System-of-System Combat Efficiency Evaluation Methods Based on DoDAF-GERT

Modeling Resilience in System of Systems Architecture

Architecture frameworks continue to evolve. The Unified Profile for the Department of Defense (DoD) Architecture Framework (DoDAF) and the UK's Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework (MODAF) (UPDM) provides a standard means of representing DoDAF, MODAF, and NATO Architecture Framework (NAF) conformant architectures using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and Systems Modeling Language (SysML). Since the UPDM V2.0 publication, further information has emerged such as the June 2011 NATO study entitled: “Development of The AMN (Afghanistan Mission Network) Architecture In 2010 – Lessons Learned,” by Torsten Graeber of the NATO C3 Agency. This report identified the following in section 4.1‐ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORKS, sub‐section 4.1.2 Observations (Need for a Unified Architecture Framework) and stated that:• differences in DoDAF, MODAF, and NAF make it difficult to match the metamodel one to one.• some of the concepts in the frameworks have the same name but different definitions, i.e. different semantics.• difficult to cross‐walk the concepts between the different frameworks leads to miscommunication between architects using different frameworks.Based on the above, the NATO Architecture Capability Team (Architecture CaT) meeting on Sept. 10‐11, 2012 committed to move to a single world‐wide Architecture Framework. Consequently, a new architecture framework profile supporting a unified framework is needed. It is intended that this framework bring the different architecture frameworks together. The UPDM V3.0 domain metamodel shall be derived from MODEM (the MODAF metamodel) and the DoDAF 2.0 metamodel (DM2), both of which are based upon the International Defence Enterprise Architecture Specification Foundation [IDEAS]. This paper will document the rationale behind the UPDM 3.0 as well as its new name of the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF).

Forecasting return of used products for remanufacturing using Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT)

An extensive application of project network analysis in construction project management has been observed in the last few decades. The scheduling of construction projects is generally carried out using the conventional project scheduling methodologies such as Critical Path Method (CPM), Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM), Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), and so on. However, construction processes are highly repetitive in functionality. This characteristic makes construction projects more robust and stochastic, and thus requires a neoteric scheduling method rather than the conventional project scheduling techniques thereof. Consequently, an intriguing stochastic project network technique known as Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT), which is generally used in the industrial scheduling, is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional construction scheduling. The nature of GERT includes probabilistic branching, feedback looping, multiple sink nodes, and multiple node realizations which cannot be achieved in the conventional construction scheduling methodologies. These remarkable features permit the construction personnel to model and analyse projects and systems of a very repetitive nature and high complexities. GERT is the solution with paragon to many real-life projects that face problems like probabilistic occurrences of events, false-starts, activity repetition and multiple outcomes. This research tries to provide a comprehensive implication of GERT for a real-time construction project.KeywordsStochastic project networkCPMPERTConstruction schedulingGERT

In this paper we discuss the application of the GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique) network to business processes. Since the introduction of GERT, many papers have been published to show its application in various fields of engineering, management and system study. Application to information systems in general and business processes in particular has not yet been shown in the literature. One of the strengths of the GERT networks is the graphical representation, which is intuitive and easy to understand. The GERT network model, proposed in this paper, is adapted for business processes and information systems modeling, which means extending the graphical representation of GERT networks with respect to the peculiarities of business processes. We propose a new approach for the development of mathematical models of business processes using Z-transform and Mason’s rule. We apply DEMO (Dynamic Essential Modeling of Organization) to produce business process models, which are then further analyzed using GERT. As an application to real world, we illustrate our method taking the case of the work of the Conciliation Board for Consumers in the Netherlands.

Analysis and evaluation of agricultural systems use these criteria: energy, economic, agronomy, environmental conservation and time. Because of time importance indicator for reducing timeliness cost, project scheduling techniques are used. Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) is widely used as a tool for managing projects. In this research GERT Networks were used and operations scheduling of sugarcane production (land preparation, planting and preserve operations) in Khuzestan province of Iran as a case study was analysed, by using WinQsb software. Critical activities, events and path were determined. The earliest project completion time is 214.03 days. The results show a high potential for operations scheduling of sugarcane production.

This paper presents a corrective action plan to maintain high quality level of the production process. Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) athas been applied to model and analyse the dynamic characteristics of the plan. The expression for OC and other performance characteristics of the plan have been derived and illustrated numerically.

Schedule risk analysis for new-product development: The GERT method extended by a characteristic function

The Department of Defense Architectural Framework (DoDAF) is the DoD's mandated method to document system architectures. The current version of DoDAF i.e. v2.02 advocates a data-centric process focused on eliciting data to facilitate decision support. It prescribes a domain ontology i.e. the DoDAF Meta-Model (DM2) aimed at ensuring conformance and interoperability of architecture models. Although DoDAF currently does not prescribe or proscribe specific methodologies or tools, the mismatch between DoDAF's underlying modeling approach and mainstream methodologies and supporting technology in Systems Engineering (SE) has been alluded to in the literature [1-3]. This paper proposes a process for architecting of systems in line with the DoDAF, aimed at bridging this gap. Additionally it offers a discussion of supporting tools in this regard.

An m-consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system, introduced by W.S. Griffith, consists of an ordered linear sequence of n i.i.d. components that fails iff there are at least m non-overlapping runs of k consecutive failed components. However, a situation may occur in which an ordered linear sequence of n i.i.d. components fails iff there are at least m non-overlapping runs of at least k consecutive failed components. We call such a system an m-consecutive-at least-k-out-of-n:F system. This paper presents a graphical evaluation and review technique (GERT) analysis of both types of systems providing closed form explicit formulae for reliability evaluation in a unified manner. GERT, besides providing a visual picture of the system, helps to analyse the system in a less inductive manner. Numerical examples for each system are studied in detail by computing the reliability for various combinations of sets of values of the parameters involved. It is observed that m-consecutive-at least-k-out-of-n:F systems are more reliable than m-consecutive-k-out-of-n:F systems as the number of possible state combinations leading to system's failure are larger in the latter. Mathematica is used for systematic computations. Numerical investigations illustrate the efficiency of GERT in reliability analysis of such systems. In comparison with the existing formulae of m-consecutive-k-out-of-n:F systems for i.i.d. components, the formula obtained by GERT analysis, to be referred to as GERT-F, is much more efficient owing to its significantly low computational time, and easy implementation

The method of architecture is an effective way to analyze the requirements of weapons and equipment. DODAF (U.S. Department of Defense Architecture Framework) is a standard specification issued by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2004 to guide the generation of military equipment requirements. DODAF has been widely recognized as the standard of weapon equipment requirement description. This paper introduces the concepts of DODAF, analyze DoDAF function, structure and problems of DoDAF, and discusses the basic process of weapon loading requirement analysis based on DODAF method, providing a new scientific method for the analysis and research of weapons and equipment requirements.

A synthesis of current ideas, research trends, and findings is made on some of the better known and other newly developed networking techniques for project management. Using Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) ad a basis of comparison, methods such as Decision Critical Path Method (DCPM), linear flow graphs, and Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) are introduced and examined in the light of their application to construction projects. Salient similarities and differences among these methods as well as the capabilities and limitations of each are pointed out. Sufficient information on the mathematical algorithms used in the newer techniques previously mentioned and the necessary steps to use them are provided. Finally, examples of application to civil engineering problems illustrating the use of each method are presented.

The growing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for real-time video surveillance in smart city and smart region infrastructures requires reliable and delay-aware data transmission models. In urban environments, UAV communication links are subject to stochastic variability, leading to jitter, packet loss, and unstable video delivery. This paper presents a novel approach based on the Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) for modeling the transmission of video frames from UAVs over uncertain network paths with probabilistic feedback loops and lognormally distributed delays. The proposed model enables both analytical and numerical evaluation of key Quality-of-Service (QoS) metrics, including mean transmission time and jitter, under varying levels of channel variability. Additionally, the structure of the GERT-based framework allows integration with artificial intelligence mechanisms, particularly for adaptive routing and delay prediction in urban conditions. Spectral analysis of the system’s characteristic function is also performed to identify instability zones and guide buffer design. The results demonstrate that the approach supports flexible, parameterized modeling of UAV video transmission and can be extended to intelligent, learning-based control strategies in complex smart city environments. This makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including traffic monitoring, infrastructure inspection, and emergency response. Beyond QoS optimization, the framework explicitly accommodates security and privacy preserving operations (e.g., encryption, authentication, on-board redaction), enabling secure UAV video transmission in urban networks.

An analysis of least-cost testing sequence by Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) is given for an extension of Boothroyd's rule. The method based on this analysis yields easily mean and variance of the total cost including testing, reworking, and scrapping cost. An optimal rule for determination of testing sequence which minimizes the mean of the total cost is illustrated. If some sequences have the equal minimum mean cost, the rule enables the optimal sequence which has the smaller variance of the total cost to be chosen.

An m-consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system is a system of n linearly ordered components which fails if and only if at least m non-overlapping sequences of k consecutive components fail. When m = 1, we have the classic consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system about which there is an extensive literature. In this paper, we study the situation in which a system consisting of n linearly ordered sequence of components fails if and only if there are at least m overlapping runs of k consecutive failed components. Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) analysis is used for reliability evaluation of the system for both, i.i.d. components and (k?1)-step Markov dependent components, in a unified manner. Software Mathematica is used for systematic computation. Illustrative numerical examples are presented to substantiate the theory.