the cloud is optimized, with cloud reliance reduced by 50%, the system maintains the same reliability while benefiting from continuous edge-based monitoring. This innovative model improves scalability, enhances energy efficiency, and supports the seamless operation of future intelligent transportation ecosystems.

In this paper, we consider a mobile edge computing (MEC) system that multiple users participate in the federated learning protocol by jointly training a deep neural network (DNN) with their private training datasets. The main challenges of applying federated learning to MEC are: (1) it incurs tremendous computational cost by carrying out the deep neural network training phase on the resource-constraint mobile edge devices; (2) existing literature demonstrates that the parameters of a DNN trained on a dataset can be exploited to partially reconstruct the training samples in original dataset. To address the aforementioned issues, we introduce an efficiently private federated learning scheme in mobile edge computing, named FedMEC, with model partition technique and differential privacy method in this work. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed FedMEC scheme can achieve high model accuracy under different perturbation strengths.

With the development of mobile edge computing and neural network Deep Learning (DL), more and more scholars are studying the combination of the two. This paper mainly studies the application of mobile edge computing and neural network DL in IoT computing collaboration and data-aware routing algorithms. Therefore, this paper proposes the deployment options of MEC technology and ETSIMEC in mobile edge computing, combining mobile edge computing with DL, designs an optimization algorithm based on Markov decision process and feature expression learning, and then analyzes and optimizes IoT computing and VANET routing algorithm. In order to have a clearer direction for the optimization algorithm, this paper also designs the edge computing model training and experiment comparison, the DL algorithm comparison experiment, and the routing algorithm simulation experiment and performance analysis. Combined with the experimental results, it is optimized and compared with traditional IoT computing and routing algorithms. Finally, it is concluded that the computing efficiency of IoT computing based on edge computing and DL designed in this paper is 21.33% higher than that of traditional IoT computing. The efficiency of the routing algorithm based on edge computing and DL designed in this paper is 9.29% higher than that of the traditional routing algorithm.

Driven by the emergence of new compute-intensive applications and the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), it is foreseen that the emerging 5G network will face an unprecedented increase in traffic volume and computation demands. However, end users mostly have limited storage capacities and finite processing capabilities, thus how to run compute-intensive applications on resource-constrained users has recently become a natural concern. Mobile edge computing (MEC), a key technology in the emerging fifth generation (5G) network, can optimize mobile resources by hosting compute-intensive applications, process large data before sending to the cloud, provide the cloud-computing capabilities within the radio access network (RAN) in close proximity to mobile users, and offer context-aware services with the help of RAN information. Therefore, MEC enables a wide variety of applications, where the real-time response is strictly required, e.g., driverless vehicles, augmented reality, robotics, and immerse media. Indeed, the paradigm shift from 4G to 5G could become a reality with the advent of new technological concepts. The successful realization of MEC in the 5G network is still in its infancy and demands for constant efforts from both academic and industry communities. In this survey, we first provide a holistic overview of MEC technology and its potential use cases and applications. Then, we outline up-to-date researches on the integration of MEC with the new technologies that will be deployed in 5G and beyond. We also summarize testbeds and experimental evaluations, and open source activities, for edge computing. We further summarize lessons learned from state-of-the-art research works as well as discuss challenges and potential future directions for MEC research.

The stochastic geometry-based modeling and analysis of large-scale mobile edge computing (MEC) networks are vital for the effective configuration of MEC networks. In this paper, we develop a meta-analytical framework for MEC-enabled heterogeneous networks with the communication-computation-aware (CCA) user association mechanism. Compared with the communication-based user association mechanisms in most existing works, the CCA user association mechanism can capture the impacts of network computation capability on the association process between the user and MEC access point, at the expense of dealing with the more complex coupling of communication and computing. Given the need for interference characterization, we first derive the essential prerequisite quantities (i.e., per-tier association probability, link distance distribution, interferer process intensity, etc.) to represent the computation-dependent interference model. Further, the moment and the meta distribution of the task success offloading probability are derived, based on which we investigate the task execution latency performance, including the communication latency, local computing latency, and edge computing latency. By theoretical analysis and simulation results, it is demonstrated that the proposed analytical framework can provide accurate fine-grained network information for the MEC-enabled HetNets. Moreover, we elaborate on the impacts of the edge computation capability on the network performance and reveal important tradeoffs of the performance metrics.

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a new paradigm which has been introduced to solve the inefficiencies of mobile cloud computing technologies. The key idea behind MEC is to enhance the capabilities of mobile devices by forwarding the computation of applications to the edge of the network instead of to a cloud data-center. One of the main challenges in MEC is determining an efficient placement of the components of a mobile application on the edge servers that minimizes the cost incurred when running the application. In this paper, we address the problem of multi-component application placement in edge computing by designing an efficient heuristic on-line algorithm that solves it. We also present a Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation of the multi-component application placement problem that takes into account the dynamic nature of users' location and the network capabilities. We perform extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has very small execution time and obtains near optimal solutions.

In today's society, the rapid development of the Internet makes People's Daily life become more intelligent and diversified. Today's society has entered a multifaceted era where everything is interconnected. Artificial intelligence technology is gradually replacing some traditional human services, such as intelligent robot customer service instead of traditional human customer service, intelligent face scanning security check in railway stations instead of traditional manual ticket checking, unmanned supermarket automatic checkout has liberated some social labor costs. All these changes are the result of the development of artificial intelligence technology in today's society. In recent years, unicorn startups focused on biometrics have sprung up all around us, such as BTU and its MEG VII (Face ++). Thanks to the development of Internet and artificial intelligence technology, in many application fields, the traditional access control and identity authentication technology based on password verification is gradually transforming to the scheme based on biometric identification verification. Secure identity authentication is very important to the application of Internet. Face recognition is the most popular technology among all biometric identification technologies. In the field of biometric identification technology, it has become the most widely used technology in the field of identity authentication because of its unique non-invasive, support for infrared and visible light, no need for user cooperation and many other advantages. In the field of education, examinee identification, pedestrian identification detection at the entrance of railway stations, face electronic payment, intelligent video surveillance system, intelligent attendance and access control system, intelligent unmanned supermarkets and customs clearance ports become the pioneer fields of face recognition applications. It can be seen that the era of “national face brushing” has arrived, and the application of face recognition technology will only be more and more widespread in the current era and in the future. However, due to the sensitivity of biometric data and the heterogeneity and openness of network environment, the privacy leakage of biometric data is difficult to avoid. At present, fog computing and edge computing have been paid more and more attention in many fields. In the case that cloud service providers are unable to provide sufficient security, edge computing shows its advantages. In this paper, mobile edge computing is introduced for the first time into the face privacy protection identity authentication system based on cloud server outsourcing computing. It can not only greatly reduce the interaction frequency between users and cloud server, improve the availability and fault tolerance of the system, but also contribute to the implementation of privacy protection scheme. A deep constitutional neural network for face feature extraction is trained using deep learning framework Cafe. Cosine similarity is used to complete face verification. A privacy protection scheme based on the secure nearest neighbor algorithm is proposed, which can not only protect the security of the face feature data at the edge computing node, but also allow the edge computing node to complete the face recognition operation against the encrypted face feature data. In addition, the encryption scheme does not require large computing resources, and the accuracy of face recognition in cipher text is exactly the same as that in explain. At present, most of the solutions either have high computational complexity or poor security performance. How to reduce the computational complexity and improve the real-time performance of the system while ensuring the high security of the private data has important research significance and value. Therefore, in the cloud server outsourcing computing environment, how to complete biometric identification on the premise of protecting the privacy of biological data has become a research hot spot.

A comprehensive review of computation offloading in UAV-assisted mobile edge computing for IoT applications

Mobile edge computing (MEC) can supplement cloud computing by helping to overcome the limitations of long physical transmission distances and accelerating the responsiveness of edge computing servers. In 5G (fifth generation) cellular networks, adopting MEC can guarantee ultralow latency. To enhance the MEC quality, optimization of the user service profile migration according to the user mobility is essential. However, this optimization establishes an NP-hard problem. Moreover, high-speed 5G base stations with MEC servers often experience high energy consumption. As conventional service migration algorithms such as those based on profile tracking and game theory tend to fall in local optima and neglect energy consumption constraints, we propose a memetic algorithm based on community detection local search (MA-CDLS) to continuously optimize the service migration in 5G MEC scenarios. During busy periods or in crowded areas, MA-CDLS adopts a single-objective optimization of user-perceived latency to achieve high-performance 5G services. During light-load periods or in uncrowded areas, MA-CDLS uses two measures, namely the user-perceived latency and energy consumption, to realize energy-efficient 5G services. MA-CDLS effectively reduces the search space and speeds up the elite selection in the meme operator. Experiments in simulated scenarios show that MA-CDLS achieves a lower user-perceived latency and energy consumption, than the traditional profile tracking and game theory methods, especially during congestion.

Driven by the exploding computing service demands from various intelligent mobile applications, an increasing amount of research efforts have been devoted to mobile edge computing (MEC). Meanwhile, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have found a great success in assisting existing wireless systems due to their flexibility and low cost. The advancements in these two closely related fields foster the development of the recently advocated UAV-assisted MEC paradigm, which is expected to bring unprecedented performance gain to the existing ground-based MEC systems. Nonetheless, existing works on UAV-assisted MEC mainly focus on the single-UAV scenarios and often assume static system states. In this paper, UAV swarm assisted MEC is considered where multiple collaborative UAVs are employed to help the terrestrial edge server to provide better edge computing services. However, the complexity of using existing methods to find the best dynamic coordination strategy in UAV swarm assisted MEC becomes intractable when the number of UAVs increases. To resolve this challenge, a novel decentralized deep reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed in this work, which can reduce the complexity by orders of magnitude. In addition, simulations are conducted to show that by using the proposed algorithm, the UAV swarm can efficiently learn a good dynamic coordination strategy and thus achieve a significantly better performance than the baseline scheme.