System Requirements Toward Specification of an Image Recorder

Results are presented of a system study on cable distribution of D2-MAC (time-multiplexed analog component) TV signals. With bit error rate as a D2-data performance parameter and visibility of disturbing signals as a performance reference for MAC-video components, system requirements are derived and related to existing concepts. The D2-MAC TV-signal is a time multiplex consisting of a duobinary D2-data part at a 10.125 Mb/s bitrate and a MAC-video part. The -time compression factor for luminance is 3/2; for both of the chrominance components the factor is 3. AM-vestigal sideband transmission on the cable is assumed with a vestigal sideband of VSB=0.75 MHz, and Nyquist filtering in the receiver, while 10% residual carrier is applied during black signal levels and 100% carrier is applied during white. The logical '1' -levels of the duobinary D2-data are specified at 19% and 91% with respect to the carrier level during white signal levels. It was found that the out-of-channel selectivity requirements are more severe than for conventional TV standards if no video-scrambling is applied. This conclusion can be extended to all time-multiplexed video systems. The performance of existing quasisynchronous demodulator concepts is insufficient for proper data recovery. Tilt is a critical parameter if no correction techniques are applied. The measuring methods as used for D2-data to investigate its sensitivity for tolerances on transmission parameters are found to be also suitable for other practical investigations on digital transmissions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

For 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s NRZ signals the maximum reach of a WDM transmission system depends on the optimization of the inline dispersion scheme, which is different for both data rates for SPM limited transmission systems. Therefore, a mixture of both data rates in the same fiber may cause an impairment of the system performance. This can be reduced introducing additional pre-compensation. The value for the optimum precompensation varies with the inline dispersion scheme and the launch power. A design rule to determine the optimum pre-compensation was derived empirically for SSMF and NZDSF. For fixed inline dispersion compensation on SSMF, the maximum reduction of the system reach without pre-compensation is found to be up to 6 dB, compared to optimized inline dispersion compensation schemes. By applying optimal pre-compensation this impairment can be reduced to less than 1 dB. For NZDSF with pre-compensation the system performance can also be improved significantly. Thus WDM systems using different line rates at the individual wavelengths are possible with only a small penalty.

This paper will discuss and compare some recent oceanic test results from the Bahamas Optical Turbulence Exercise (BOTEX) cruise, where vertical profiling was conducted with both time-resolved laser backscatter measurements being acquired via a subsurface light detection and ranging (lidar) profiling instrument, and laser beam forward deflection measurements were acquired from a matrix of continuous wave (cw) laser beams (i.e. structured lighting) being imaged in the forward direction with a high speed camera over a one-way path, with both transmitter and camera firmly fixed on a rigid frame. From the latter, it was observed that when within a natural turbulent layer, the laser beams were being deflected from their still water location at the image plane, which was 8.8 meters distance from the laser dot matrix transmitter. As well as suggesting that the turbulent structures being encountered were predominately larger than the beam diameter, the magnitude of the deflection has been confirmed to correlate with the temperature dissipation rate. The profiling lidar measurements which were conducted in similar conditions, also used a narrow collimated laser beam in order to resolve small-scale spatial structure, but with the added attribute that sub-nanosecond short pulse temporal profile could potentially resolve small-scale vertical structure. In the clear waters of the Tongue of the Ocean in the Bahamas, it was hypothesized that the backscatter anomalies due to the effect of refractive index discontinuities (i.e. mixed layer turbulence) would be observable. The processed lidar data presented herein indicates that higher backscatter levels were observed in the regions of the water column which corresponded to higher turbulent mixing which occurs at the first and second themoclines. At the same test stations that the laser beam matrix and lidar measurements were conducted, turbulence measurements were made with two non-optical instruments, the Vertical Microstructure Profiler (VMP) and a 3D acoustical Doppler velocimeter with fast conductivity and temperature probes. The turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate and the temperature dissipation rates were calculated from both these setups in order to characterize the physical environments and corroborate with the laser measurements. To further investigate the utility of elastic lidar in detecting small-scale turbulent structures, controlled laboratory experiments were also conducted, with the objective of concurrently acquiring both the laser beam spatial characteristics in the forward direction and the laser backscatter temporal profile from each transmitted sub-nanosecond pulse. An artificial refractive index discontinuity was generated in clear test tank conditions by placing a clean ice-filled carboy above the laser beam propagation path. The results from both field and laboratory experiments confirm our hypothesis that turbulent layers are detectable by lidar sensors, and motivates that more research and lidar instrumentation development is needed to better quantify turbulence, especially for mitigating associated performance degrading effects for the U.S. Navy’s next generation electro-optic (EO) systems, including active laser imaging and laser communications.

USB 3.0 SuperSpeed is one of the most widely used serial communication protocols that interface various electronic devices. It provides a signaling rate as high as 5 Giga Bits Per Second and raw data rate of 400–500 Mega Bytes Per Second with functional overheads. With transfers such as Bulk, Isochronous, Interrupt, Control types; Bulk transactions are highly acclaimed due to their efficient utilization of bandwidth and guaranteed delivery of integral data between host and device. Hence, data rate based performance becomes an inherent criterion to verify that the design and implementation conforms to the protocol standards and system requirements. The analysis and characterization of performance based on data rate provides the necessary information so as to improve the robustness and accuracy of the design. Different parameters that may be tun-able act as causative factors in enhancing or degrading the data rate. This paper presents an elaborate description of various facets through which data rate based performance analysis is achieved for USB 3.0 SuperSpeed Bulk OUT transactions. This paper also deals with the characterization and statistical variation of causative factors for different scenarios to obtain minimum, maximum and ideal data rate thus leading to optimum performance.

The so-called texture loss is a critical parameter in the objective image quality assessment of todays cameras. Especially cameras build in mobile phones show significant loss of low contrast, fine details which are hard to describe using standard resolution measurement procedures. The combination of very small form factor and high pixel count leads to a high demand of noise reduction in the signal-processing pipeline of these cameras. Different work groups within ISO and IEEE are investigating methods to describe the texture loss with an objective method. The so-called dead leaves pattern has been used for quite a while in this context. Image Engineering presented a new intrinsic approach at the Electronic Imaging Conference 2014, which promises to solve the open issue of the original approach, which could be influenced by noise and artifacts. In this paper, we present our experience with the new approach for a large set of different imaging devices. We show, that some sharpening algorithm found in todays cameras can significantly influence the Spatial Frequency Response based on the Dead Leaves structure (SFRDeadLeaves) results and therefore make an objective evaluation of the perceived image quality even harder. For an objective comparison of cameras, the resulting SFR needs to be reduced to a small set of numbers, ideally a single number. The observed sharpening algorithms lead to much better numerical results, while the image quality already degrades due to strong sharpening. So the measured, high SFR_DeadLeavesresult is not wrong, as it reflects the artificially enhanced SFR, but the numerical result cannot be used as the only number to describe the image quality. We propose to combine the SFRDeadLeaves measurement with other SFR measurement procedures as described in ISO12233:2014. Based on the three different SFR functions using the dead leaves pattern, sinusoidal Siemens Stars and slanted edges, it is possible to obtain a much better description if the perceived image quality. We propose a combination of SFR_DeadLeaves, SFREdge and SFR_Siemensmeasurements for an in-depth test of cameras and present our experience based on todays cameras.

Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has a proven record of building high-performance electro-optic (EO) modulators. However, it has consistently posed challenges in securing low driving voltage, wide electro-optic bandwidth, low insertion loss, and high modulation efficiency simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a telecom-wavelength EO modulator on the TFLN platform incorporating multifunctional benzocyclobutene (BCB) material. The low dielectric constant (low-k) BCB effectively reduces RF loss of the modulator and enables perfect velocity matching with a narrow electrode gap, thereby overcoming the conventional voltage–bandwidth trade-off. Meanwhile, in combination with a bilayer inversely tapered waveguide, it also facilitates the realization of high-efficiency edge couplers, significantly reducing the coupling loss of the modulator. In addition, the underlying TFLN slab is selectively removed to eliminate dielectric relaxation, ensuring a stable low-frequency EO response and bias-drift-free operation. The fabricated 13-mm-long modulator exhibits low half-wave voltages Vπ of 1.5 V in the C-band and 1.19 V in the O-band, corresponding to half-wave voltage-length products of 1.95 V·cm and 1.55 V·cm, respectively. Thanks to the BCB-clad edge coupler, an ultra-low coupling loss of 0.54 dB per facet is obtained. Ultra-wide EO bandwidths exceeding 110 GHz across the C + O-bands are demonstrated, and high-speed PAM8 data transmission with data rates up to 390 Gbit/s is successfully recorded in both C- and O-bands. The proposed modulator architecture not only delivers excellent overall performance, but also simplifies the fabrication process and expands the application potential.

Development of shelf-life kinetic model for modified atmosphere packaging of fresh sliced mushrooms

Cheese: Syneresis of Renneted Milk Gels

Importance of consideration of oxidoreduction potential as a critical quality parameter in food industries

Impact of drug loading on release from levonorgestrel intrauterine systems

Each agency always carries out correspondence in carrying out its duties, one of which is filling out assignment orders (SPT). Task Order Letters (SPT) are often processed manually, such as by printing and giving assignment letters to the authorities to take further action until they are approved. Based on the results of this manual observation process, there are things that are less efficient starting from time and Therefore, in order to simplify task order correspondence activities, a website-based task order information system was designed using the waterfall method, with the UML (Unified Modeling Language) model using use case diagrams as modeling system processes and system requirements from the user's perspective. The result of this research is that designing a task order information system can make it easier to manage task orders and reduce time and energy efficiency.

Harmonic, which is becoming more and more important day by day in the emerging power system, is one of the most critical power quality parameters. In this paper, the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT)-based method is proposed with an accurate model order (the number of frequency components) estimate for power system harmonic and interharmonics detection. It is demonstrated that, even for high noise signal, the proposed algorithm is able to accurately estimate the number of frequency components present in the signal. The proposed method is capable of estimating the accurate values of frequency, amplitude, and phase angle of the distorted current or voltage signals for a wide range of sampling frequency and measurement noise. The robustness of the proposed method has been tested on several simulated synthetic signals and measured experimental signals for different nonlinear loads.

A new technique, multi-pulse modulation technique for generating short laser pulse is developed. Applying this technique to a electro-optics Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, completely modulated laser pulse trains can be obtained. The width of a single pulse in the trains is less than 1 ns, with peak power higher than 15 MW, and the amplitude stability of the pulse train is better than 5%.

Laser frequency combs are an ideal calibration source for precision astronomical spectrographs. We report on the demonstrated long term operation of a laser frequency comb that we designed and built as the primary calibrator for the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF). The core technology of the comb is based on robust, polarization maintaining fiber coupled electro-optic modulators and broadband supercontinuum generation spanning 700-1600 nm in an efficient silicon nitride waveguide. The comb is continuously maintained on and ready to use, and since May 2018 the laser frequency comb has had a total uptime of 97%.

In this work, it is proposed that the use of statistical percentage of errors correlated to the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and to both the output power and noise bandwidth, together with the data rate ratio, can give a clear indication of the communication channel quality in the presence of a noise floor. Simulation of a WSN network with variable Data Rate to Noise Band Width ratio (R), different output power (Ptran), and variable Noise Floor Power (Pnoise), showed that each one of these parameters affects error probability distribution and values, which in turn affect channel utilization. The work also proved that these are critical parameters that, if correlated and optimized, can achieve a high utilization of WSN channels. The largest effect realized is related to Pnoise and interference, which, if present at high values, would reduce the probability of exchanging data by 25%. The work also showed that as the ratio R increases, the probability and magnitude of errors increases, which in turn contributes to lower utilization, as depicted in the tables and plots. The 10-nodes WSN is simulated in a uniform topology setting.