Syntactic Rules and Research Ethics: A Critical Exposition

Abstract. Today, as a big problem, it is very important to follow the ethical rules and to increase the awareness in order to prevent ethical violations and to provide ethical education in all levels of education and teaching. The first aim of this study is to create awareness among students who have higher education in the field of ethics and ethical violations. Another aim is to investigate whether there is any difference in attitude between undergraduate students and graduate students about scientific research, scientific publication, scientific ethics and ethical violation. According to the results of research analysis; based on the answers of the students to the scale, H 0 hypotheses related to the research variables could not be rejected, and it has been realized that the attitude in the research variables of undergraduate and graduate students are similar. Keywords. Science, Research, Publication, Ethics, Violation. JEL. A14, A20.

Background:Research activities in dentistry are increased greatly in India during the recent decade, but there is limited of information about the knowledge and attitude of dental faculty for research ethics. To assess the knowledge and attitudes of dental faculty of North India regarding research ethics.Materials and Methods:Through convenience sampling, a questionnaire was sent either via printed copies or E-mails to 1240 dental faculty, while protecting confidentiality and anonymity of all the participants.Results:Our response rate was 76% (942). Majority (>90%) are aware of ethical committee but have poor knowledge (8-35%) about various ethical guidelines laid down at international level; however almost 20% believe that research ethics committees would delay research. A large number of researchers (78%) want some training in research ethics. There is fair knowledge about informed consent among researchers.Conclusions:We conclude that ethical norms should be strictly followed by giving due respect to confidentiality or privacy of research participants to achieve the goal of minimal risks and maximum benefits to patients and there is need of training to researchers and students to make them aware about various research principles.

Scientific integrity, proper research conduct and avoiding research misconduct including plagiarism, fabrication and falsification, are all essential to all disciplines. Since research experience is a recommended skill to gain during undergraduate education, undergraduate students need to be aware of research misconduct in order to avoid it. This study was carried out to determine the level of knowledge and awareness regarding research misconduct, and the independent factors that might contribute to attitudes towards research misconduct. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was self-filled by pharmacy undergraduate students about their knowledge of practices in research misconduct. Among the respondents (n=800), 79.12% had poor knowledge, whereas 20.88% had good knowledge about research misconduct and research ethics. Furthermore, only 9% indicated having previous training in research conduct/misconduct, whereas 36.5% had previous training in research ethics. In conclusion, this study reflects insufficient knowledge and awareness about research misconduct concepts and their main terminologies among undergraduate pharmacy students, which emphasizes the importance of implanting proper training programs/courses on research ethics during students’ academic years.

Background and aim: This study aims at validating a questionnaire on physicians’ knowledge and perception of deontological and ethical rules that guide the medical profession, in a major Italian Province. Methods: We designed an on-line survey questionnaire. Participants (N=200) were asked to fill in information regarding their demographic features and knowledge of the deontological code. Results: Concerning the preliminary data, the median total score on knowledge of the deontological code was 0.50. A significant difference in the total score was observed among education groups. Specifically, the median total score among subjects with a specialist qualification was significantly lower than among those with only a medical degree. Conclusions: The tested instrument and methodology appear to be efficacious and reliable. Our preliminary data indicate that knowledge of the rules concerning medical deontology and the related principles of medical ethics seems to be very limited. Therefore, the authors plan to implement a second phase of the study, which will consist of the questionnaire’ distribution to a broader and more representative sample. (www.actabiomedica.it)

The purpose of this article is to inquire into the nature of research ethics in biomedical science and argue for the necessity of bioethics education. The article examines extrinsic problems, such as research misconduct (“FFP”), as well as intrinsic problems that arise in the process of carrying out biomedical research. Since bioethics refers to the moral problems that arise in biomedical science, there is an essential connection between research ethics and bioethics. In particular, this article argues that bioethics should be treated as a core component of research ethics education and, furthermore, that it is a violation of research ethics not to teach research ethics and bioethics within the field of biomedical science.

The generative model requires that words are assigned to lexical categories and that members of a category are of equal status vis-à‐vis syntactic rules. On the basis of several examples, it is shown, on the contrary, that the distribution of a word cannot be predicted from its membership in a lexical category. Many words have a unique distribution, which has to be learned.

Conducting educational research is not an arbitrary practice. When implementing educational research, teachers, as researchers, need to adhere to ethical rules and norms. Thus, developing an instrument for evaluating English as foreign language (EFL) teachers’ awareness of the code of ethics in research can guide Iranian ELT professionals to work towards setting standards in the assessment of Iranian EFL teachers’ professional development and may assure consistency in EFL teachers’ quality assurance. The principal determination of the present study was to develop a scale to evaluate EFL teachers’ awareness of the code of ethics for conducting research in Iran. This work’s theoretical framework is based on the most influential ethical issues and elements in research in Samadi, Motallebzadeh, Ashraf, and Khajavy’s (2020) study. To this end, 272 Iranian EFL teachers (chosen using convenience sampling) participated in the analysis to fill out the scale in the piloting stage. The scale consisted of five main categories: (F1) Before the beginning of the research, (F2) the Beginning of the research, (F3) Gathering the data, (F4), Analyzing the data, and (F5) Writing, reporting, sharing, and storing the data. The first draft of the scale consisted of 60 items. As part of the validation procedure, the reliability of this scale was determined through Cronbach’s alpha, and its validity was measured by running a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through a structural equation modeling approach. After performing the CFA, it was found that the questionnaire had high construct validity. Finally, the statistical findings were presented, and the implications of the ELT domain were given. The findings provide empirical evidence that provides a framework for assessing and evaluating EFL teachers’ awareness of the code of ethics in research.

Background: DSM-5-TR defines conduct disorder as groups of repetitive and persistent behaviors, including aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules in children and adolescents aged under 18 years. Objectives: To assess of primary school teachers' knowledge and attitude toward Conduct Disorders. Methodology: Descriptive study was carried throughout the period (1st December 2022 to 10th June 2023) to assess primary school teachers' knowledge’s and attitudes toward conduct disorders among children in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city. A (70) primary school teachers were selected by a non-probability (purposive) sample from candidate school were included in the present study, The Study Instrument consists of three parts, the first part contains demographic information. The second part contains six domains to measure teachers' knowledge toward conduct disorders, and the last part consists of fifteen questions to find out teachers' attitudes toward conduct disorders. Results: the result indicate that 71.4 % of study sample with poor knowledge toward conduct disorders, while 55.7% of sample with unfavorable attitude. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that two third of teachers' with poor level of knowledge and half of teachers with unfavorable attitude toward conduct disorders. Recommendations: The authors recommended collaborating between the Ministry of Education and mental health organizations to establish partnerships between schools and mental health professionals or organizations specializing in conduct disorders. This collaboration can provide additional support and resources to teachers and help create a more comprehensive approach to addressing conduct disorders in educational settings.

What is Ethics? The definition of ethics revolves around the concept of morality. Ethics is defined as a set of moral principles that govern a person's actions. Or as the philosophy of morality. Or as the discipline that defines, guides, or describes what is good and bad, right and wrong.We may ask ourselves: is ethics of scientific research a science itself? Probably not. Ethics of scientific research refers to the guidelines that define or describe a responsible conduct of research. If we ask for random individuals to tell examples of violations of integrity or research ethics, the most common answers will certainly be: plagiarism and data manipulation. These are, as we all know, the most feared ethic violations that can affect the work of a researcher and can even lead to the end of his career.The issues of ethics and the integrity of research, a more recently introduced term, are in fact issues of greater finesse than these clear and indisputable violations of any system of moral and ethical values. The academic community has focused over the past two decades on many issues of ethics and integrity. Many of the world's states have set up institutions or departments exclusively responsible to study, define and judge ethical issues. In Europe, the first such institute was set up in Finland in 1996, where the first national guide on scientific integrity was drafted.At the same time, on global level, it became clear that there is a need for guidelines and statements to define and standardize, regardless of regional culture and practice, the academic research and publication activities from the point of view of integrity. Therefore, guidelines such as the Helsinki Declaration, the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, the Montreal Statement on Research Integrity, and the Singapore Statement on Research Integrity have been issued.In 2012, the DORA Declaration was written and signed until today by more than 14,000 researchers and over 1400 institutions. The general recommendation of this statement is: "Do not use journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, as a substitute measure of the quality of individual research articles, to assess individual contributions, or to hiring, promoting, or funding decisions " This year, I was honored to attend at the 6th edition of The World Conference of Research Integrity, which took place in Hong Kong in early June and gathered participants from all over the world. The statement made on this occasion is titled: The Hong Kong Manifesto for Assessing Researchers: Fostering Research Integrity. It discusses one of the most current issues in research: assessing researchers and their outcomes. This manifesto proposes 5 principles accompanied by references for each and implementation suggestions. These five principles are:1. Assess researchers based on responsible practices in all aspects of the research enterprise2. Value the reporting of all research, regardless of the results and reward honest and transparent reporting3. Value the practice of open science4.Value and broad range of research activities, such as innovation, replication, synthesis, and meta-research5. Value and range of other contributions to research, such as peer review for grants and publications, and mentoring In Romania, in 2016, a number of minimal criteria for academic promotion have been proposed that have become mandatory since 2017. For the field of medicine, the minimum criteria only take into account the publishing activity from the SCIE database of the Web of Science (Clarivate Analitycs) and are based on the hirsch index, the cumulative impact factor and the total number of published articles. Thus, we can observe that in Romania, as in many other countries of the world, the minimum criteria violate both the recommendations of the DORA Declaration and the Hong Kong Manifesto, being based on quantitative metrics or metrics that are not intended for the assessment of researchers and taking into account only a small sector of a researcher's entire scientific activity.In conclusion, the latest trends in integrity research focuses on the transparency and objectivity of the process of evaluating both researchers and research. There is a global care for the objectivity of academic evaluation and promotion processes, the rational use of scientometric parameters as well as for the evaluation of the quality of research and its impact both at scientific and social levels.

We examined the effects of injury severity, injury target, and perceived responsibility on supervisors' discipline severity following a rule violation. Participants made discipline judgments after reading scenarios describing work rule violations. Data revealed an Injury Severity × Injury Target interactive effect on discipline severity. Respondents disciplined rule violators more severely when the behavior caused a serious coworker injury than when the violating behavior caused a minor coworker injury. Discipline severity decreased as the severity of the injury the rule violator experienced increased. That finding goes against conventional wisdom stating that a positive linear relation exists between the extent of an injury and discipline severity and suggests that supervisors might not make all discipline judgments in a simple, linear fashion.

Does Gender Raise the Ethical Bar? Exploring the Punishment of Ethical Violations at Work

The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze how the higher education quality assurance system works and to find out and analyze the dimensions of quality assurance system policy evaluation to improve the competitiveness of private tertiary institutions in the city of Bandung. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with a qualitative type and is supported by the SWOT technique. The results of the study show that the implementation of the quality assurance system for Private Higher Education in Bandung City is still not effective, so a policy evaluation is needed through (1) Administrative evaluation by taking into account: Effort evaluation, performance evaluation, adequacy of performance, efficiency evaluation and process evaluation, (2) Judicial evaluation by taking into account: Issues of legal validity, possible violations of the constitution, possible violations of the legal system, possible violations of ethics and state administration rules, (3) Political evaluation by taking into account: Political process in determining policies, acceptance of political constituencies towards public policies, implementation information technology. The results of the policy evaluation in this study then produce recommendation strategies related to the implementation of the Higher Education quality assurance system by the government's standard provisions.

In research ethics there is a canon regarding what ethical rules ought to be followed by investigators vis-à-vis their treatment of subjects and a canon regarding what fundamental ethical principles apply to the endeavor. What I aim to demonstrate here is that several of the rules find no support in the principles. This leaves anyone who would insist that we not abandon those rules in the difficult position of needing to establish that we are nevertheless justified in believing in the validity of the rules. I conclude by arguing that this is not likely to be accomplished. The rules I call into question are the rules requiring: - that studies be designed in a scientifically valid way - that risks to subjects be minimized - that subjects be afforded post-trial access to experimental interventions - that inducements paid to subjects not be counted as a benefit to them - that inducements paid to subjects not be 'undue' - that subjects must remain free to withdraw from the study at any time for any reason without penalty. Both canons, the canon on principles and the canon on rules, are found in the overlap among ethical pronouncements that are themselves canonical: the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, CIOMS's International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, and NBAC's 2001 report, Ethical Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries.

There are various motivations behind why complying with ethical rules while doing research is pivotal. As a matter of some importance, research standards help to promote research objectives like information, truth, and mistake evasion. Laws forbidding the creation, control, or deception of research information, for instance, help to guarantee that the truth is introduced and that blunders are limited. The most over the top shocking illustration of how research unfortunate behaviour can imperil individuals' lives is the account of Paolo Macchiarini, a specialist who acquired well known for a revealed clinical advancement that vowed to reform organ transplantation yet rather wound up obliterating individuals' lives. Trachea transplants were created by the Italian expert using synthetic scaffolds that had been implanted with the patients' stem cells. However, it was later discovered that his tests on humans were not based on sound preclinical research principles. At least seven of the nine individuals who received the treatment died as a result of the treatment. The importance of ethics in research has been recognised by the University Grants Commission of India, which has made an ethics paper mandatory for researchers in their course work examination. The study's primary goal is to draw attention to the significance of ethics in research as well as the ethical standards that should guide researchers.

The Croatian police, a centralized police agency, under the auspices of the Croatian Ministry of the Interior, have had a short but turbulent history. This chapter explores the contours of police integrity among the Croatian police. The chapter relies on the police integrity survey conducted in 2008/2009. The representative stratified sample of 966 police officers evaluated hypothetical scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct. We analyze the results across several measures of police integrity, such as the police officers’ knowledge of official rules, evaluations of police misconduct as serious, views about appropriate and expected discipline, and the code of silence. Our results suggest that most police officers had no problems recognizing described behavior as rule violating. The respondents’ evaluations of misconduct seriousness varied substantially across the scenarios. Although the behaviors described in the questionnaire are violations not only of the administrative rules but also of criminal law, our respondents expected dismissal for only two such cases, and expected milder disciplinary options for the rest. Finally, although the code of silence has weakened since the mid-1990s, our results show that it is still present among the Croatian police.