Synthesis and characterizations of In/Cu doped ternary Ge clathrate films

동물뼈의 속성작용 정도에 따른 화학적 평가 기준을 적용하기 위하여 고고유적지에서 출토된 3종의 동물뼈와 현대 동물뼈 1종을 대상으로 FTIR-ATR과 XRD 분석을 실시하였다. FTIR-ATR 분석을 통해 결정화지수(CI)와 탄산염과 인산염의 비(C/P), 탄산염과 탄산염의 비(C/C)를 비교한 결과 동물뼈의 보존 상태에 따라 CI와 C/P 값이 차이를 보였다. XRD 분석을 통해 결정화 정도를 비교한 결과 <TEX>$30^{\circ}-35^{\circ}$</TEX> 범위에서 동물뼈의 보존 상태를 구분할 수 있었다. FTIR-ATR과 XRD 분석 결과, 몽골 대형포유류뼈의 보존 상태가 가장 양호하였고 나주 소뼈, 함안 소뼈의 순서로 보존 상태가 좋지 않았다. 이는 뼈 단면의 조직학 분석 결과와도 일치한다. 이를 통해 화학적 평가 기준은 우리나라에서 출토되는 동물뼈의 보존 상태를 파악하는데 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. For the application of chemical assessment standards by the extent of diagenetic alteration, we investigated three archaeological animal bones and a modern animal bone using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The calculating results of crystallinity index (CI), carbonate-to-phosphate (C/P) and carbonate-to-carbonate (C/C) using FTIR-ATR spectra showed differences CI and C/P according to the preservative condition of animal bones. By comparison of the crystallinity contents using XRD patterns, the states of animal bones were distinguished to the range of <TEX>$30^{\circ}-35^{\circ}$</TEX>. As results of FTIR-ATR and XRD analysis, it is suggested that Mongolian large mammals bone presents the best preservative condition, and cattle bone from Naju site, and Haman site followed. In addition, those were correlated with the results of histological index. The results suggested that the chemical assessment standards may contribute to application of predictions of the states of animal bones discovered from Korea.

The Zinc oxide thin films were grown on the amorphous glass substrate using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique at room temperature. The various preparative parameters were optimized to obtain good quality films. The as-grown films were annealed at 350° C for 2 h in air. The comparative study of the annealed and the as-grown thin films of ZnO were done for structural, optical and electrical studies. Polycrystalline nature was depicted from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The peak intensity of as-grown ZnO thin films enhances after annealing. The average grain size calculated from XRD patterns was 17.66 nm for as-grown, while it increased to 24.66 nm after annealing. The band gap of as-grown ZnO thin films was relatively higher and was found to be 3.80 eV. After air annealing, the band gap decrease to 3.58 eV. The current-voltage characteristics show nearly ohmic behavior with decrease in the film resistance, after annealing in air. N-type conductivity was confirmed from the TEP measurements.The Zinc oxide thin films were grown on the amorphous glass substrate using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique at room temperature. The various preparative parameters were optimized to obtain good quality films. The as-grown films were annealed at 350° C for 2 h in air. The comparative study of the annealed and the as-grown thin films of ZnO were done for structural, optical and electrical studies. Polycrystalline nature was depicted from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The peak intensity of as-grown ZnO thin films enhances after annealing. The average grain size calculated from XRD patterns was 17.66 nm for as-grown, while it increased to 24.66 nm after annealing. The band gap of as-grown ZnO thin films was relatively higher and was found to be 3.80 eV. After air annealing, the band gap decrease to 3.58 eV. The current-voltage characteristics show nearly ohmic behavior with decrease in the film resistance, after annealing in air. N-type conductivity was confirmed from ...

The formation of barium hexaferrite, BaFe12O19 single phase with nanosize crystalline is very important to get the best performance especially magnetic properties. The samples were prepared by sol gel method in citric acid-metal nitrates system. Hence the mole ratios of Ba2+/Fe3+ were varied at 1:12 and 1:11.5 with pH of 7 in all cases using ammonia solution. The solution was then heated at 80-90°C for 3 to 4 hours. Then it was kept on a pre-heated oven at 150°C. The samples were then heat treated at 450°C for 24 hours. Sintering process was done at 850°C and 1000°C for 10 hours.Crystallite size was calculated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) peaks using scherrer formula. To confirm the formation of a single phase, XRD analyses were done by comparing the sample patterns with standard pattern. The peak shifting of pattern could be seen from XRD pattern using rocking curves at extreme certain 2θ. It was used MPS Magnet Physik EP3 Permagraph L to know magnetic characteristics. This method can produce BaFe12O19 nanosize powder, 22-34 nm for crystallite size and 55.59-78.58 nm for particle size. A little diference in nanosize affects the peak shifting of XRD pattern significantly but shows a little difference in magnetic properties especially for samples at 850°C and 1000°C with mole ratio of 1:12 respectively. The well crystalline powder is formed at mole ratio of 1:11.5 at 850°C since it has the finest particle (55.59 nm) and crystalline (21 nm), the highest remanent magnetization (0.161 T) and the lowest intrinsic coersive (275.8 kA/m). It is also fitting exactly to the standard diffraction pattern with the highest value of best Figure of Merit (FoM), 90%. XRD peak position of this sample is almost same with XRD peak position of another sample with sinter temperature 1000°C at same mole ratio.

Because of their outstanding mechanical and chemical properties, transition metal nitrides are widely accepted materials in the protective coatings industry. This work aims at elucidating the origin of their exceptional properties. The study concentrates on zirconium nitride based thin films, since ZrN is a promising coating material especially in a corrosive and high temperature environment. Thin films of the binary Zr-N compounds, and of the ternary Zr-Al-N and Zr-Cr-N, material systems are deposited by reactive RF or DC magnetron sputtering. A comprehensive characterization of the films is performed in order to shed light on the interrelated dependencies of the material properties. This analysis includes X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, spectroscopic ellipsometry, optical reflectivity and transmission, imaging techniques like scanning and transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation. The chemical composition of the thin films of ZrNy lies between y = 0.81 and y = 1.35. Indeed, the X-ray diffraction patterns and the optical and electric properties show the existence of two phases of different structures. A structure cfc-ZrN is formed in a broad range of composition of y = 0.81 to y = 1.30 and an insulating orthorhombic phase Zr3N4 for 1.30 < y ≤ 1.35. The stress-free lattice parameter increases with increasing y. The analyses of the structural and morphological properties show the existence of only the fcc NaCl type of structure (solid solutions) for Zr1-xAlxN with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.43 and for Zr1-xAlxN with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.48. Columnar morphology does not change with the increase in the chromium or aluminium contents in ZrN. The stress-free lattice parameter decreases linearly as function of x. The hardness values gradually increases from 21 GPa up to 28 GPa as the Al content increase from x = 0 to x = 0.43. In contrast, the hardness and Young's modulus in Zr1-xAlxN remains unchanged for every Cr content in the films. The difference in hardness and Young's modulus, between Zr1-xAlxN and Zr1-xAlxN films is interpreted in terms of local bond strengthening and conduction band states occupancy. In addition, all the ternary ZrAlN and ZrCrN thin films exhibit lower compressive stress values. The residual stress generally remains too low to influence the mechanical properties. The optical and electrical properties of ZrNy and Zr1-xAlxN thin films were studied and interpreted as a function of the chemical composition. When the ratio y = N/Zr or x = Al/(Al+Zr) increases, the optical properties continuously change from metallic to semiconducting behavior, even insulator. The model of Drude-Lorentz is used to interpret the optical measurements in order to separate the contributions due to free carriers and interband transitions. The effects of the variation of the chemical composition on the optical properties can be interpreted as a function of the type of defect (vacancies or interstitiels nitrogen in ZrNy and substitution of zirconium by aluminium or chromium in Zr1-xMxN) which exists in the crystalline structure. The exact nature of the defects is confirmed by the analyses of X-ray diffraction. The study of the kinetics of the growth of oxide layers in the system Zr-Al-N showed that the resistance to oxidation of ZrN thin films is improved by the addition of aluminium.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful nondestructive technique for characterizing crystalline materials. It provides information on structures, phases, preferred crystal orientations (texture), and other structural parameters, such as average grain size, crystallinity, strain, and crystal defects. X-ray diffraction peaks are produced by constructive interference of a monochromatic beam of X-rays scattered at specific angles from each set of lattice planes in a sample. The peak intensities are determined by the distribution of atoms within the lattice. Consequently, the X-ray diffraction pattern is the fingerprint of periodic atomic arrangements in a given material. This review summarizes the scientific trends associated with the rapid development of the technique of X-ray diffraction over the past five years pertaining to the fields of pharmaceuticals, forensic science, geological applications, microelectronics, and glass manufacturing, as well as in corrosion analysis.

In this study, the synthesis and characterization of undoped and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with 2%, 5%, and 15% Mn/ZnO prepared using the hydrothermal method were reported. The structural, morphological, and chemical-bond properties of the Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied by using x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that all of the samples have hexagonal wurtzite structures. The average diameters of the Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with different Mn/ZnO ratios were estimated to be about 20–38 nm from the FESEM images. The linear absorption coefficient and optical band gap energy of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were calculated using UV-Vis spectroscopy. A decrease in Eg was observed by an increase in Mn concentration. The nonlinear optical measurements have been performed using a nanosecond Nd:YAG pulse laser by the Z-scan technique. Both the undoped and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a negative nonlinear optical index of refraction at 532 nm relating to the self-defocusing phenomenon. The nonlinear optical absorption of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles is attributed to two-photon absorption combined with free carrier absorption. Furthermore, the third-order nonlinear susceptibility values of the undoped and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles varied between 1.2−2.5×10−9 esu, depending on the Mn contents. The results suggest that a Mn dopant can improve the nonlinear optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles, and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through the hydrothermal method may be a promising candidate for nonlinear optical applications at 532 nm.

Effects of multilayer arrangement in ternary reactive film on self-propagating reaction properties

Films of L10-structure Fe50-xCoxPt50 films are synthesized by co-sputtering Fe, Co and Pt on (001) MgO substrates and Si substrates with in-situ heating at 830°C. The nanostructures and magnetic properties of the films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and SQUID. The compositions of the samples Fe50-xCoxPt50 are designed to maintain an atomic (Fe+Co):Pt ratio of 50:50 while increasing the Co content in each successive sample. In all samples, the X-ray diffraction patterns from samples on MgO substrate exhibit three strong peaks, namely L10Fe50-xCoxPt50 (001), (002) and MgO (002). The X-ray and electron diffraction patterns from untextured samples deposited on Si substrates can be indexed using the L10-structure, being consistent with the result of samples on MgO substrate. Hysteresis-loop measurements show that with increase of the Co concentration from 0 to 15 at%, the saturation magnetization Ms increases from 1017 emu/cm3 to 1165 emu/cm3, the coercivity decreases from 30 kOe to 14 kOe, and anisotropy decreases from 67 Merg/cm3 to 46 Merg/cm3. The nominal maximum energy products are in the range of 39-41 MGOe.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a well-known technique used by scientists and engineers to determine the atomic-scale structures as a basis for understanding the composition-structure-property relationship of materials. The current approach for the analysis of XRD data is a multi-stage process requiring several intensive computations such as integration along 2θ for conversion to 1D patterns (intensity-2θ), background removal by polynomial fitting, and indexing against a large database of reference peaks. It impacts the decisions about the subsequent experiments of the materials under investigation and delays the overall process. In this paper, we focus on eliminating such multi-stage XRD analysis by directly learning the phase regions from the raw (2D) XRD image. We introduce a peak area detection network (PADNet) that directly learns to predict the phase regions using the raw XRD patterns without any need for explicit preprocessing and background removal. PADNet contains specially designed large symmetrical convolutional filters at the first layer to capture the peaks and automatically remove the background by computing the difference in intensity counts across different symmetries. We evaluate PADNet using two sets of XRD patterns collected from SLAC and Bruker D-8 for the Sn-Ti-Zn-O composition space; each set contains 177 experimental XRD patterns with their phase regions. We find that PADNet can successfully classify the XRD patterns independent of the presence of background noise and perform better than the current approach of extrapolating phase region labels based on 1D XRD patterns.

Seed treatment with chlormequat chloride improves the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Brassica napus L. under salt stress

The response of hybrid tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicumL. Cvs. TSS7 and TCAV10) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Claroideoglomus etunicatum(AMF-1) and Funneliformis mosseae(AMF-2) under 2% saline stress was evaluated with regard to growth, yield, quality, nutrient acquisition, AMF colonization, relative permeability and soil properties in two potted plant experiments. Inoculation with AMF-2 caused a significant increase (~30%) in the fruit yield of TCAV10, particularly under saline stress. The highest tomato juice extraction ratio was achieved for TCAV10 treated with AMF-2. Under saline stress, TCAV10 inoculated with AMF-2 demonstrated significantly enhanced N, P, K and Ca content in fruits; N, K and Mg content in roots; and N, P and Ca content in shoots. Fruits of TSS7 and TCAV10 grown under saline stress coupled with AMF-2 treatment showed a significant decrease in Na content (23.6 and 31.1%, respectively) as compared with fruits of non-inoculated hybrid cultivars grown under saline stress. Residual Na in soil, AMF-2 colonization ratios and relative permeability were higher in TCAV10 inoculated with AMF-2 under saline condition compared with the non-inoculated treatments. TCAV10 inoculated with AMF-2 achieved higher fruit yield, quality and nutrient acquisition compared with the non-inoculated TCAV10. The results of this study are important for the selection of appropriate cultivars and microbial species for sustaining yield and quality under saline stress.

On the correlation between Ta/W ratio and γ′-Ni3(Al,Ta) lattice ordering

Here we report a facile, prompt protocol based on deep-learning techniques to sort out intricate phase identification and quantification problems in complex multiphase inorganic compounds. We simulate plausible powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for 170 inorganic compounds in the Sr-Li-Al-O quaternary compositional pool, wherein promising LED phosphors have been recently discovered. Finally, 1,785,405 synthetic XRD patterns are prepared by combinatorically mixing the simulated powder XRD patterns of 170 inorganic compounds. Convolutional neural network (CNN) models are built and eventually trained using this large prepared dataset. The fully trained CNN model promptly and accurately identifies the constituent phases in complex multiphase inorganic compounds. Although the CNN is trained using the simulated XRD data, a test with real experimental XRD data returns an accuracy of nearly 100% for phase identification and 86% for three-step-phase-fraction quantification.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an important and widely used material characterization technique. With the recent development in material science technology and understanding, various new materials are being developed, which requires upgrading the existing analytical techniques such that emerging intricate problems can be solved. Although XRD is a well-established non-destructive technique, it still requires further improvements in its characterization capabilities, especially when dealing with complex mineral structures. The present review conducts comprehensive discussions on atomic crystal structure, XRD principle, its applications, uncertainty during XRD analysis, and required safety precautions. The future research directions, especially the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools, for improving the effectiveness and accuracy of the XRD technique, are discussed for mineral characterization. The topics covered include how XRD patterns can be utilized for a thorough understanding of the crystalline structure, size, and orientation, dislocation density, phase identification, quantification, and transformation, information about lattice parameters, residual stress, and strain, and thermal expansion coefficient of materials. All these important discussions on XRD analysis for mineral characterization are compiled in this comprehensive review, so that it can benefit specialists and engineers in the chemical, mining, iron, metallurgy, and steel industries.

Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles were prepared using the chemical precipitation method. The Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible absorption spectrum and Dielectric studies. The average crystalline size of Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles was calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and found to be 15 nm and it was further confirmed from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the nanoparticles agglomerate forming spherical-shaped particles. The elemental composition of Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum. The optical absorption study clearly shows that the absorption edge shift towards the higher wavelength region. The dielectric properties of Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles have been studied in the different frequency at different temperatures. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles decreases with increase in frequency. Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles were prepared using the chemical precipitation method. The Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible absorption spectrum and Dielectric studies. The average crystalline size of Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles was calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and found to be 15 nm and it was further confirmed from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the nanoparticles agglomerate forming spherical-shaped particles. The elemental composition of Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum. The optical absorption study clearly shows that the absorption edge shift towards the higher wavelength region. The dielectric properties of Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles have been studied in the different frequency at different temperatures. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the Cu doped SnO2nanoparticles decreases with increase in frequency.