Systolic array description in F 2

Research in bidirectional data flow analysis seems to have come to a halt due to an impression that the case for bidirectional data flow analysis has been considerably weakened by a plethora of investigations based on decomposability of known bidirectional placement algorithms into a sequence of purely unidirectional components. This paper shows that the approach of decomposability is not general enough in that it derives its power from the simplifying graph transformation of edge-splitting and the favourable nature of flows in partial redundancy elimination (PRE). This follows from the fact that in the absence of edge-splitting, PRE cannot be performed using a sequence of cascaded unidirectional flows. Further, edge-splitting inherently converts data flows involved in PRE into unidirectional flows. In our opinion, this obviates the need of an alternative formulation. We also show that edge-splitting cannot convert data flows involved in "truly" bidirectional data flow problems into unidirectional flows. Thus not every bidirectional data flow problem can be converted into unidirectional flows. Besides, we argue that the premise that bidirectional analysis is more complex than unidirectional analysis, is invalid. We also mention some issues in bidirectional data flow analysis which need to be investigated.

A register is basically known as a storage device for units in circuits. In data processing systems, they are used to immediately transfer data by using CPU. In digital electronics, shift registers are known as the sequential logic circuits that are used to store data temporally and transfer the data to its output for each and every clock pulse. Shift registers are found as digital memory unit storage in such devices as calculators, computers, etc. Based on shifting data, shift registers are classified in two types: universal shift register and bidirectional shift register. This chapter dealt with design and implementation of 8-bit universal shift register with CG scheme for minimizing power. Circuit operation is performed by Xilinx-14.7 software tool and simulated with I-SIM simulator tool using VHDL language. XPE tool is used to optimize power in the circuit. Results improved the power consumption in circuit by 40.65%. Also 4.76% of area was increased due to adding external circuitry and delay was reduced by 12.93% in the proposed design.

Diversity of subsystems in the organization can lead towards bad business results. Many companies decide to patch their business system with multiple subsystems which are usually not interoperable. Along with that, organizations have the dilemma of deciding whether to implement best-of-breed or one vendor solution. There is no correct answer to the dilemma. The outcome of the dilemma depends on each organization individually based on their analysis and needs. This article analyzes how to overcome data inconsistency caused by patching the business system and presents an approach to the synchronization of different databases to the Cloud. Usage of database synchronization tools to unify data in the Cloud is practical for mature organizations which aim to establish data consistency. The goal of this article is to consider some tools for database synchronization and to choose one for the practical example considering the known constraints. In the approach, we used few different databases to verify its compliance with chosen synchronization tool. The approach is based on practical example where couple of databases are synchronized to the Cloud ensuring the data consistency and bidirectional data flow. The solution includes chosen tool and the recommendation on how to ensure flawless data integration in the Cloud. Tests of synchronization duration with chosen databases and row quantities are conducted and analyzed at the end of the article.

The adoption of Digital Twins (DTw) related technologies in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) sector has enhanced data-driven decision-making through bi-directional data flows and real-time analytics. However, the risk of creating new data silos and interoperability hurdles with other technologies and initiatives persist. To unlock the full potential of DTw, integration with broader digital initiatives – such as Digital Building Logbooks and Digital Product Passports – is essential. Addressing these challenges requires a System-of-Systems (SoS) approach and coordinated processes. This research explores the transition towards a SoS approach in the built environment sector. A qualitative methodology was employed, using co-creation workshop with industry professionals, software providers, and academic experts from diverse regions. The data gathered were analyzed using grounded theory, leading to the development of a scalable framework for DTw solutions. This study introduces the Define-Wire-Engineer-Leverage-Transfer (DWELT) framework, designed to support organizations in effectively implementing DTw through a SoS approach.

In recent years, wind plants have undergone major changes due to new technologies developed for smart grids (SG). For its success, it becomes necessary the use of modern information and telecommunication infrastructure with bidirectional data flow. In Brazil, due to the high penetration of data networks based on GSM technology (Global System Mobile), such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS), it has attracted the interest of energy companies to carry out the tasks of measurement, monitoring, and control in SG. The use of cellular technology enables at first a significant reduction in the SG deployment costs while providing reliability and security of the information. In this context, the use of a cellular network for monitoring and control data sharing in intelligent wind farms has recently aroused great interest. This work proposes the analysis of a wireless control system based on GPRS and EGPRS data services for variable-speed squirrel-cage induction generators (SCIG) connected to the power grid. The wireless communication system is employed to send the reference power signals to the SCIG controller with the necessary reliability to ensure the power quality provided by the wind turbine. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by several simulations and tests.

In this paper two railway electro-dynamic centralization installations (RECI) supervising system are introduced. Our RECI supervising systems take into account the real state of the installations, irrespective to the logic of the railway station central post of the railway station. The first system consists of a computer, an interface board, and the software programs. The interface has bi-directional data flow between the installation and computer. The computer is connected, through an Intranet network, to the Railway Circulation Regulator (RCR) and to other similar computers allocated in the area of the same RCR. The second system uses programmable logic controllers (PLC) for extending the control to a larger number of RECI units. Further research directions are also mentioned in the paper.

In digital circuits, the shift registers are the significant elements having the ability of storing and transmitting the data in sequential manner.The linear feedback shift register (LFSR) uses large number of flips-flops that consumes maximum amount of power. To overcome this issue, this research work concentrates on the design of LFSR for the area efficient, power reduction, minimization of delay and leakage current. By replacing the d-flip-flop with the bi-enabled pulsed latch to reduce the power consumption and delay of the proposed LFSR design. For the minimization of area, leakage current and delay, the hybrid body bias generator with dynamic threshold MOS (BBG-DTMOS) is used. Moreover, the pulsed clock signal is generated in the digital circuit with the aid of hybrid BBG-DTMOS technique. The proposed LFSR design is implemented in the tanner EDA tool with the available CMOS model libraries. Based on the implementation result, the proposed LFSR area is 1824 μm2and its power consumption is 172μW at a 100 MHz clock frequency withVDD=5V. Furthermore, having the better performance in different corners of the method, reduces the propagation delay and leakage current in the digital circuit. The proposed LFSR design is compared with some of the shift registers such as unidirectional and bidirectional shift registers. The existing clock pulse generator such as conventional, delayed clock pulse, TIMBER logic, PTL-AND logic and multiplexer based clock pulse generator (MCPG) are compared with the proposed BBG-DTMOS technique.

The Batak Toba Traditional House, one of the main attractions of Samosir Island, a volcanic island in the center of Lake Toba, is an example of a well-preserved cultural heritage. However, the Batak Toba Traditional House has undergone a transformation in recent decades, influenced by technological advances, material availability, and modernization. The authors aim to discover the roof transformation of structure and construction of Batak Toba Traditional Houses in Samosir Island’s four villages, namely Huta Siallagan, Lumban Sigiro, Lumban Parmonangan, and Sosor Batu. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, where the authors will produce descriptive information about the problems studied in written and oral form. The authors will observe and analyze the transformation of roof construction and structural components on Batak Toba Traditional Houses on Samosir Island. The result of this study is that there are slight transformations in the roof structure and construction system on Batak Toba Traditional House on Samosir Island. First, there is a transformation in the roof materials. Second, a transformation in the structural design. Third, the construction phases of the traditional houses. Last, a transformation in the roof structural joint systems.

Manufacturable insight into modelling and design considerations in fibre-steered composite laminates: State of the art and perspective

Seafloor observatories enable long term, continuous and multidisciplinary observations, promising major breakthroughs in marine environment research. The effort to remotely control in situ multidisciplinary equipment performing individual and cooperative tasks is both a challenge and a guarantee for the stable operations of functional observatories. With China starting to establish ocean observatory sensor networks, in this study we describe a monitoring system for cabled observatories in the East China Sea (ESOMS) that enables this effort in a plug and play way. An information oriented monitoring architecture for ESOMS was first introduced, derived from a layered control model for ocean observatory sensor network. The architecture contained three components and enabled bidirectional information flow of observation data and commands, based on which architecture components were designed to enable plug-and-play control within related model layers. A control method enabled by general junction box (GJB) and ocean sensor markup language (OSML) was thus proposed as the plug-and-play solution for implementing ESOMS. The GJB-OSML enabled control method (GOE Control Method) mainly actualized two processes, one of which was that the in situ GJB interfaced and represented every attached sensor as a Sensing Endpoint in the cabled observatory network. The other process was that the remote ESOMS utilized the same IP/Port related information modeled by OSML to create/operate a Function Node acted as agent of the in situ sensor. A case study for using ESOMS in the Xiaoqushan Seafloor Observatory was finally presented to prove its performance and applicability. Given this successful engineering trial, the ESOMS design and implementation could be applicable and beneficial for similar efforts in future construction of seafloor observatory network both at home and abroad.

Two IIR/FIR (infinite impulse response/finite impulse response) systolic arrays with a novel cell architecture are presented together with a comparison of their performance with existing implementations. These arrays are based on the direct form I realization. Bidirectional dataflow is used in both arrays and they still produce one output every cycle with a clock rate unchanged from that of a conventional cell. Type 1 array allows 100% hardware utilization, while type 2 uses one basic cell for FIR and IIR realization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

There are numerous software applications available to analyze and design massive projects in short time. Most of the software have 2-dimensional and 3-dimen- sional tools, while various structural engineers employ the use of the 3D analysis and design tools in their day-to-day tasks because of its ease to operate and graphical user interface. These tools help in modeling, analyzing, and design of structures much more efficient. Despite the availability of numerous software products, there are confusions on the software to be used in the analysis and design of specific building structures. There is a need of studying the strength and weakness of some of these software tools to help structural engineers in the selection of the best application in their daily tasks. The aim of this study is to investigate the structural analysis of high-rise building with ETABS and RSA software and compare the influences of the structural analysis results from the two software in design. The comparison between the axial forces and moment from the results of ETABS and RSA software are presented. Case studies are considered to analyze the structure with the gravitational loads and lateral loads due to wind load by the two software applications. The case studies include a thirty-stories reinforced concrete building frame. The results of the analysis of the frame are compared and their difference is presented. From the analysis, the results show that, the moments and forces presented from RSA are bigger than that of ETABS.

This chapter presents the technical and system challenges in the Smart Grids (SG) design. SGs proposes a structure with evolutionary features of the network to adapt to the new scenario with a wide use of information and communication technologies, bidirectional flow of energy and data, use of artificial intelligence, among other aspects. Several electric grid operators face this new challenge of integrating renewable sources into the grid, combined with the characteristic of distributed generation. One of the biggest challenges is to coordinate a strategy that integrates all network infrastructures, be it traditional network or the modern elements network, and the modern elements that characterize SGs. The large insertion of renewable energy sources together with the widespread use of electronic equipment, such as photovoltaic inverters, cause impacts and power quality problems. Challenges inherent to the complexity of the electrical network in terms of the market, renewable integration sources, quality problems, and cybersecurity are addressed.

Structural transformations in TiC-CaO-Ti3PO(x)-(Ag2Ca) electrodes and biocompatible TiCaPCO(N)-(Ag) coatings during pulsed electrospark deposition

Repeated uniform blast loading on welded mild steel rectangular plates